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This paper puts forth the thesis that the early translations into Modern Bulgarian (2nd quarter of the 19th century) were profoundly influenced by the methods of teaching Ancient Greek authors which had been used ever since the Byzantine period. A focus is put on a particular translation technique consisting in the abundant use of synonymic binomials to replace single lexical items of the source text. It is argued that this technique has its origins in a traditional teaching method known as “psychagogia” which was largely applied in Greek education during the Ottoman period (1453-1821).
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On June 26, 1987 Professor Fol put the beginnings of Bansko Expedition. His programme was grounded on the idea of the roots from which the intellectual power broke off in the 18th c. to give birth to the Bulgarian Revival – a brave new idea against the common belief that Bansko was founded in the 15th century by refugees from the Ottoman invasion. The members of the expedition believed that far back in time a rich pre-history existed waiting to be revealed and read properly. Today we know much better the territory after historical research, terrain observations, regular archaeological excavations and interdisciplinary analyses of artifacts. The work presents the results. St. Ivan Sanctuary A small mound with two wooden crosses and wooden iconostasis with candles. Offerings of flowers and small coins. The research revealed a sanctuary of nearly three thousand years of life and unchanged practices. Kilns for building ceramics, 4th – 6th c. in the same area. Early Christian (4th – 6th c.) and Medieval churches and a large necropolis (10th – 13th c.) all of them built over a Thracian sanctuary – Shipotsko site. The building manner of the Early Christian church has followed some earlier Thracian building practices. Most probably serious demographic changes have not taken place. The religious site was visited also by pilgrims coming from the Rhodopian Mountain judging from the pottery left. Early Christian necropolis (4th – 5th c.) in Karagonsko site. Traces of a Thracian community recently adopted Christianity and still keeping some of their earlier inherent practices. An interesting find – one of the graves contained a complete bronze belt set from the time of Constantine the Great or heirs, found for the first time in the Southern Bulgaria – a dramatic meeting between the Thracian warrior and Rome? Ancient and Medieval town in St. Nickolas site. Early Byzantine fortress of Sitan Kale – once again earlier Thracian building traditions.
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On the basis of a rich comparative material from the Slav languages the essential noun forming models in the category presented by gender couples, have been established: 1. The most widely spread is the model, where the masculine form is transformed as a basis, to whish is attached the feminine formant, for instance the cases with suffices: - in Bulgarian and Polish (приятел - приятелка; przyjaciel - przyjaciotka)', -ица/ -ница прщател>-прщател>ица, приятель приятельница in Serbian and Russian). Besides, a diversity of the cases may appear connected with the competition of the suffices, compare with Czeck (pfitelnice - pfitelkyne). Basic suffix for feminine formations in all Slav languages is -ka (with its extended suffices).
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Russian revolutions of 1917 still attract the attention of the historians. Was Russia able to avoid those cataclysms? Why was the Proletarian revolution accomplished in an undeveloped rural country? These and many other questions have answers sought in the perspicacious books of the Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. He is the man who saw the truth that the revolution was the internal destiny of the Russian people and that Bolshevism could only be defeated with intellectual overcoming and not with guns.
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Data about scientific events in the field of the humanities in Bulgaria in 2019
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The object of the present study is an unpublished account from 1632 preserved in the Propaganda Fide Archive in Rome. The source provides a detailed description of three miracles which occurred in Bulgaria, namely in Sofia, Trăn and Nikopol. The document is important because it offers new information which allows us to better understand the complex relations between Christians and Muslims in the Balkan Peninsula. The author of the study considers the Ragusan merchants from Sofia to be the spies who brought this fresh and updated information to the Imperial Court in Vienna. He argues that the unknown author of the account was most likely Ciriaco Rocci, the Apostolic nuncio to the emperor.
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The strategic change of United States’ arrangement, from the fight against terrorism to the competition with China and Russia, leads to their confrontation in several regions of the globe. In this confrontation, the Great Powers rely on the use of proxy, and this fact will alleviate the potential of a direct conflict among them, but the competition will have profound implications for the nations’ stability. A series of states are susceptible to serve as theatres of competition in the energy field, others – as strategic points in the global geography. Conflicts will arise in those countries in which they hadn’t existed before, and will deepen in those countries in which they already exist. In both cases, global instability will increase.
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We are examining the administration of the Greek-Orthodox community in Thessaloniki during the Ottoman period, and its evolution in the 19th century. We are observing self-governance institutions in place since the Byzantine era. Powerful Greek-Orthodox families of Salonica and the Church play an important role in the administration of the Greek-Orthodox community. By the 17th century, changes can be seen in the makeup of the community’s administration as new members from the city’s professional guilds become part of it. This development enhanced the role of secular elements in that administration. By the second half of the 18th century, the creation of a class of merchants in the Greek-Orthodox community helped it gain a leading role in the administration of its affairs. We are also examining, by relying on Ottoman documentary evidence, the districts inhabited by the Greek-Orthodox of Thessaloniki in the first half of the 19th century, and how these developed in the latter part of the century following the city’s new town plan. The changes brought about by the Ottoman authorities in the second half of the 19th century with respect to the administration of the Greek-Orthodox communities under Ottoman rule were significant. Nonetheless, socially and financially powerful groups continued to partake of the administration of the Salonica community. The participation of the Greek Orthodox (powerful financially and socially groups) in regional councils (the so-called vilayet idare meclisi) brought about changes in the relations of the Greek-Orthodox with the local representatives of the Ottoman authorities. By the end of the 19th century, these developments had led to the emergence of new socialities between communities, and new mentalities and behaviors.
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The article discuss the positions taken by the Polish press towards Polish-German and German-Soviet relations in the period directly preceding the outbreak of the war (August 1939). The supplementation of press views is information about the press policy of the authorities and the scale of freedom of political expression. The source basis are the most important political dailies, representing the views of the power camp and opposition groups.
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Bulgarian Golden Age is, on the one hand, a time of territorial expansion and significant presence on the political map of Europe; on the other hand, it is the period of the first major peaks in Slavic literature, and, probably, in arts and architecture. At its core, the Golden Age is joining the spirituality and mentality of the Byzantine world and adoption of the achievements of its centuries-old philosophical tradition. The Byzantine models in literature were borrowed by using two co-existing principles: copying and adaptation. The former might be observed in most of the works intended for non-liturgical individual or monastic reading, which were translated in full. The latter is found in miscellanies compiled from partial translations and excerpts, or in Old Bulgarian translations that were abridged, edited, or reworked. The article aims at examining the most important examples of such adaptation and its features, pointing out the role of the aristocracy and the ruler himself in guiding these processes.
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The article argues that speculation with the metaphorical use of the term “slavery”, which in recent years took over the Bulgarian public debate on the Ottoman past, is due not only to political and ideological reasons but also to the fact that the Bulgarian historical science does not pay enough attention to the study of the institution of slavery in the Ottoman empire. Very little, in particular, has been done for the research on domestic slavery, which was the most mass form of slavery in the Empire, including its Bulgarian provinces. Several themes are discussed in the text, the illumination of which undermines the popular myth of the total Bulgarian “slavery” during the Ottoman era: 1/ about the ethnic composition of slaves, its dynamics over the centuries and the exceptionally modest place of the Bulgarians among the slaves after the middle of the 15th century; 2/ about the significant difference between the status of slaves in the Ottoman Empire – on the one hand, and its non-Muslim subjects – on the other hand and 3/ about the presence not only of the non-Muslim but also of the Muslim slavery in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman centuries, as well as about slavery as an integral part of the history not only of the Ottoman Empire, but also of all southern Christian Europe until the beginning of the 19th century.
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The article is devoted to an Old Testament apocrypha – the Testament of Abraham – and its presence, its importance and its functions in the convoy of a predominantly legal and polemical antiheretical collection compiled in the Principality of Moldova in the 16th century (BAR, Ms. Sl. 636). The first part of the article presents a deuterocanonical text, its variants, its history and the language in which it was created, and the environment in which it arose. Particular attention is paid to the translations of THE TESTAMENT OF ABRAHAM. Of course, the emphasis is on the Slavonic-language tradition of the text as well as on its convoy in the manuscripts through which we know it. Finally, the original Slavic text is published, with an interpretation of the individual chapters in relation to the Greek prototype of the work.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Kronstadt Diving School of the Naval Department became one of the centers of diving operations in the world. Officers of the Bulgarian Navy were also trained there. Information about their training at school is reported in the Fund 417 records of the Russian State Navy Archive.
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