4.50 €
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
I have found new records in the local archives to reconstruct the evolution of a Szekler private property to becoming an intermediate space at the end of the 19th century. This is the Sólyomtár Mountains, whose troubled history reflected the life of its Szekler inhabitants. In 1886, there was a borderline revision between Austria-Hungary and Romania to solve the former conflicts regarding the ownership of the nearby mountains. The commission decided that Sólyomtár [in Romanian: Solintaru] should belong to Romania. This decision led to a new legal and economic conflict between the neighbours. The mountain has become an intermedial space as it formerly belonged to the so-called Szekler Private Properties and not directly to the Hungarian state. The Hungarian leaders confirmed that it still should belong to the Szekler Private Properties. In the vision of the Romanian leaders, it had to belong to Romania. The clarification of this situation was becoming more important for the local leaders of Csík County for it caused an international diplomatic incident, too. They decided to pledge the cattle of Romanian farmers who refused to pay rent for the pasture. This incident finally elucidated the chaotic situation, and so the intermediate space disappeared.
More...
Scientific prose means giving voice to silent national history with modern texts, based on reviewed and rethought history. Our reviewed historiography is framed by an attempt at synthetizing a problem centred on chronological historical narrative. History and narrative are no more, but at the same time not less, than science, fiction, and art. Regarding the history of Hungary during the Second World War, it is of outstanding importance that national history should be interpreted in an international context, creating a series of complex and high-quality historical works with many aspects.We should eliminate the empty, unilateral, and harmful method of post-Marxism and give space to understanding and understandable historiography written from a national perspective. The task of the Hungarian historian regarding the Horthy era and the Hungarian national history in the Second World War is to be the advocate and not the prosecutor. The historical figures of Miklós Horthy, Pál Teleki, László Bárdossy, and Miklós Kállay should be given their rightful place in history; the hidden correspondence between historical figures and the era they lived in should be identified. It is also necessary to harmonize facts and subjective heroism. We suggest that a new historical philosophy should be outlined, whose main aim is to restore the whole Hungarian nation’s self-esteem.Pathos and irony are the emotions evoked by these texts, related with objectivity, prioritizing correct decision-making. There is a new trend today: the days of research solely based on unexplored sources are gone by; bibliographies should also be considered as scientific sources.
More...
Articles, pictures and interviews can be reprinted only with the consent of the publisher
More...
Сравнительно недавно была найдена неизданная боспорская монета. Речь идет о статере боспорского царя Рескупорида II с дифферентом "меч" на аверсе. Но на ее реверсе эмиссионных обозначений нет. Полагаю, что эта монета была выпущена в период времени, когда провинция, эмблемой которой был знак "меч" не была подчинена какой-либо иной территориально-административной единице.
More...
Обилие доступных материалов по истории Крымского ханства позволяют нам пересмотреть некоторые сложившиеся стереотипы. К примеру, мы считаем необходимым уточнить общепринятые на данный момент представления о Мухаммеде Гирае IV как о правителе. В предлагаемой статье мы приводим некоторые сведения из его биографии, сопровождая их необходимыми, с нашей точки зрения, комментариями.
More...
Person and work of Atanas Iliev are subject to various historical research on the development of education and textbook literature in Stara Zagora at the end of the nineteenth century. His contributions as a researcher’s past Stara Zagora and initiated the creation of a local museum remains underrated.. The purpose of this notice is to outline research interests related to the history of his native town on the basis of a series of publications “From the history of the city of Stara Zagora“, printed on the pages of the newspaper “St.- Zagorskiy glas“ (1912).
More...
This study explores the manifestation of Yugonostalgia among people of Bitola, Macedonia. Over two decades after Yugoslavia broke up, a feeling of nostalgia towards the former nation has surfaced. In the countries that emerged out of socialist Yugoslavia, it is called “Yugonostalgia” and is a very wide spread cultural phenomenon in all age groups. Has the dramatic transition into a post-socialist country fostered Yugonostalgic feelings among these people? If not, what in perceptions of citizens their country today is better than Yugoslavia? What in the memories about Yugoslavia is better than nowadays experiences? If so, what are these people nostalgic for? What about Yugoslavia seems so much better than present-day Macedonia? Which are the real personal memories and which of them have become part of the collective myth about the past that people present like their own narratives? The study is based on fieldwork conducted in the summer of 2015 in the city of Bitola, Republic of Macedonia, and some nearby villages. Multiple ethnological and historical methods are used, including: method of oral history, participant observation, method of life story, semi-structured interviews, photo and video documentation, archive materials gathered in the museums around the city.
More...
The paper deals with economic thought of almost forgotten Christian conservatives after the World War Two. Despite the all-embracing socialist ideas, these people were proposing non-socialistic post-war order based on private property, free enterprise and competition. Their proposals were in the sharp contrast to the leading idea of “socializing” or “economic” democracy and comprehensive economic planning. Their economic thought had elements of both classical liberalism and ordoliberalism. Despite their relatively good public recognition, political development of post-war Czechoslovakia did not allow them to change public opinion. One way or another, the proper interpretation of their work is still missing in the history of economic thought textbooks so we attempt to provide at least the overview of their ideas and thus also provide the basis for future research agenda.
More...
The paper aims to identify several major approaches used by various important schools toward the concept of ownership. And to find how they differ from each other and what benefits (and shortcomings) offer those differences to the analysis of the ownership/property. These comparisons are in order to launch an alternative approach toward the concept. The point is not to “improve” or to criticize, but to attempt to look on the category from an “outside” viewpoint.
More...
Articles, pictures and interviews can be reprinted only with the consent of the publisher.
More...
According to contemporary chroniclers, street fights were daily events in medieval Tuscan cities. In an urban environment, mental and tactical preparedness was necessary, although it was also important to know the inner politics of the city. The background of these conflicts was primarily described by the great urban history writers such as Giovanni Villani and Dino Compagni, but there are also special type sources, the so-called ricordanze, that show different elements of this micro-warfare phenomenon. These sources, which can be defined as merchant diaries, had a more personal viewpoint than the great chronicles, and as for the studies on the roots of the conflicts, it was more practical. The Velluti-Mannelli vendetta which happened in 1295 – written down by Donato Velluti – tells us about conscious time and place planning. The attacks had to be prepared not just politically and tactically, but from the economical point of view, too – which also transpires from the chronicle of Luca di Firidolfi da Panzano, who wrote about the hunting for his father’s murderers. The avengers travelled hundreds of kilometres and used the tools of medieval scouting and spycraft. In this paper, I explain and examine the thoughts of the ricordanze authors and conclude my article with a discussion on conflict resolution strategies. Although for medieval writers the most important elements were the fights, based on the parts of the ricordanze that mention the background of the feuds and the logical structure of the narratives we can also examine the situations that led to the war. Thus, we can attempt to analyse the families’ strategies associated with the preparation for conflict and the orchestrating of the raids and combats.
More...
Harce or harc (Hungarian: harcz; Italian: arciere; Russian: styčka/стычка) are single combat skirmishes between individual warriors fought before a battle in front of both enemy armies. Sometimes it was a duel between the commanders of the army or the best warriors delegated by the opposing sides, which would decide the outcome of the battle without it being fought. The first place on the list of knights who won fame for the Polish army belongs to the Silesian prince Boleslav I the Tall, who defeated an opponent of enormous stature during the Italian expedition of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1162 near Milan. In the 13th–16th centuries in Poland, harce were popular in battles fought on an open field and during sieges of fortified structures. Both heavy knights and light cavalrymen participated in them. Harce or single combat is a custom known since ancient times. It was popular in the era of knightly cavalry in the Middle Ages and persisted into early modern times. The characters from Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novels set in the 17th century still maintained this tradition.
More...
The problem of Turkish expansion, in the context of which the Battle of Mohacs is considered, is very relevant among researchers. Events of the first third of the 16th century radically changed the historical development of the region of Central-Eastern Europe, and this change was directly related to the defeat at the Battle of Mohacs on August 29, 1526. The date of the battle became a chronological border in the history of the Hungarian, Czech Kingdom and adjacent territories (Slovakia, Croatia and others). The unsuccessful internal policy of the representatives of the Czech-Hungarian line of the Jagiellonian dynasty led to a loss of support among the Czech szlachta and Hungarian magnates. It was not possible to attract the advanced monarchs of Europe to the fight against Turkish aggression. The Hungarian and Czech estates underestimated the level of danger and cared more about their own political and economic interests (The unsuccessful policy of the representatives of the Czech and Hungarian Jagiellon dynasty led to the loss of the support among the Czech lords, Hungarian magnates). All this led to the „Mohacs catastrophe”, where the flower of the Hungarian nobility died. According to various statistics, the royal army numbered 25–28 thousand (of which 8 thousand foreigners: Czechs, Poles, Croats, Serbs, Germans, Italians, Spaniards) soldiers and 53–80 guns. The number of Turkish troops was 55–65 thousand soldiers and 160 guns. The defeat at Mohacs had serious geopolitical consequences. Thus, the majority of the Hungarian small and middle gentry supported Janos Zapolyai, and representatives of the higher gentry supported Ferdinand I of Habsburg, who was also elected to the Czech throne. The Transylvanian principality appeared (depended on Turkey), and the so-called Royal Hungary arose on the other part of Hungary. Thus, the Turkish Empire established hegemony in the central-eastern region of Europe.
More...
This article outlines the mobilisation efforts made by both the Royal and the Hetman’s Chancellery with the aim of concentrating the maximum armed forces of the Crown army to suppress the uprising of the Zaporozhian Host under the command of Taras Fedorovych and Anton But. Particular aspects of the mobilisation were considered, such as the methodology of its implementation with regard to units of the so-called ‘quarter’ army (Polish: wojsko kwarciane), foreign troops, private cavalry banners, separate banners of the Lithuanian army, and the remnants of the Zaporozhian Host that remained loyal to the Commonwealth. Based on various published and archival sources (registers of army levies, official and private letters, narrative texts, etc.), the geography and chronology of the movement of the Commonwealth army units during this mobilisation, their composition, numbers, and the names of their commanders have been established as far as possible. Particular attention was paid to aspects of the mobilisation of the private cavalry banners of the local magnates from the Zbaraski, Zasławski-Ostrogski, and Zamoyski families, which have been little studied by historians so far, although soon after their mobilisation provided significant support for the quarter army. The beginning of the long and difficult mobilisation of a foreign regiment under the command of Jakub Butler and the Denhoff brothers and the preparation of the Crown artillery for the campaign are also discussed.The research also helped to conclude that after the first stages of mobilisation before the Battle of Pereyaslav, Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski had sufficient forces (in terms of quality and numbers) to stop the main part of the insurgents’ army and to attempt to engage the enemy in gruelling battles in open field.
More...
The theory of early modern military revolution, which was presented by Michael Roberts in the 1950s and was later revised by various historians, is well known and still in use even today. One of the pillars of supposed revolution was a change of infantry training and a general change of infantry tactics, which first happened in the Netherlands in the 1590s. Another modification of infantry training and tactics took place in Sweden during the reign of Gustavus Adolphus. These transformations were reflected by a specific genre of period learned literature – military handbooks for infantry. Military manuals were published not only in Western Europe but also in Central Europe,, mostly in Germany. In the period of 1550–1650, approximately 125 military handbooks were printed in ca. 225 editions. Twenty-five of these books were concerned specifically with the art of infantry war. Book history is a transdisciplinary field which offers new methods of studying military history. While researching changes of the content and formal aspects of military publications, we can trace changes of period military theory. The prosopography of military theorists and book publishers helps to reveal how the new ideas were disseminated – in this case how the new approaches to infantry training and the art of war spread from Western and Northern Europe to its centre. The aim of this contribution is not only to describe period infantry handbooks, but also to characterise the transfer of revolutionary changes in infantry warfare from Netherlands and Sweden into Central Europe with the help of period military manuals – especially those intended for infantry.
More...
The article discusses the preparations for the defence of Galicia in the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century using the example of the construction and use of the Mykolaiv fortress on the Dniester River. The plans of the defensive structure are presented, as well as its fundamental transformations during the period in question. The article also discusses the creation of new infrastructure around the fortress, i.e. the construction of a railway line and paved roads. The redevelopment works were considerably affected by the changes in political conditions, especially Austro-Russian relations, the activities of Russian intelligence, etc. Particular attention was paid to the events that took place around the fortress during the hostilities in Galicia in 1914 and the Polish-Ukrainian war in 1918-1919 and the commanders that operated in the area, including generals Frantz Konrad von Götcendorf, Edward Böhm-Ermolli, Alexei Brusilov, and Anton Denikin. The paper also presents the circumstances of the capturing of the fortress by the Russian army and the course of the military actions in the Mykolaiv area. The discussed fortress is one of the best-preserved monuments of WWI fortifications on the territory of Ukraine.
More...
The article discusses the problem of results of and lessons from the Spanish-American war of 1898 through the «sea power» concept. American captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, who was the author of this concept, believed that the guarantee of the power and prosperity of any great political power was a powerful navy. In this view, the United States, which Mahan also counted among the mightiest world powers, should build its navy more actively. Not only did the war with Spain confirm Mahan’s ideas, but also allowed him to expand his concept, leading to the publication of his book Lessons of the war with Spain and other articles. Although Mahan noticed the successful ending of the war on land and at sea, he also pointed out some serious miscalculations that should be corrected as soon as possible. In particular, the US government had to take care of improving its coastal fortifications. If Spain had chosen the tactics of raiding coastal cities, the US would have suffered colossal damage. Other issues postulated by Mahan included increasing the number of warships and army units. In his opinion, it was necessary to allocate additional funds for that purpose and launch a publicity campaign to win the people’s support. While analysing the composition of the US Navy, Captain Mahan recommended focusing on the construction of two types of warships: battleships, to play the main role in sea battles and cruisers that, stripped of armour, were to serve as support for the battleships. Mahan also argued that the construction of older types of ships, such as monitors, should be abandoned.
More...
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. A week later, on June 29, the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the communist party (Bolshevists) of Ukraine (CP(b)U) issued a directive to the front-line party organisations, in which they called for the creation of partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight against the Wehrmacht. Special forces were established for this purpose, consisting of party members, Komsomol, and Soviet activists at the regional, city, and district levels. Already in early July, such a task force began to operate in Kharkiv. In addition to the aforementioned persons, the unit included employees of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. The NKVD officers were responsible for the creation of local partisan detachments, and party and Komsomol workers were involved in the formation of underground units. In addition, the anti-German resistance included sabotage groups, scouts, signalmen, and a network of safe houses, also selected by the NKVD. Leaders of the party, Komsomol, Soviet authorities, heads of some enterprises, institutions, collective farms, NKVD employees, and medical workers operated behind the enemy lines. Special bases holding ammunition, food, medicines, and other necessary supplies were also formed to support the underground units. People who had collaborated with NKVD before the war became the operatives responsible for sending reports to the Soviets about the political and economic situation in Kharkiv and its environs, and the attitude of the local population towards the Germans, their allies, and collaborators.
More...
The assumption of the post of Prime Minister of Japan by General Tojo Hideki on 17 October 1941 was interpreted in London as a prelude to further aggressive actions on the part of Tokyo. The purpose of this article is to examine what steps the British government took to prepare for a potential confrontation in diplomatic and military fields. A key reinforcement of British forces was the creation of the Far East Fleet squadron intended to serve as a primary deterrent, which was done at the expense of weakening the position of the British Navy in other areas. In contrast, land troops in the Malay region received only token support. The Air Force was in the worst position, as there were far too few aircraft for defensive purposes and they were not of the best quality. However, due to the involvement on other fronts and supplying military equipment to the Soviet Union, it was impossible to deliver more weapons to Southeast Asia. In the area of diplomacy, the main effort was directed at securing guarantees of support from the United States. However, due to the Neutrality Acts and the general reluctance of the American public to participate in the war, only verbal promises of assistance were obtained. Cooperation with the Dutch East Indies authorities went much better and they remained the most important ally for the British Empire in the area. In addition, attempts were made to enlist the cooperation of Thailand, but London’s offer to that country remained extremely unattractive, as the British were unable to provide guarantees of territorial integrity for the Thais. All these factors, combined with a misreading of Japanese intentions, meant that Britain entered the armed conflict with Japan poorly prepared, leading to the defeat at the Battle of Malaya and the fall of Singapore.
More...