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Social Business in the Czech Republic – New Approach to Employment

Author(s): Mirka Wildmannova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Social entrepreneurship is characterised by a high degree of creativity and innovation, not only in technical terms but also in relation to management-social aspects. Social entrepreneurship is a relatively young sector which is not legally addressed in the Czech Republic. Its development dates back to the 19th century but its main development comes in the second half of the 20th century. In the CR there is a missing government conception of social entrepreneurship and legislative definition of the social business which would direct the formation and development of social businesses in a long–term horizon.

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Opłata cukrowa jako wyzwanie dla podmiotów rynkowych oraz czynnik zmian zachowań konsumenckich

Author(s): Antonina Misiewicz,Julia Nowak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The chapter identifies purposes and resonances of implementing new sugar-sweetened beverages tax. The empirical part presents responses of particular economic entity, such as manufacturers, brokers and retailers. In addition, in response to new conditions the model of consumers behavior was specified. Due to economic realignment, it is attempted to predict community-related after effects. Design/methodology/approach: Text indicates key issues related to implementation new regulations. It analyses challenges, which entities have to overcome toward prevention of potential losses. Findings: Sugar-sweetened beverage tax exerted the necessity on economic subjects to implement new counter-measures, which repeatedly were connected with enormous process changes in organizations. Additionally, it is seen, that new tax is being passed-through on final consumers, which influence on increasing their purchasing vulnerability.

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Wpłaty od plastikowych odpadów opakowaniowych niepodlegających recyklingowi – nowe źródło dochodów budżetowych Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Maciej Cieślukowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: To present the construction of a new source of EU budget revenues (contributions from non-recyclable plastic packaging waste) and its assessment against the EU’s own resources system from the point of view of the set criteria. Design/methodology/approach: The study is of a literature and empirical character. The research consists of four stages. The first stage presents the evolution of the EU’s own resources in the period 1951–2020. Domestic literature and EU source documents in Polish and English were used. In the second stage, the construction of a new source of revenue was presented.The legal regulations of the EU were used. The third stage is the presentation of the proposed burden-sharing for the new resource between Member States in 2022. For this purpose, internal regulations and EU statistical data was used. In the final stage of the research, the new sourceof revenue was assessed against other own resources according to the criteria set (simple structure, transparency, fiscal stability and efficiency, link with the EU policy, low collection costs, fair burden sharing, financial autonomy). EU source material was used for this. The study mainlyuses the method of descriptive analysis, and for the assessment of own resources—also the method of qualitative multi-criteria analysis. Findings: The analysis shows that the new source of revenue is primarily characterized by a simple structure, low collection costs, is also closely related to the EU environmental policy, and ensures a relatively fair burden-sharing between the Member States. On the other hand, the weaknesses of the new source are poor transparency and poor fiscal efficiency. As a result, it provides the Union with little financial independence. The new source of revenue generally improves the quality of the entire system of UE own resources.

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Projekty gospodarki współdzielenia w sektorze gastronomicznym – studium przypadku

Author(s): Hanna Ziętara / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Sharing resources is now a frequently discussed topic in the scientific discourse. The phenomenon of consumerism and globalization in the food market has led to the problem of wasting food. This is one of the greatest challenges we face today, especially in developed countries and their urban areas. Food sharing may be a solution to this problem. Foodsharing points, however, are only social initiatives, not systemic solutions. Based on the qualitative research – case study of the Metropolis of Upper Silesia and Zagłębie – the aim of the article is implemented, concerning the identification of available solutions for sharing food in cities and their assessment. This publication will be an introduction to further considerations in the field of organized food sharing in urban areas, which will contribute to enriching the concept of city management with solutions in the field of foodsharing.

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Rozwój rynku e-commerce w Polsce – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Justyna Majchrzak-Lepczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Electronic commerce is a very dynamically developing distribution channel, which in recent years has turned from an additional way of selling products into a major source of sales and reaching customers. Undoubtedly, e-commerce offers many solutions that respond to the diverse needs of consumers. In addition to providing a wide range and full availability of products, issues related to logistics services, especially the implementation of deliveries, are also important. For several years, e-commerce in Poland has been recording clear increases. An increasing number of customers are expressing interest in e-shopping. The purpose of the article is to indicate the role of the growing importance of e-commerce in Poland and the demand it determines for warehouse space and their equipment. The formulated conclusions were supported by the author’s own observations, as well as a literature review and current reports and market analyzes were used.

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Ekorozwój przedsiębiorstw sektora transport spedycja logistyka w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej – analiza porównawcza

Author(s): Magdalena Kowalska,Anna Misztal / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main aim of this paper is to assess eco-development of TFL enterprises in the Central and Eastern Europe in the time period from 2008 to 2018. Eco-development is conducting business in accordance with the protection of natural resources. In business practice, it means that companies take actions aimed at reducing the ecological footprint. The ecological development of enterprises depends on a number of factors, internal and external. On the one hand, they may be included in the scope of taking into account environmental protection, on the other hand, there may be a result of the development of ecological policy of managers. The first part of the paper discusses selected theoretical issues related to the environmental development of the company. The main part of the text is devoted to the statistical assessment of eco-development of TFL enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe. The study preceding the presentation of methods, the conclusion contains a description of the synthetic recommendations.

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Znaczenie lokalizacji we wzmacnianiu pozycji rynkowej firmy. Wybrane przykłady centrów dystrybucji w aglomeracji poznańskiej

Author(s): Waldemar W. Budner,Kinga Pawlicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

International corporations with a dispersed location have distribution centers that are independent units or a complex of production and distribution facilities. Distribution centers have become a relatively new but important element of the country’s economic landscape. The location and development of these facilities depend on specific conditions. The aim of the study is to present the essence of distribution centers as economic objects with special functions and tasks. Against this background, a comparative analysis of three selected distribution centers located in the Poznań agglomeration, but with different characteristics, is presented in order to verify the theoretical considerations carried out before. The results and conclusions of the analysis are of a utilitarian nature. They also indicate the important role played by distribution centers in strengthening the market position of companies.

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Анализ на съществуващите стратегии за биоикономика

Author(s): Petia Branzova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the report is to analyze selected national strategies and policies with respect to defining the bio economy and to selecting similarities and differences between them. Representative is a comparative overview of the strategy and policies for bio economic development in the world. In the analyzed documents can present strategies and policies to stimulate the bio economy as the base of our suggested that is in focus. In this way, it is known that there is a need for enhanced results and developments in the field.

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Równoważenie funkcji mieszkaniowej w obszarach dużych miast

Author(s): Agnieszka Mrozińska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess spatial cohesion of suburban areas in terms of balancing the volume of housing functions and accompanying functions in the gminas (communes) of the Poznań agglomeration in the years 2012–2016, based on the analysis of the functions of buildings under construction. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted the following tasks: reviewing the literature on suburbanisation processes, in particular in the Poznań agglomeration; performing a statistical analysis on the basis of data from Statistics Poland (GUS); assessing the volume of construction activity performing various functions in the area of the Poznań agglomeration; indicating the main function of newly constructed buildings and analysing measurable characteristics depicting the scale of construction activity, including the number and usable floor area of buildings or the number of dwellings (in the case of the residential function); assessing the relativised characteristics relating to the area and population numbers. Findings: The processes of suburbanisation and the implementation of the residential function are spatially diversified in the Poznań agglomeration. The balance of the housing and supplementary functions differs in individual gminas of the area under analysis. The relation between the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for non-residential purposes (supplementary functions) to the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for residential purposes in the Poznań agglomeration reflected the situation that took place all around Poland. The balance of the residential and supplementary functions depends on the following factors: the state of spatial development in the past (e.g. the presence of land that could be transformed for the needs of a new function), the existence of environmental or administrative development barriers (e.g. marshy ground, military training ground), thecurrent scale of the occurrence of individual functions (e.g. the degree of market saturationwith commercial space) or their location on important transport routes. Originality and value: In the face of the inevitability of the development processes, changing the spatial structure of areas surrounding large cities is a challenge for present and future generations, and in particular for local authorities. Even today, we may observe spatial changes affecting rural and rural-urban gminas neighbouring large cities. Under the pressure of the suburbanisation process, the developed residential function in such gminas forces them to take care of other functions that rural areas (so far unprepared to provide most ofthe functions characteristic of cities) perform or will perform in the future.

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Rynek mieszkaniowy w erze pandemii COVID-19. Studium porównawcze Poznania i Warny

Author(s): Slawomir PALICKI,Ivo KOSTOV / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to characterise and interpret the impact of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) as an unexpected stimulus on the participants of the housing market. The research was designed not only to obtain knowledge about contemporary market trends (the cognitive aspect) but also to support market entities in shaping optimised investment and housing decisions (the practical aspect). Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on official statistical data describing transactions on the housing markets of two selected European countries and their cities – Poznań (Poland) and Varna (Bulgaria), in the period between 2018 and 2020. The methodology of comparative analysis has been applied to purpose fully selected case studies. Furthermore, the authors have drawn on the possibilities offered by the analysis of the activity and volatility of transaction prices on housing markets. Findings: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant, yet short-term impact on the functioning of residential markets in Bulgaria and Poland in 2020 (based on Varna and Poznań). The dissemination of global information concerning the scale of the epidemic has most severely disrupted the activity on both the primary and secondary housing markets in Bulgaria. The secondary housing market in Poland reacted in a similar way, which resulted in a significant instability of the trend. The primary market in Poland turned out to be relatively most resistant to the stimuli related to the pandemic situation. What is common for both analysed countries and cities is a change in the shape of house price indexes in 2020 compared to 2018–2019. Originality and value: The research is a part of the contemporary trend of assessing the impact of atypical factors disrupting market trends. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of housing markets, forcing unprecedented global responses. The example ofthe comparative analysis of the two European countries presented in the article allows for indicating the directions and scale of rapid changes which reflect the process of sudden adaptation of societies to previously unknown conditions. Such analyses, which serve asex-post evaluation to some extent, allow for better preparation of specialists in the field of housing market activities to meet the needs created by unusual stimuli. They also allow for more effective planning of measures to mitigate the effects of market shocks in the sphere of housing.

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Determinanty wpływające na obniżenie wartości nieruchomości mieszkaniowych na rynku wtórnym

Author(s): Piotr Bartkowiak,Tomasz Nowacki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the impact of noise, treated as a phenomenon accompanying transport infrastructure, on the market value of residential real estate. Design/methodology/approach: The article presents a study of the seasonality of phenomena, which makes it possible to determine their cyclical character, e.g. price jumps on the market taking place for a specific period of time. The analysis of the dynamics of these phenomena allows to show changes in the economic situation, e.g. an increase or decrease in the price for 1 m2 of living or usable space. Additionally, the authors have also included a study of the interdependence of phenomena (correlation), which made it possible to determine the interrelationships between the phenomena (or their absence), i.e. the impact (or no impact) of noise on the price for 1 m2 of flat area in dwellings located in the civil or military flight zones. The compilation of the obtained data has been combined with the analysis of the structure of dwellings in terms of their area, floor on which they were located, number of rooms, as well as the age of the building. Findings: The conducted research has shown that noise is an important price factor on the housing market. A number of residential real estate offers have confirmed the relationship between the falling price and increasing noise, and vice versa – the lower the noise level, the higher the price. However, the amount of research into the effect of noise on the price still seems to be insufficient, which makes it difficult to forecast the impact of the noise level on the future value of dwellings. Therefore, it is problematic to determine the trend of such an impact. Originality and value: The noise factor is an important element not only in the decision-making process concerning the purchase of a dwelling, but also during investment activities carried out by developers. Locating an investment in the vicinity of a source of noise may significantly reduce the potential income from the sale of dwellings due to a drop in their value. Noise, which affects human life processes, is indirectly reflected in land and housing prices. The impact of the noise level on the decrease in the real estate value is determined by the noise depreciation index (NDI) or noise sensitivity depreciation index (NSDI). These indices show how a change of 1 dB in the noise level in the vicinity of a real estate affects its value.

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Metodyka porównywania wartości nieruchomości mieszkaniowych na rynku międzynarodowym na przykładzie rynku Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych

Author(s): Krzysztof Piasecki,Michał, Dominik Stasiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: Comparing the values of residential real estate in individual countries is a complex task which requires taking into account a number of factors relating to both the economic situation and the quality of life in a given country. The aim of the study is to present an original and universal method of determining the index that allows to compare the value of residential real estate in cities located in different countries. Design/methodology/approach: In addition to the absolute average prices of a square meter, the approach to determining the above-mentioned index proposed by the authors utilises the analysis of parameters related to the quality of life, the level of public services offered to residents by a given country, as well as economic parameters. Findings: On the basis of the presented methodology, the authors have compared the values of residential real estate in two sample cities with similar population and characteristics, i.e. Poznań in Poland and Denver in the USA. The conducted research shows that the value of residential real estate in Poznań is higher by 6.14% in the city centre and 18% outside the city centre. Originality and value: The proposed method of comparison is original and universal in nature and may be successfully applied both in theoretical research and in practice, e.g.by investors.

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Analiza wyboru kanałów dystrybucji ubezpieczeń wśród gospodarstw domowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to examine which distribution channels are most often used by households. Moreover, the opinions of households on the future functioning of insurers are verified, as well as the validity of the existence of insurance. The main hypothesis was that young people prefer remote contact with an insurance company. For the purposes of the study, 245 people were surveyed using a questionnaire (CAWI method). The research results are presented graphically in charts. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed. This analysis showed that there is statistical significance in a pair of variables: gender and the possibility of eliminating personal contact with the insurer, and in a pair of variables – gender and the need to insure.

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DeFi na rynku ubezpieczeniowym

Author(s): Robert Kurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The acceleration and intensification of digitization processes, i.e. the growing use of digital technologies and the reliance of a large part of the economy on the Internet, has begun to change the emphasis on the role and importance of traditional architecture in the financial market, including the financial intermediation market. DeFi, or “decentralized finance”, is a part of the main trend of these changes and they have also found their place on the insurance market. On the one hand, their presence may significantly change the shape of the insurance market due to the fact that the idea of DeFi indirectly means building services and products separate from the traditional financial system. DeFi insurance and alternative risk coverage have the potential to successfully fill the insurance coverage gap for crypto-assets and limit the risk exposure that accompanies entities active in a decentralized economy.

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Wykorzystanie kaskad kopuli w agregacji ryzyka w procesie wyznaczania kapitałowych wymogów wypłacalności w Solvency II

Author(s): Krystian Szczęsny / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the basic aspects of the Solvency II Directive introduced in 2016 is the protection of the insured against the insolvency of insurance companies. For this purpose, by aggregating the solvency capital requirements for the specific types of risk to which the insurer is exposed, the solvency capital requirement (SCR) and the diversification effect (ED) are determined. Insurers are able to calculate the SCR using the Standard Formula given by the authors of the Directive or internal models developed by their insurance companies. The Standard Formula is based on the variance-covariance method, which assumes a constant correlation matrix that defines the relationships between aggregated risks to which the insurer is exposed. The aim of the research is to use, in internal models, pair-copula constructions in order to model the relationship between aggregated risk modules. The structure of the relationship between the aggregated risks is modeled with the use of C-vine and D-vine copula, while the range of possible SCRs resulting from various dependency modeling methods is determined using the ARA (Adaptive Rearrangement Algorithm). In the study, the author arbitrarily assumes loss distributions for the insurer’s five major risk modules, i.e. market, counterparty default, life, health, and non-life modules. The author compares the ED obtained by the variance-covariance method,the ED obtained with the use of copula and the ED corresponding to the upper limit of the SCR determined by the ARA algorithm. The conducted research shows how important in the SCR and ED determination process is the role played by the correct identification of the structure of the relationship between aggregated risks and presents the possibilities of using pair-copula constructions for this purpose.

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Ocena procesu wycofania telefonu Samsung Galaxy Note 7 wobec braku ubezpieczenia kosztów wycofania produktu

Author(s): Antoni Szulc,Piotr Manikowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In August 2016, the world spread the news that Samsung is struggling with the problem of exploding Samsung Galaxy Note 7 phones. As it turned out, the consumer electronics giant did not have or did not take advantage of the recall insurance, which resulted in significant financial and image losses. The recall of the product in this case also involved a disruption of the supply chain, the need to carry out an investigation and thorough product testing, and the disposal of hazardous devices. Each of the aforementioned activities could have been financed from the Product Recall Insurance. The purpose of this article is to evaluate Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 recall process and provide an alternative scenario in which the manufacturer would use recall insurance. First, we will present the course of events and describe the reaction of the producer and his environment. Then we will determine the consequences that arose as a result of the defective devices, and finally we will present the benefits that would be provided to the South Korean manufacturer by appropriate safety equipment.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prospect of starting own business among students of economic studies

Author(s): Bartosz Marcinkowski,Sebastian Narojczyk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The research objective was to present the significance of the coronavirus pandemic in the context of starting a business, by business students. The empirical basis was fabricated upon the results of a survey conducted at the Poznań University of Economics and Business. The research was dynamic and conducted in two stages: in February 2020 (just before the first lockdown in Poland) wherein 243 students were surveyed and in March 2021 (a year after the first lockdown), in which 270 students were surveyed. The respondents were asked, among other issues, to describe their professional experience, as well as perspectives and plans concerning setting up and managing their own company. In addition, factor analysis was used to deepen the findings. The pandemic has significantly influenced students’ professional plans, including, above all, an increased desire to start their own business. In addition, of particular importance for students at the beginning of their professional career is the flexibility and ease of adaptation to changing conditions in the business environment. The research was limited because it was based only on students of Poznań University of Economics and Business. Extending the research to other social groups such as students of other universities, the unemployed, graduates of technical / vocational schools, economically active people, elderly people, etc. would allow to explore the reasons and conditions for setting up a business. The article shows how students’ perspectives and attitudes towards setting up their own businesses have changed. The results of the research may be of particular interest to entities such as public administration, local governments, labour offices and all institutions which are focused on education and career shaping.

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Utilising science–business relations in dissertations developed at universities

Author(s): Arif Erkol,Jan Fazlagić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents theoretical background based on research results that is related to the issue of creating applied diploma theses at universities in Poland. On the one hand, this issue is very important for improving the quality of higher education and broadly understood innovation of the economy, and on the other hand, it is still treated as a set of expectations and demands towards universities. The aim of the paper is to identify and investigate the possibilities of increasing the applicability of dissertations developed in higher education institutions. The main research question was: “How to increase the applicability of diploma theses developed by its students?”. The applicability of diploma theses developed by its students is positioned here as one of the tenets of the Third Mission (TM) in universities. The paper aims to make a contribution to the efforts aimed at explaining the engagement of universities in the TM implementation. The TMdrivenapproach to operating a university represents a radical (and often contested by academics) departure from their traditional ‘ivory tower’ stance in which teaching and research have always been treated as ends in themselves (Nakwa & Zawdie, 2016). The authors used the workshop method to achieve this aim. Workshops are becoming a popular research tool in qualitative research where researchers can gather a group of participants who under the instructions of a facilitator can discuss a specific subject. The authors participated as facilitators in a series of workshops at the University of Warsaw attended by the academic staff who were dissertations supervisors. The study also presents suggestions and recommendations for thesis supervisors in the field of increasing the applicability of research results published in theses. The article contains the results of a survey conducted among participants of a training and consulting project carriedout at the University of Warsaw. The project aimed to increase the applicability of diploma theses developed by its students.

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Bezpieczeństwo banków – od transformacji do COVID-19

Author(s): Małgorzata Zaleska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to identify the most significant, selected changes in the activity of the Polish financial safety net institutions, which occurred during the first three decades of the system transformation. The paper also attempts to evaluate these changes. Moreover, it analyses the structure and the situation of the Polish banking sector as well as its safety from the start of system transformation till the end of 2020. Thus, our analysis also refers to the short term impact of COVID-19 on the Polish banking sector. An attempt to identify the most important challenges posed by the safety of the sector in the future has also been made.

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Bankowość społecznie odpowiedzialna – koncepcja, zasady i model działania

Author(s): Paweł Mikołajczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The financial crisis following the collapse of Lehman Brothers has made market participants aware of the need for profound changes in the security of financial markets. Researchers have also paid more attention to social banking, which aims at sustainable development, mitigating negative climate phenomena, developing social innovation, reducing social exclusion, eliminating hunger and poverty. The purpose of the study is to identify the assumptions and operating model of social banks. Socially responsible banks use finance to achieve a beneficial social effect. Unlike conventional banks, they embed the above goals in their culture and strategy of long-term, self-sustaining, transparent, inclusive, resilient to external disruptions operations based on long-term relationships with customers. Community banks provide money to customers who are active in the real economy and can provide triple positive benefits to society - social, environmental and economic (triple bottom line).

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