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This article contains an analysis and extensive quotations from accounts of two Jewish women, the only survivors of prisoners' execution at the Poniatowa compulsory labour camp. This execution was part of a large-scale operation to physically liquidate Jewish prisoners, the so-called “Operation Harvest” (Erntefest), carried out in the first week of November 1943 at the camps in Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek (in Lublin). Both women survivors,. Due to a number of coincidences, managed to get to Warsaw and, helped by the “˚egota” – Council to Aid the Jews, lived to see the liberation. In this article I also analyse the circumstances of both accounts, reasons for withholding their publication as early as war time, and the importance , for our knowledge, not only of the executions, but also for the nature of complicated Polish–Jewish relations during World War II, because it was the Poles' help that the fate of escaped prisoners hinged upon
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This article is based primarily on an analysis of hitherto unused trial records related to the so-called August Decree of the PKWN (Polish Committee of National Liberation), which was the basis for indictment of those suspected of committing crimes against Jews or complicity in such crimes. Additional sources are contemporary interviews with eyewitnesses of those events, known as “Oral History”. The authors attempt to analyse the then situation i rural areas in order to study, in this context, the typology of acts committed, the perpetrators , passive participants and eyewitnesses. The article contains rich sources to exemplify the events described.
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The past can be described in different ways by historians and sociologists. They differ in their attitudes toward sources for their studies, and in terms of research sensitivity, which directs their analyses towards given aspects of the past. This text focuses on selected sociological studies of the Holocaust and issues of Polish–Jewish relations (before and during World War II as well as during the immediate postwar years). First I shall refer to sociological works using the historical prospective in their description of Polish–Jewish relations and/or the Holocaust, and, second, to studies (both historical and sociological) which employ categories of sociological analysis in their description. By referring to Nechama Tec's works, I shall present the methodological problems of sociological studies.
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After the introductory part the author analyzes four topics: 1. establishment, purpose and form of pastoral-informative newspaper Crkva na kamenu (Church on the rock), 2. four past periods of the newspaper Crkva na kamenu (communistic period, period of democratic elections, Croatian War of Independence and after-war period), 3. content side of the newspaper, 4. communication attitude to readers and readers’ attitude to Crkva na kamenu. The conclusion points out that this newspaper since 1980, when it was founded by the bishop of Mostar-Duvno and Apostolic Administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan Mons. Pavao Žanić, till now has played a great religious, historical and cultural role in the Church and society and that its permanent task is contributing to the benefit of people in social and Christian communities on the basis of Decalogue, evangelical and Church foundations.
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Jugoslawien war sowohl als Königreich als auch als sozialistischer Staat ein zerbrechliches Gebilde. es war nicht fähig, auf angemessene Weise den nationalen Bestrebungen seiner Völker gerecht zu werden, es strebte danach, sie durch gewaltsame Unterdrückung zu eliminieren, was unweigerlich gegenteilige Effekte erzeugte. Tito spürte sehr wohl die Gefahr, die von den ungelösten zwischennationalen Problemen ausging, und fürchtete einen katastrophalen Ausgang (womit hatte er völlig recht hatte). Die kommunistischen Strukturen jeder einzelnen Nation spürten das ebenfalls und entschieden in rigider Manier selbst arbiträr, wie viel an nationalen Aspirationen verwirklicht und wie viel für die zwischennationalen Beziehungen potenziell Gefährliches an die Öffentlichkeit gelangen durfte.[...]
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Titos körperliche und vor allem intellektuelle Kräfte nahmen im Laufe der siebziger Jahre immer rascher ab. Zugleich wurde er mit allen möglichen Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen überschüttet — man begann mit der Herausgabe seiner umfangreichen Gesammelten Werke, 1972 wurde sein 80. Geburtstag auf pompöse Weise begangen. Im selben Jahr wurde auch der 35. Jahrestag seiner Übernahme des Vorsitzes des Bundes derkommunisten Jugoslawiens gefeiert. Zu diesem Anlass wurde er zum zweiten Mal zum Volkshelden erklärt.[...]
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Ich war ein neugieriger, kleinwüchsiger Junge und musste auf den Zaun klettern um über das dicht aufgestellte Spalier hinweg schauen zu können. Einen Tag zuvor, am Donnerstag, den 10. April 1941, war der Himmel bedeckt und es fiel Schneeregen, der auf den Karlstädter Straßen schnell schmolz. Nachts klarte es auf. Karfreitag glänzte in der Frühlingssonne und im Schmuck der dreifarbigen Fahnen, die von den Dächern, Fenstern und Balkons herunter wehten. Das dichte Spalier der Karlstädter Bürger, die sich aufstellten um den Einmarsch der deutschen Wehrmacht in die Stadt zu begrüßen, zog sich auf der Banija–Straße von der Kupabrücke bis nach Selce hin. Die Kinder wedeln mit den Papierfähnchen, und das fröhliche Gemurmel durchdringt das Spalier: »Kein Krieg und wir haben unseren Staat!« [...]
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Titos Verhalten war typisch für einen geschickten Diktator -nach einer Periode relativer Liberalisierung gab es immer wieder eine Periode, in der er die Zügel straffer zog. So konnte er das Gleichgewicht zwischen den divergierenden ideologischen Tendenzen in der Führung und bei den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Teilrepubliken aufrecht erhalten und gleichzeitig seine eigene Position stärken. Zu einem der größten Aufschwünge in der Liberalisierung, der aber gleich darauf wieder zurückgefahren wurde, kam es, als einer seiner engsten Mitarbeiter, Milovan Ðilas, die bestehende Situation in der Gesellschaft und das Regime selbst radikaler Kritik zu unterziehen begann.[...]
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Many historians have some faulty thoughts about the events that people lived were started with the invention of writing or they were deliberately entered this way. Whereas; the human beings were beset the lives that they lived on the rocks by the help of petroglyphs. This is a really curious subject why historians could not see this essence. The next step from petroglyps is ideogram (the sign that experesses the idea directly, a drawing which is symbolized the assets or described an idea). The more advanced and organized form is pictograms (hieroglyphics). The next phase of pictograms is the stamp period. The way from stamp to the language was developed as syllable, semi-syllable and letter in shape. The last phase of these milestones are the Orkhon Inscriptions.The rock pictures on which have some Turkish characters and which is the source of Turkish(Runic) alphabet also reveals the diffusion areas of the Turks and the Turkish culture. Considerin that nothing in the world is not a coincidence, how do we explain the parallelism of rock pictures, figures and writings and the names of the places? Presumably, there are a lot of things about Turks in the world of science... If all these connections, parallelisms, relationships are correctly examined and read or at least they are interpreted, it is certain that the world history will gain light on many dark spots.
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This article discusses and evaluates the data of Georgian newspaper “IVERIA” about fights for Port Arthur in the war between Russia and Japan. Information and news published in the newspaper about the war between Russia and Japan are quite a big material in the point of view of historical research. These news and pulications in the newspaper yield a valuable source for the evaluation of the course followed in this war and revive the events that took place in the past.
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After the Astrakhan expedition of the Ottoman army, which ended in failure, Devlet Giray, then khan of Crimea under Ottoman suzerainty, marched on Moscow with a great army. He set fire suburbs of the city in May 24th, 1571, and a strong wind caused the fire to spread and destruct the entire city. Thus, the khan not only defeated his old enemy Ivan IV, tsar of Moscow, but also increased his prestige in the Ottoman court. However, this military success did not turn to be a political gain. The khan attacked again in the next year but was defeated before Moscow. The expedition in 1571, which made great influence in the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Europe, was the last great victory of the Crimean Khanate over the Russians.
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Macedonia of 1903 has been witnessed murder of two Russian consuls, among other assassinations, terrorist activities, insurgency and contra-insurgency operations and reform projects as a result of foreign pressures. Czarist Russia didn’t make a huge problem out of the first murdered Mitrovitza Consul in spring. But when Bitola Consul Rostkovski had been killed due to his own arrogance and harshness by an Ottoman soldier on duty, a war fleet has been sent to the Ottoman territorial waters in August 1903. Occurred under Russian pressure, verdicts of martial law trial and conducted policies during the crisis demonstrated deficiencies and stalemates of regime of Sultan Abdulhamid explicitly. While Sultan’s day-to-day basis policies postponed many heavy problems in the short period, crises created by these policies accelerated formatives which would end the Ottoman rule in Macedonia.
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This study aims at examining the economic structure of Bartın city during the first years of the Republic. “Bartın Guide” in Ottoman Turkish prepared by Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bartın in 1927 constituted the basic source for the study. The research was in the form of text analysis over basic source. From Historical data important findings were obtained. Economic indicators such as agriculture, livestock, forestry and trade that reflect the economic structure of the city were scrutinized from among these findings. It was concluded in the examined period that trade and industry was not developed much and the city had a self-sufficient economic structure in terms of agriculture and livestock.
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English Sovereignty upon Cyprus was officially recognized by Turkey under the Lausanne Treaty. Moreover, the 19th and 20th acts of the treaty made clear the citizenship issue and for those who decided to have Turkish citizenship were provided leaving the island. On the basis of these acts the migration which started in 1923 lasted till 1938. The prominent newspapers of the Cypriot press “Doğru Yol” and “Söz”– which were known with the closeness to the Turkey – have supported the migration. Inspire of that, the newspapers ‘Birlik’ and ‘Ses’ which was published for first time in 1935 took a stand against the migration. In this study based on the news from the Turkish press newspapers such as Hakikat, Doğru Yol, Söz, Birlik, Hakikat, will evaluated the problems of the Cypriot Turks in the island after the Laussanne Peace Treaty and the views about the migration of Turkish Cypriots from the island to the Anatolia.
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Actualizing some historiography questions about destiny of Franciscan objects in Mostar in the early and late Ottoman period, this paper tries to draw attention to the fact that members of Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) have participated in forming of identity complex of the city of Mostar in two different historical epochs.
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The people of Dubrovnik adjusted the selection of people, whom they sent the emissaries for negotiations about widening the borders, to their current social position. While trying to realize expansionist plans they acknowledged traditional system of the medieval world, but not always without exceptions. Although they were legalists, they did not hesitate in departing from customs established long time ago, especially when their vital interests were endangered. Widening strategy showed that city authorities appreciated and tried to notice and use changes in power relations in order to achieve as much as they could in the existing circumstances.
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