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At the beginning of the 1990s, Romania had a relatively modest level of immigration which dramatically increased over the following decades. This study focuses on the forms and dynamics of the Romanian immigration within the European border, analysing the determining factors of relocation, the social-economic and cultural implications, as well as the common abusive practices related to immigrant workers.
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It was Fedor Dostoevskii who introduced the category of “Russian idea” into ideological discussion. Today the category is again in its heyday in Russian nationalism and appears even in Vladimir Putin’s statements. Some believe that Putin puts Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s concept into practice. In my text I attempt to question this stance
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The purpose of this article is to trace the ambiguous images of Russia which had been presented after October Revolution in propaganda of Central Powers. Because of the Bol-sheviks’ peace slogans this country suddenly became the most desired ally of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. The autor aims to answer the following questions: – Which narratives connected to Russia did dominate in German society in 1917–1918? – To which extent were they similar and in which different from the leading narratives in such countries as Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria? – What was the background of the mentioned narratives and images? The author distinguished two major motifs connected to the image of Russia as a kind of providential force: 1) of Russia-the-Saviour (as an exemplification of the myth of “Grandpa Ivan“), 2) of Russia-a-fighter-for-peace (as a continuation of the myth of Russian Revolution).
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The aim of the article is to investigate the ways of using sport in order to shape international brand of a state. Accordingly, various forms of shaping state’s international image with the use of sports diplomacy have been analyzed and shortly described – within the proposed typology. An attempt to verify a hypothesis concerning sports diplomacy as a significant tool of shaping state’s international brand was also made
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This is a chapter of the Interslavic reader which is a collection of working texts for teaching the Interslavic language. / Tuto jest kapitola iz čitateljnika, ktory jest spisok tekstov do učenja medžuslovjanskogo jezyka.
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The article aims to characterize the topography of the Golden Horde Bagaevka settlement, which is situated in the Saratov District of the Saratov Oblast. The settlement was included in the past in the region of the Golden Horde city Ukek and existed in the second half of the 13th — 14th century. Special attention is paid to trench I, works on which were conducted in 2002—2003, 2007—2012 and 2014—2016. Such questions as use of the discovered structures, distribution of separate categories of finds in them, including numismatic materials (which are dated in general from the last quarter of the 13th century to 1360/1361 AD), the imports and artefacts associated with presence of various ethnic groups on the site are addressed.
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The author publishes the results of studies on Stayevo-4 settlement (Michurinsk district, Tambov region). Ferrous metallurgy and black smithery were main occupations of the local population. The site yielded numerous iron artifacts and blacksmith tools. None of the unearthed structures used to serve as a dwelling. Most likely, the territory used to be metallurgists' and blacksmiths' production area. A series of decorations and elements of belt sets found here date this site by the second half of the 5th—7th centuries. The settlement is the latest of the sites of Chertovitskoe-Zamiatino type in the Upper Don region.The study revealed differences in chemical composition of slag samples from Istia-2 and Stayevo-4. The findings can be used to infer wether the slags and slag inclusions originated from Istia-2 or Stayevo-4.
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Already in the late 1950s J. G. D. Clark outlined the important changes that took place at the end of the Mesolithic period in many regions of Europe, North Africa and the Near East, which led to the production of chipped stone assemblages characterized by parallel-sided blades and different types of trapezoidal arrowheads. This paper discusses the origin, chronology, eventual spread, and distribution of the new assemblages that suddenly, almost contemporaneously made their appearance in many different territories of the Old World in the light of the discoveries made during the last fifty years.
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The article presents new data on the LBK architecture coming from recent geophysical and archaeological investigations on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. Combining geomagnetic prospections and test-trenches we have proved that the architecture of eastern LBK communities from the Prut-Nistru interfluve is very similar to the one known from Central-European settlements, namely the presence of longhouses with postholes accompanied by parallel-running long pits. In contrast to Central Europe, the presence of a thick chernozem layer above the Neolithic features as well as the effect of heavy bioturbations complicate both the recognition of dugout features and the interpretation of geomagnetic plots. Nevertheless, our research has shown that the geophysical identification of eastern LBK features is essentially possible, bringing to the reconsideration of some of the results of older investigations.
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The paper treats the selection of blades found on the five sites of Bolgrad variant of Gumelnita culture, situated in the southern Ukraine and Moldova close to the Lower Danube. It concentrates mainly on the different knapping technologies applied in blade production. Authors argue that they were mostly produced by punch technique and make an attempt to correlate the development of Eneolithic “large-blade” lithic industry and wide application of the indirect percussion on the chronological scale. Punch-produced blades entered Lower Danube region as ready-made items or as preforms. Early Eneolithic exchange was not limited to the objects involved in the definition of high social status. It could also bring “non-prestigious” everyday items to considerable distances.
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The article presents preliminary information on a Copper Age flat cemetery with stone constructions, investigated in the northern part of the island Khortytsia (on the territory of the city Zaporizhzhia) on the Dnieper river.Burials of children in graves with stone constructions were laid out in two rows. Each burial was covered with a small “cairn”, built of stone slabs and various other stones placed around and on top of the slabs. In addition, stone circles adjoin each burial “cairn” from its southern side. The circles consist of small stones and pebbles placed on the ancient surface. Each stone “cairn” containing a child burial was connected with a stone circle, together they formed a so-called “burial complex”. In total, nine such complexes were excavated.Unfortunately, only in two graves the fragments of the children’s skulls were preserved. We do not know the exact funerary rite employed in the burials. Some vessels, copper ornaments and pieces of ochre were found directly in the burials, but many fragments of Eneolithic ceramics of the so-called “Kvitiana type” were collected from the ancient surface. All artifacts are very similar to finds from the so-called “extended burials” of the Black Sea steppe area. According to radiocarbon dates available both from sites of Trypillian culture (stages BII—CI; CI) and from kurgan steppe burials, we can date the cemetery by the first part of the IV millennium BC.
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The article represents information about the archaeological situations in the microzone of Trinca, Edineţ district, Republic of Moldova, where there have been discovered five sites with different materials, characteristic of the Middle and Late Eneolithic. Excavations were conducted on two settlements (Izvorul lui Luca and La Şanţ), and resulted in unearthing dwelling, manufacturing and utility complexes as well as some pottery. The other three were recorded during some saving excavations. All sites rank high on both sides of the gorge formed by the river Draghişte.
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Während der Ausgrabungen der Freien Universität in Berlin unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hänsel und Dr. Ioannis Aslanis, Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, auf der Toumba Agios Mamas/Prähistorischem Olynth in 1996—2001, kam eine Doppelaxt mit Schaftloch zutage. Sie wurde im Raum 2 eines Großbaus in der spätbronzezeitlichen Schicht 8 (SH I–SH IIA, 1610—1550 calBC) entdeckt. In dem Raum um eine Herdstelle lagen außerdem Fragmente von Bronzeblech und -schaft, Eberzahnlamellen, eine Keramikscheiben, Garnrolle und Spinnwirtel aus Ton, ein Spatel aus Knochen, die Hälfte einer Gußform für eine Schaftlochaxt, und mehrere Abschläge, Steinklingen, eine Steinperle und ein Brocken Radiolarit. Die Doppelaxt stellt das früheste Exemplar dieses Typs im nordägäischen-westkleinasiatischen Raum dar. Sie ist eine bekannte ägäische Form, mit vor allem der minoischen und mykenischen Kultur identifiziert, und entspricht allgemein Branigans ägäischem Typ II. Sie unterscheidet sich von diesem hauptsächlich jedoch durch die etwas asymmetrische Erscheinungsform und kann in mehrere Typen und Varianten unterteilt werden.
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Systematic studies of barrows in the Budzhak steppe were started in the early 1970s and continued until the end of the 1980s. During this period there were excavated about 100 burial mounds, in which funerary complexes belonging to different cultural and chronological periods were found. However, most of the discovered complexes are not yet published. This paper presents the results of excavations of four barrows, in which there were discovered 62 burials dated from the Chalcolithic to the Early Middle Ages.
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Advance in development of theory in prehistory is one of the directions of improvements of the prehistoric research. It may also have impact on the way prehistory has been integrated into the theoretical research.The systematic approach in prehistoric research follows the general qualification of the scholarly approaches by using quantitative and qualitative methods, typically in combination (QlQnI approach — a qualitative-quantitative integrative approach).The archaeological study usually misses the social sciences methodology based on a literature review, revealing the gaps and filling of the gaps. This three step research has been substituted by approaches which rarely would include a critical analysis of the previous research and rarely explain what exactly and how the used records fill specific gaps related to well defined research question.The emerging theory on filling of gaps considers critical approach, debating, generating a system of new arguments, cross-discipline interactions, new theories and new ways of bridging prehistory and contemporary culture.
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The article addresses problems related to state regulation of accidental discoveries and hoards in the 19th century and offers an analysis of archival sources about the findings in the territory of Kazan province. Geographic distribution of finds referring to the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate period in the territory of Kazan province is determined. The author characterizes all cases of such findings, their content and geography; whenever possible, he provides information on their further storage. At the end, there is a summary of the main results of the study.
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In Cracow, in the first half of the twentieth century, worked eleven main middle schools, each of which had its own library, often accumulated already in the nineteenth century or earlier. For example, saved printed reports (55 yearbooks) management of II National Middle School and High School named St. Jack (1857-1950) in the text an attempt is made to present the activities of the school library. The content associated with it were divided into several groups: people, finance, standardization, statistics. Based on this information, we can recreate some basic processes in contemporary educational library – collections, preparation, structure, store and share collections.
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