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Connecting Ecologies: Egypt and the Balkans during the Climate Crisis in the Mid-1780’s

Author(s): Hristo Hristov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines a brief episode from the Little Ice Age and its impact over the Ottoman empire during mid-1780’s. It aims to explore the transregional connections in the Eastern Mediterranean, driven by the adverse socio-economic consequences of climate stress after the eruption of Iceland's Laki volcano in 1783 –1784. The study tends to set up a series of causations illustrating how a certain global climatic event has considerable local socio-economic influences that test the Ottoman provisioning system and create a possibility for central administration to connect remote ecological zones in order to meet the necessities of food supply across the Mediterranean. Current scientific research utilizing archives of nature, such as dendrochronology, ice core analysis, sediment studies, and pollen analysis, provides insights into the past climate. This data corresponds with a range of written records meticulously maintained in archives of societies, with the most significant for this study being the documents preserved in the Ottoman archives. The written sources examined in this paper emphasize on the logistical coordination between two remote ecological zones: the Balkans and Egypt, situating this coordination within the larger context of political, economic, and social instability of the Ottoman Empire in a period of climatic stress. The Ottoman provisioning system of grain supplies connected food shortages in Egypt and the Hejaz to different agricultural areas in the Balkans and the Black Sea basin in order to mitigate the crisis in the Nile valley. Although this aid had a temporary effect, it nevertheless demonstrated the extent of the state’s administration ability to balance the natural resources across the vast territory of the empire.

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Real Prices, Real Incomes, and Purchasing Power during Communism, Transition and EU Integration: Evidence from Bulgaria

Author(s): Ralitsa Simeonova-Ganeva,Kaloyan Ganev,Martin Ivanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this study, we consider real prices, real wages, real pensions, purchasing power, and consumption in Bulgaria during communism, transition, and EU integration. We focus on a range of essential goods representative of Bulgarian household consumption. We compile the corresponding data series based on official publications by the Bulgarian statistical authorities. The real values are computed using a unified index of consumer prices for all periods under consideration. We find that the significant increase in nominal incomes during communism, matched by administrative price controls, led to artificially high real wages and purchasing power. As this was achieved in an economy characterised by continuous shortages and accumulating inflationary pressures, we claim that the severe economic downturn and high inflation in the 1990s were inevitable. For transition, we point to the process of restoration of economic logic, the re-equilibration of markets, and the ensuing drop in real incomes as the main causes of purchasing power losses. We argue that this deterioration of real incomes manifests the price paid by society for decades of economic mismanagement. Concerning EU integration, we explain the rapidly increasing real incomes, purchasing power, and consumption with the development of the Bulgarian economy in those years, following the well-established principles of sound economic management. Notably, we demonstrate that at the end of the reviewed period, given the presence of real prices that were very close to their historical lows, real incomes and purchasing power surpassed communist-era peaks. This study contributes to the literature by providing new long term data on important economic indicators for Bulgaria. This paves the way for further research involving comparisons of the past and present economies.

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Влиянието на Църквата върху търговията с тамян през IV и V век

Author(s): Zlatomira Gerdzhikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The emergence of a new institution with religious and political influence inevitably leads to the imposition of new and the abolition of already established social practices. Some economic activities are affected during such periods – if they do not disappear, they suffer significant losses for a certain period. Such is the case with the incense trade. By the middle of the 4th century, incense was used daily in religious rituals in temples, private homes, and all public places where it was customary to perform them. The establishment of Christianity as the only state-recognized religion on the territory of the Roman Empire led to a sharp decline in the consumption of incense, first in temples and public spaces, and gradually in rituals in private homes. In this sense, the religious practices established by the Church were a barrier to development, which led to the decline of the frankincense trade and some trade centers such as Petra.

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Наблюдения върху българската фискална политика и международната търговия: изследване на преместването на българските търговци от пазара в Константинопол в Солун през 893–894 година

Author(s): Mikhail Raev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 894–896 was sometimes called the first economic war in medieval Europe. The expulsion of Bulgarian merchants from the Constantinopolitan market and their transfer to the market of Thessaloniki served as a cause de la guerre for Bulgarian ruler Symeon. A survey of historiography concludes that most scholars resorted to a restatement of the historical facts conveyed by Byzantine written sources. While scholars attempted to clarify the status of Bulgarian merchants in the Byzantine capital, the paper raises questions concerning the commodities Bulgarians supplied to the Byzantine market and what they demanded in exchange. The paper explores how Bulgarian ruler Simeon was affected by the transfer of Bulgarian merchants away from the Byzantine capital by applying methods of enquiry such as textual analysis and comparison of historical data. The military response of the Bulgarian ruler allows various hypotheses. The paper proposes that Bulgarian merchants most likely exchanged goods for multiple types of Byzantine and non-Byzantine textiles, not on the list of forbidden articles to export. The Book of Eparch informs us that Byzantine-Bulgarian commerce was in kind via barter exchange. Based on the examination of the commercial terms stipulated in the tenth-century Byzantine-Rus treaties, the paper considers the issue of Symeon’s involvement in Byzantine-Bulgarian commercial affairs in a similar fashion to the Rus princes who sent their envoys and merchants to the Byzantine Empire to sell the surpluses of collected taxes in kind. The paper addresses the issue of fiscal policy and taxation practise in the ninth-century Bulgaria.

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Преходни форми на стопански живот през ХVІІІ век в румелийските провинции на Османската империя: бариери и перспективи

Author(s): Krasimira Mutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The reforms carried out in the military and fiscal system of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries, had a significant meaning for the changes in economic life and the establishment of transitional forms in the development of agriculture and the urban economy. All of them – mukâta’as, malikânes, waqfs, çiftliks –are known from the previous period as well, but acquired different dimensions and directions of development in the conditions of the 18th century. The research is focused on the widespread penetration of the iltizam system in various sectors of the economy in the 18th century, including in the structures of the Orthodox Church. On the example of published and unpublished Ottoman documents – mainly mufassil (detailed) defteris, annual income-expenditure statements, the so called suret, suret-i ruznamçe hakani, arzuhals, etc. – the study attempts to trace the role of the mukâta’as and the malikane system in the agrarian sector and the urban economy in the Rumeli provinces of the Ottoman Empire, respectively the degree of state intervention, the imposed barriers and the opportunities for economic development in perspective.

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Благотворителни фондации за кредитиране. Паричните вакъфи в османска България – разпространение и лимити

Author(s): Hristiyan Atanasov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This article aims to survey Ottoman charitable foundations operating in the Bulgarian lands during the 18th and 19th centuries, with a particular focus on the so-called cash waqfs, which functioned as credit institutions. The research is based on near 100 waqfiyyas (waqfname) and other archival materials. The data have been statistically presented and analyzed in four tables that outline the general profile of these waqfs – detailing the origins of their assets, their founders, and their methods of operation. Waqf institutions are grouped and analyzed based on their monetary assets, interest rates, and the profits they managed (or failed) to generate. The study seeks to answer the question: why didn’t these monetary foundations evolve into modern banking institutions? Is the Islamic concept of “perpetuity” responsible for this limitation? Examples from various cities in Ottoman Bulgaria are provided, initiating the mapping of these institutions.

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Проблеми пред развитието на урбанизацията в българските земи под османска власт през ХІХ век (до 1878 година)

Author(s): Ventzislav Muchinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the main problems of the development of urbanization in the Bulgarian lands in the 19th century - of a political and administrative, economic, sanitary-hygienic, epidemic and urban planning nature. The efforts of the Ottoman authorities and the local population to deal with the problems, which hinder the normal functioning of socio-economic life in the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire, are analyzed. As a result of these efforts, the living conditions in the cities in the Bulgarian lands have improved, their economic and demographic development has been stimulated and the process of urbanization in the region has been activated on the eve of the Liberation of Bulgaria.

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Българските еснафски организации през периода на Възраждането: светец-покровител и еснафски празник

Author(s): Petya Nedeleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The Bulgarian guild organizations during the Renaissance were the most comprehensive economic and social organization, professional and social support of the population. The guilds represented self-governing craft and trade associations of a closed nature, uniting people with the same livelihood, with a common leader, obeying common rules, the guild statute and a specific structure. The members of the guild organization, as residents of a given settlement, complied with local traditions, honored and celebrated holidays (Easter, Christmas, etc.), and also celebrated the holiday of their guild and the patron saint of the craft. The guild holiday belongs to the so-called “heavy” holidays, i.e. holidays celebrated with particular solemnity by the members of the community. During the guild festival, which often lasted several days, there were church services for the living and deceased members of the guild, a general meeting of the guild was held, at which the report of the governing bodies was accepted and those who would rule in the future were elected. There was also a real celebration with a common meal and merriment.

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Държавният съвет и стопанското развитие на Княжество България (1882–1883)

Author(s): Kristiyan Mladenovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The role of the State Council for the economic development of the Principality of Bulgaria is a topic that still remains unexplored. With this article, the author aims to show the contribution of the Council to overcoming the economic barriers facing the country by analyzing and presenting conclusions about the adopted legislative acts and the discussed bills. The State Council adopts the “Law on Public Tenders”, “Public Administrative Regulations for the conclusion of contracts and the obligations imposed on the entrepreneur” and the “Law on Collections and Contributions”. The terms “entrepreneur” and “government procurement” are defined, which allows a number of infrastructure projects to be built. Synchronization between central and local government is improving. Mandatory documentation for tax payments allows better monitoring of tax collection. The bill for the promotion of industry presents the problems facing the development of the Bulgarian economy, such as higher interest rates in the Principality and high customs tariffs. It proposes a solution to these problems, such as the creation of industrial banks, assistance to small producers, giving priority to the production of paper, textiles, etc. Although the law was not adopted, the ideas later became the basis of protectionism in Bulgaria. The State Council is debating numerous laws that have been adopted by the Third Ordinary National Assembly, such as the “Law on Auctions, the Law on Vineyards”, “Land Tax and Alcoholic Beverages”, the “Law on the Processing and Extracting Opium Poppy” etc. In the end, the number of economic initiatives undertaken by the state councilors lead to the improvement of economic conditions and introduce good European practices into the Bulgarian legislative framework. This is happening in the conditions of a complex political situation, but it also shows that to overcome the economic barriers, synchronous work between all institutions is needed.

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Бариери пред търговското предприемачество в югозападните български земи през XIX век

Author(s): Ivaylo Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the current text is to shed light on the obstacles to the development of commercial entrepreneurship in the southwestern Bulgarian lands during the 19th century. In order to achieve this goal, a comparison is made between the conditions for the development of commercial entrepreneurship in Northern and Southern Bulgarian lands with those in today’s southwestern Bulgaria (Razlog, Bansko, etc.) and in the Republic of North Macedonia (Veles). Probably, a complex of factors hampered entrepreneurship in the field of commerce and especially long-distance trade in the 19th century. For example, the military actions that Napoleon Bonaparte led with Austria seriously disrupted the trade contacts between the merchants from the Balkans (incl. Bansko and Razlog) with Central Europe. An important factor was the economic crisis in Vienna which took place in 1810–1811. It severely affected entrepreneurs from the Balkan Peninsula. On the other hand, the economic changes after the signing of the Adrianople Peace Treaty (1829) and especially the expansion of the Austrian influence along the Middle and Lower Danube, led to economic revival in the northern Bulgarian settlements (such as Vidin, Ruse, Svishtov, Tarnovo, etc.) and contributed to the decline of the activities of the entrepreneurs from Razlog, Bansko, etc. Moreover, Austrian economic influence contributed to the flourishing trade contacts on the both banks of the Danube. This was the reason for the decline of the “old” terrestrial trade and the flourishing maritime and Danubian commerce. The shift of commercial traffic to the south – towards Thessaloniki, as well as the spread of railway transport will also have contributed to the economic decline of some settlements. The mountainous terrain and isolation, combined with the high prices for transporting the traded goods, probably also prove to be a barrier to active entrepreneurial activity.

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Комисионни и рушвети – скритите оръжия във външната търговия на Народна република България

Author(s): Nikolay Yanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Corruption has attracted the attention of researchers and experts as an obstacle to growth and a burden on public finances. Where the concerned mind sees a threat to good governance, the clever swindler finds an opportunity for profit. The managers of foreign trade in socialist Bulgaria are no exception. Behind the slogans of solidarity with Third World countries, state-owned enterprises that operate openly or covertly abroad deploy a wide network of corrupt dependencies to secure their interests through the generous distribution of “bribes” and “commissions”, two concepts that easily transform into each other. We find abundant documentary evidence of such practices in the court archive of the comprehensive case against the executives of the state-owned commercial enterprise “Texim”. The trial itself shows the contagious example of bribery, which from being a means of influence in foreign countries has settled into the organizational culture of the Bulgarian company, opening the door to various forms of abuse of office.

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Лимитите на растежа в контекста на екологичната трансформация на икономиката в ЕС и България

Author(s): Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The use of natural resources, in particular material flows, is not only one of the main drivers of economic growth, but also leads to resource depletion and environmental problems. Existing infrastructure, economic models and technologies, together with established behaviours, keep the economy ‘locked in’ to the linear model. It operates in a one-way pattern of resource – production – consumption – waste. The life of resources in Europe is limited to a single cycle. Today’s economy throws away more and more of the materials we extract from nature, which are increasingly difficult to degrade but have a high residual value when reused. In order to achieve economic growth without increasing the quantitative consumption of mineral resources and without adverse effects on the environment, it is necessary to carry out a decoupling analysis that combines both resource decoupling and environmental impact decoupling. The attempts to overcome the limits to growth, which began in the 1970s, take on new nuances in the context of the environmental transformation of economies today. The aim of this study is to analyse the extent to which the process of decoupling growth from resource dependence is being realised in EU countries and in Bulgaria in particular. Based on a descriptive analysis of the dynamics of the indicators economic growth rate and resource productivity in the period 1980–2020, the results show an albeit slow and uneven positive trend in Europe and a significant lag in Bulgaria. In the face of rising prices and resource depletion, this is becoming an increasingly risky factor for business development. From an economic point of view, therefore, the interest in reducing these costs, using them more efficiently and optimising raw material flows is fully justified. The paper draws conclusions about the place of the circular economy in this process and points to some opportunities for deepening the processes of transition towards a resource–efficient and environmentally friendly economy.

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Динамика и конвергенция на производителността на труда в България към еврозоната: сравнителен анализ с останалите страни от Централна и Източна Европа

Author(s): Stela Raleva,Dimitar Zlatinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The paper provides an analysis of labour productivity dynamics in Bulgaria in 1970–2019 and assesses the convergence to the euro area in comparison with other CEE countries. Based on the data from Pen world table, we measure convergence by the deviations from euro area average productivity levels and by employing panel models of absolute β-convergence. The results show an increasing tendency in labour productivity, a decreasing trend in its growth rates, the existence of significant peculiarities and internal heterogeneity of the three distinct periods (the last two decades of socialism, the 1990s and the first two decades of the 21st century). It is proved that at the end of the first period Bulgaria was ahead of Romania, Poland and Estonia in terms of labour productivity, at the end of the second period – only of Romania, and in the third period it started to lag behind all other CEE countries. The strongest deterioration in Bulgaria’s relative position over time has been recorded vis-à-vis Romania, and the largest lag in the level by 2019 is vis-à-vis Poland. The results from the estimation of the β-convergence model at 1990 base year indicate the existence of a catching-up process for the countries as a whole and the absence of such a process for Bulgaria. In the 2000-based model, labour productivity in Bulgaria converges with the euro area, but least among all countries in the region. Compared to Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia, this is a consequence of a lower starting base, compared to Romania – of lower growth rates, and compared to the other countries – of a combination of both.

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Динамика на пространствената концентрация на икономиката в България след 2007 година – възможности и бариери

Author(s): Nedko Minchev,Veneta Hristova,Ivan Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Bulgaria’s membership in the EU in 2007 is a turning point in our history. Following the slogan “Europe of the Regions”, the country has turned to seeking the right instruments for regional development and planning the spatial concentration of individual industries to meet common policies and standards in the Union. The complex contemporary socio-economic processes and dynamically changing development conditions impose some specific requirements on the scientific justification of political and purely economic decisions. This implies a good knowledge and proper use of the basic models for analyzing trends in the dynamics of the spatial concentration of economic activities and taking into account the characteristic features of the development of the territory concerned. Although more than 15 years have passed since our accession, the differences between the regions are widening. Moreover, Bulgaria is also home to the poorest region in the entire Union. By 2024, there is still a serious gap between the real and the desired picture in this direction. This paper seeks to address this problem through an in-depth statistical and economic study of the dynamics of economic concentration in the country since 2007, with the aim of tracing the dynamics of the spatial location of economic activities. The subject of the study is the spatial and sectoral concentration of enterprises in the country, and the object of study is enterprises and employees in the territory of the country in aggregate form by planning regions and type of activity carried out by sectors of the economy. Through the macro analysis carried out, the existing trends over the years are sought and outlined, and findings on the dynamics of the spatial concentration of the economy in Bulgaria are derived. A chronological approach is used and time constants and variables are identified. The chosen methodology allows to trace the evolution of these dynamics while identifying persistent favorable and/or unfavorable correlations and practices. The approach based on the past will indicate in which directions policy instruments supporting the development of regions should be focused. The results obtained show the systematic absence of national and regional policies to manage the processes of spatial concentration of economic resources in territorial terms.

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Стопански връзки между търговска фирма „Хаджи Минчо х. Цачев и дружие“ и братя Тъпчилещови

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The publication is a continuation, supplement, and summary of several previous studies devoted to the economic relations between the company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ from Tarnovo and the Tapchileshtov brothers (Hristo and Nikola) in their trade in metals (copper, iron, and steel), tallow of animal origin, and buffalo hides. This publication provides information on the exchange of other goods and raw materials between the mentioned contractors: raw silk, cordovans, wheat, yellow cheese, caviar, coffee, olive oil, and soap. It also presented information about the assistance that the Tapchileshtov brothers (mainly Hristo Tapchileshtov) have provided to the partners in the Tarnovo company in their activities on the purchase and exploitation of state sources of revenue. The present publication, as well as the preceding ones, is prepared mainly based on previously unused Greek-language documents (letters and transcripts of letters). The research method is thematic-chronological. The conclusions we reach are: The information on the topic of the relations between the trading company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ and the Tapchileshtov brothers is fragmentary, and it is not possible to make a complete analysis of the trade exchange that has taken place between them (quantities of goods sent, their value, financial turnovers, respective profits, etc.). It can be assumed that the beginning of the economic relations between the company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ and the Tapchileshtov brothers was established in 1847. The exchange of goods is two-sided. The Tapchileshtovi brothers (together or independently) sent to their partners in Tarnovo the following raw materials and goods: metals, caviar, coffee, olive oil, soap, and dye. The Tarnovo company sent to the Tapchileshtovi brothers (to both or one of them): tallow, buffalo hides, raw silk, cordovans, yellow cheese, wheat and possibly corn. The economic operators in question also carried out commission activities. The Tapchileshtovi brothers assist the company „Hadji Mincho Tsachev & Company“ in its activities on the purchase and exploitation of state revenue sources. This is what Hristo Tapchilestov is mainly involved with. The documents testify that the contact between the Tarnovo company and the Tapchileshtovs lasted until the spring of 1855, i.e., until the murder of Hadji Mincho.

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Водните бедствия като бариера пред развитието. По примера на Карлово в началото на XX век

Author(s): Aleksandar Zlatanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The socio-economic situation of the town of Karlovo and the surrounding area after 1878 was difficult, and the prospects for economic development were uncertain. The new economic realities and free competition accelerated the process of decline of the old crafts and livelihoods, while the local authorities and the central government failed to support the local craft and textile industries. The transition from proto-industrial to factory production proved unsuccessful in the first decades after 1878, despite isolated successful initiatives. A significant, but not sufficiently studied factor hindering the development of Karlovo and the region during this period were natural disasters, especially water-related ones. This paper will examine the consequences of water-related natural disasters that were a significant barrier to the economic development of Karlovo in the early 20th century. As will be seen, these processes were not isolated only around the Balkan Mountain, but occurred throughout Thrace, north-central and southwestern Bulgaria. In 1905 and 1910, two major water-related natural disasters occurred, causing considerable damage to the population and the underdeveloped economy of the town and the region. The paper traces how and why such devastating consequences occurred, and what measures were taken by local and central government to solve the problem? Were they successful or did vested interests and local power struggles prevailed?

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Индустриалецът Стефан Пипев – променлив успех и трудни решения в кризисно време

Author(s): Svetla Atanasova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The study presents the professional development of Stefan Pipev –a graduate of the Academy of Economics in Wien, a third generation trader, industrialist and a partner in the brewery Prosek Brothers. The accent is put on the period from 1907 until 1927 when Stefan Pipev was managing the brewery on his own and in a partnership the industry established by the Prosek brothers. He succeeds in keeping the relative rise of the production and modernizes it with new technologies. His management coincides with multiple crisis - a fierce competition between the beer brewers, a lot of bankruptcies, raising excised duty, and the economic disruption caused by the Balkan, the Second Balkan War and the World War I. Despite the unfavourable circumstances the Bulgarian entrepreneur succeeds to fight off the competition and keep the trademark Prosek in the top three brewery industries. For the purposes of the research are studied documents from the State Archive –Sofia and State Archive – Veliko Tarnovo. Despite the low number of scientific and popular publications about Stefan Pipev all of them have been used in the study.

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Пропуснатата възможност – заводът за автомобили Булгаррено в Пловдив

Author(s): Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The study is based on the archival fund of the Bulgarrenault Automobile Factory in Plovdiv. Its establishment is part of the attempts of the technologically backward socialist countries to meet the growing demand for cars through cooperation with Western manufacturers. In scientific publications to date, little information is given about the factory and its production, which in some cases is inaccurate. In this regard, the chronology of the foundation and construction of the factory, the duration of the construction works, its area and number of personnel have been clarified. Attention is paid why and how the enterprise was opened in Plovdiv as well as a state-owned agricultural holding existed on its place earlier. Another little-known fact is that during the first six months, the assembly of cars was carried out on a temporary assembly line in Hall No. 10 of the International Fair in Plovdiv. Until the factory entered full operation at the end of 1967, cars were assembled using the SKD system, which has so far remained unnoticed. It was claimed that the cars were fitted using the CKD system. However, this happens after the factory is opened. Until then, cars were sent from France in sets of 10 and assembled on the temporary line. When the factory is operational, the sets start at 50 cars each. The demand is high, but the Bulgarian state does not support the production. For the entire period, 6,995 cars were produced. The factory, which costs about three million BGN, works far from its capacity and produces an average of 123 cars per month, which is almost a manufactory. The closing of the factory in 1976 after unsuccessful attempts Bulgarrenault to be replaced with camping trailers and gasoline engines, means a missing of valuable chance for development of a modern Bulgarian automotive industry.

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От културен трансфер към социокултурна трансформация. Часовниците и усещането за времето в България

Author(s): Andreas Liberatos / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

The invention of the mechanical clock was one of the most signifi cant technological advances which brought about European world hegemony. Starting with the clock towers which gradually became an indispensable element of Balkan town landscape and sound environment during the 17th and 18th centuries, and reaching the climax of mass imports of pocket or wrist watches from Central Europe during the early 20th century, the transfer of the new technology to Europe’s Southeastern periphery not only changed the system of time measurement, but was also related to the concomitant important cultural shifts in the perception of time, most importantly the transition from time obedience to time discipline. Focusing on present day Bulgaria and using mostly Bulgarian sources, the paper offers an overview of the abovementioned process, tackles the ensuing theoretical and methodological questions and outlines an approach to the study of this particular case of cultural transfer.

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Pregovaračke lekcije Džejmsa Bejkera III za neizvesnu budućnost

Author(s): Aleksandar Stanković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 31/2024

The evolution of negotiation dynamics over time has introduced novel complexities, yet the underlying challenges persist, with power dynamics unequivocally assuming a central role. Abstracting the archetypes of Caesar and the manager and integrating them into negotiation theory has provided insights into the intricate power interplays among stakeholders within the negotiation process itself. A retrospective analysis delves into James Baker’s adept handling of myriad diplomatic challenges he encountered between 1989 and 1992, acting as the direct emissary for the United States’ interests, alongside his nuanced comprehension of negotiation principles. This inquiry aims not only to elucidate contemporary opportunities through positive exemplars but also to underscore enduring universals that remain pertinent and coveted across negotiators within the realm of international diplomacy and politics.

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