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Równoważenie funkcji mieszkaniowej w obszarach dużych miast

Author(s): Agnieszka Mrozińska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess spatial cohesion of suburban areas in terms of balancing the volume of housing functions and accompanying functions in the gminas (communes) of the Poznań agglomeration in the years 2012–2016, based on the analysis of the functions of buildings under construction. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted the following tasks: reviewing the literature on suburbanisation processes, in particular in the Poznań agglomeration; performing a statistical analysis on the basis of data from Statistics Poland (GUS); assessing the volume of construction activity performing various functions in the area of the Poznań agglomeration; indicating the main function of newly constructed buildings and analysing measurable characteristics depicting the scale of construction activity, including the number and usable floor area of buildings or the number of dwellings (in the case of the residential function); assessing the relativised characteristics relating to the area and population numbers. Findings: The processes of suburbanisation and the implementation of the residential function are spatially diversified in the Poznań agglomeration. The balance of the housing and supplementary functions differs in individual gminas of the area under analysis. The relation between the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for non-residential purposes (supplementary functions) to the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for residential purposes in the Poznań agglomeration reflected the situation that took place all around Poland. The balance of the residential and supplementary functions depends on the following factors: the state of spatial development in the past (e.g. the presence of land that could be transformed for the needs of a new function), the existence of environmental or administrative development barriers (e.g. marshy ground, military training ground), thecurrent scale of the occurrence of individual functions (e.g. the degree of market saturationwith commercial space) or their location on important transport routes. Originality and value: In the face of the inevitability of the development processes, changing the spatial structure of areas surrounding large cities is a challenge for present and future generations, and in particular for local authorities. Even today, we may observe spatial changes affecting rural and rural-urban gminas neighbouring large cities. Under the pressure of the suburbanisation process, the developed residential function in such gminas forces them to take care of other functions that rural areas (so far unprepared to provide most ofthe functions characteristic of cities) perform or will perform in the future.

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Analiza wyboru kanałów dystrybucji ubezpieczeń wśród gospodarstw domowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to examine which distribution channels are most often used by households. Moreover, the opinions of households on the future functioning of insurers are verified, as well as the validity of the existence of insurance. The main hypothesis was that young people prefer remote contact with an insurance company. For the purposes of the study, 245 people were surveyed using a questionnaire (CAWI method). The research results are presented graphically in charts. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed. This analysis showed that there is statistical significance in a pair of variables: gender and the possibility of eliminating personal contact with the insurer, and in a pair of variables – gender and the need to insure.

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DeFi na rynku ubezpieczeniowym

Author(s): Robert Kurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The acceleration and intensification of digitization processes, i.e. the growing use of digital technologies and the reliance of a large part of the economy on the Internet, has begun to change the emphasis on the role and importance of traditional architecture in the financial market, including the financial intermediation market. DeFi, or “decentralized finance”, is a part of the main trend of these changes and they have also found their place on the insurance market. On the one hand, their presence may significantly change the shape of the insurance market due to the fact that the idea of DeFi indirectly means building services and products separate from the traditional financial system. DeFi insurance and alternative risk coverage have the potential to successfully fill the insurance coverage gap for crypto-assets and limit the risk exposure that accompanies entities active in a decentralized economy.

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Wykorzystanie kaskad kopuli w agregacji ryzyka w procesie wyznaczania kapitałowych wymogów wypłacalności w Solvency II

Author(s): Krystian Szczęsny / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the basic aspects of the Solvency II Directive introduced in 2016 is the protection of the insured against the insolvency of insurance companies. For this purpose, by aggregating the solvency capital requirements for the specific types of risk to which the insurer is exposed, the solvency capital requirement (SCR) and the diversification effect (ED) are determined. Insurers are able to calculate the SCR using the Standard Formula given by the authors of the Directive or internal models developed by their insurance companies. The Standard Formula is based on the variance-covariance method, which assumes a constant correlation matrix that defines the relationships between aggregated risks to which the insurer is exposed. The aim of the research is to use, in internal models, pair-copula constructions in order to model the relationship between aggregated risk modules. The structure of the relationship between the aggregated risks is modeled with the use of C-vine and D-vine copula, while the range of possible SCRs resulting from various dependency modeling methods is determined using the ARA (Adaptive Rearrangement Algorithm). In the study, the author arbitrarily assumes loss distributions for the insurer’s five major risk modules, i.e. market, counterparty default, life, health, and non-life modules. The author compares the ED obtained by the variance-covariance method,the ED obtained with the use of copula and the ED corresponding to the upper limit of the SCR determined by the ARA algorithm. The conducted research shows how important in the SCR and ED determination process is the role played by the correct identification of the structure of the relationship between aggregated risks and presents the possibilities of using pair-copula constructions for this purpose.

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Ocena procesu wycofania telefonu Samsung Galaxy Note 7 wobec braku ubezpieczenia kosztów wycofania produktu

Author(s): Antoni Szulc,Piotr Manikowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In August 2016, the world spread the news that Samsung is struggling with the problem of exploding Samsung Galaxy Note 7 phones. As it turned out, the consumer electronics giant did not have or did not take advantage of the recall insurance, which resulted in significant financial and image losses. The recall of the product in this case also involved a disruption of the supply chain, the need to carry out an investigation and thorough product testing, and the disposal of hazardous devices. Each of the aforementioned activities could have been financed from the Product Recall Insurance. The purpose of this article is to evaluate Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 recall process and provide an alternative scenario in which the manufacturer would use recall insurance. First, we will present the course of events and describe the reaction of the producer and his environment. Then we will determine the consequences that arose as a result of the defective devices, and finally we will present the benefits that would be provided to the South Korean manufacturer by appropriate safety equipment.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prospect of starting own business among students of economic studies

Author(s): Bartosz Marcinkowski,Sebastian Narojczyk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The research objective was to present the significance of the coronavirus pandemic in the context of starting a business, by business students. The empirical basis was fabricated upon the results of a survey conducted at the Poznań University of Economics and Business. The research was dynamic and conducted in two stages: in February 2020 (just before the first lockdown in Poland) wherein 243 students were surveyed and in March 2021 (a year after the first lockdown), in which 270 students were surveyed. The respondents were asked, among other issues, to describe their professional experience, as well as perspectives and plans concerning setting up and managing their own company. In addition, factor analysis was used to deepen the findings. The pandemic has significantly influenced students’ professional plans, including, above all, an increased desire to start their own business. In addition, of particular importance for students at the beginning of their professional career is the flexibility and ease of adaptation to changing conditions in the business environment. The research was limited because it was based only on students of Poznań University of Economics and Business. Extending the research to other social groups such as students of other universities, the unemployed, graduates of technical / vocational schools, economically active people, elderly people, etc. would allow to explore the reasons and conditions for setting up a business. The article shows how students’ perspectives and attitudes towards setting up their own businesses have changed. The results of the research may be of particular interest to entities such as public administration, local governments, labour offices and all institutions which are focused on education and career shaping.

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Utilising science–business relations in dissertations developed at universities

Author(s): Arif Erkol,Jan Fazlagić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents theoretical background based on research results that is related to the issue of creating applied diploma theses at universities in Poland. On the one hand, this issue is very important for improving the quality of higher education and broadly understood innovation of the economy, and on the other hand, it is still treated as a set of expectations and demands towards universities. The aim of the paper is to identify and investigate the possibilities of increasing the applicability of dissertations developed in higher education institutions. The main research question was: “How to increase the applicability of diploma theses developed by its students?”. The applicability of diploma theses developed by its students is positioned here as one of the tenets of the Third Mission (TM) in universities. The paper aims to make a contribution to the efforts aimed at explaining the engagement of universities in the TM implementation. The TMdrivenapproach to operating a university represents a radical (and often contested by academics) departure from their traditional ‘ivory tower’ stance in which teaching and research have always been treated as ends in themselves (Nakwa & Zawdie, 2016). The authors used the workshop method to achieve this aim. Workshops are becoming a popular research tool in qualitative research where researchers can gather a group of participants who under the instructions of a facilitator can discuss a specific subject. The authors participated as facilitators in a series of workshops at the University of Warsaw attended by the academic staff who were dissertations supervisors. The study also presents suggestions and recommendations for thesis supervisors in the field of increasing the applicability of research results published in theses. The article contains the results of a survey conducted among participants of a training and consulting project carriedout at the University of Warsaw. The project aimed to increase the applicability of diploma theses developed by its students.

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Bezpieczeństwo banków – od transformacji do COVID-19

Author(s): Małgorzata Zaleska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to identify the most significant, selected changes in the activity of the Polish financial safety net institutions, which occurred during the first three decades of the system transformation. The paper also attempts to evaluate these changes. Moreover, it analyses the structure and the situation of the Polish banking sector as well as its safety from the start of system transformation till the end of 2020. Thus, our analysis also refers to the short term impact of COVID-19 on the Polish banking sector. An attempt to identify the most important challenges posed by the safety of the sector in the future has also been made.

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Bankowość społecznie odpowiedzialna – koncepcja, zasady i model działania

Author(s): Paweł Mikołajczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The financial crisis following the collapse of Lehman Brothers has made market participants aware of the need for profound changes in the security of financial markets. Researchers have also paid more attention to social banking, which aims at sustainable development, mitigating negative climate phenomena, developing social innovation, reducing social exclusion, eliminating hunger and poverty. The purpose of the study is to identify the assumptions and operating model of social banks. Socially responsible banks use finance to achieve a beneficial social effect. Unlike conventional banks, they embed the above goals in their culture and strategy of long-term, self-sustaining, transparent, inclusive, resilient to external disruptions operations based on long-term relationships with customers. Community banks provide money to customers who are active in the real economy and can provide triple positive benefits to society - social, environmental and economic (triple bottom line).

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Polska bankowość spółdzielcza podczas pandemii COVID-19 – zagrożenia i wyzwania

Author(s): Michał Jurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is the analysis of framework for cooperative banks in Poland since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the situation of cooperative banks as well as preventive measures undertaken by them. This paper focuses on the short and long run risk factors in post-pandemic economy. Therefore, it identifies key risk factors and challenges faced by cooperative banks and pathways to development of cooperative banking sector in Poland.

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Polski Ład z perspektywy sektora finansów publicznych

Author(s): Aleksander Łożykowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the scope and importance of Polish Deal on the public finance sector. Design/methodology/approach: The disponible data on Polish Deal impact assessment will be analysed in terms of the impact on public finance sector. Findings: Polish Deal is one of the most important changes in the Polish tax and contribution system with an impact of PLN 26 688 million. Set of changes constituting a Polish Deal impacted most heavily on local governments budgets, less on central budget while the National Health Fund benefited the most. However, this does not involve clear impact on the spendings for health system in Poland. An informal and formal legislative procedure had a greatest impact on the configuration and cost of Polish Deal. One of the most important consequences of Polish Deal in terms of public finance sector was also the total change of the income tax expenditures.

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Polski Ład z perspektywy wsparcia innowacji

Author(s): Maciej Cieślukowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: To present the construction of tax reliefs for innovations in companies and attempt to generally assess their effectiveness against the background of the degree of use of similar solutions in other countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study is of a literature and empirical character. The research consists of five stages. The first stage describes the degree of innovation in economies in the world. The second stage presents the system of public suport of innovation in OECD countries (direct subsidies and tax reliefs). In the third part the conception of a tax relief and its role in the public policy is explained. The next two parts present constraction of new tax reliefs in income taxes in Poland. Summary includes a general assessment of new tax instruments. Findings: The degree of innovation in economies varies, but the leading countries have been fairly stable for many years. They dominate, among others Western European countries, the United States, South Korea. OECD countries support the development of innovation with subsidies and tax allowances, mainly reliefs for R&D activity. The main beneficiaries of the support are SME. The share of the granted allowances in GDP is growing dynamically. This proves that tax reliefs are an important tool for stimulating innovative activity, mainly in smaller enterprises. The use of the concessions varies across individual countries, and this instrument is successfully used by both better and less developed countries. However, taking into account the size of the granted allowances in GDP, in 2019 selected countries of Western Europe, along with Canada and South Korea,dominated. Unfortunately, Poland fares very poorly compared to the EU countries and even the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in terms of the degree of innovation in the economy, as well as in terms of public support for innovation. The structure and rules of new tax reliefs are rather simple and transparent, and thus should not be a problem for entrepreneurs from a formal point of view. Consequently, the mere fact that the allowances in question were introduced into the tax system must be regarded as appropriate. On the other hand, another issue is the actual degree of interest and use of the reliefs by the entrepreneurs themselves. Reliefs usually consist in deducting the relevant expenses from the income from economic activity, so the real condition is first to achieve a sufficiently high income. In this context, non-returnable subsidies seem to be a more attractive solution than allowances for smaller entrepreneurs. So far, the interest of entrepreneurs in investment tax reliefs in Poland has been quite weak.

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Polski Ład z perspektywy form opodatkowania i oskładkowania dochodów osób fizycznych

Author(s): Monika Banaszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the chapter is to assess changes sanctioned under Polish Deal in the field of taxes and contributions imposed on the income of natural persons with a particular emphasison natural persons engaged in non-agricultural economic activities. Design/methodology/approach: The reasons for the introduction of the legislative changes and their economic effects were discussed. Findings: Polish Deal in the field of taxes and contributions on natural persons affects various functions of budgetary policy: revenue collection, redistribution, stabilisation and stimulation. Of particular importance are changes in the rules of calculating and deducting health insurance contributions. The impact of Polish Deal on labour supply and entrepreneurship is not clear-cut.

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Изкуственият интелект и световната инициатива „умни градове“

Author(s): Vasil Mitkov Kolev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report explores artificial intelligence and its application in the global „smart cities“ initiative. Application and use for better efficiency in terms of specific processes implemented in „smart cities“ and examines the specifics and numerous variations for performing functions in this regard. The report shows how artificial intelligence is used to improve its use.

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ROZVOJ VENKOVSKÝCH OBCÍ PODPOROVANÝ EVROPSKOU UNIÍ V OBDOBÍ 2007 - 2015

Author(s): Veronika Humlerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the evaluation of a link between prosperity of a municipality (based on the population or migration growth or population decline) and drawing subsidies from the European Union. The aim of this work is to determine whether the thriving municipalities are more successful in drawing of subsidies than the unprofitable municipalities. The overall increase of population in municipalities which consist of two components (natural increase and balance of migration) can be considered as a primary indicator of the municipality development. If community develops, the amount of inhabitants increase. The case study is focused on testing the prosperity of 100 randomly selected rural municipalities and their drawing of EU subsidies during the period 2007 – 2015. It is analysed the purpose of drawn subsidies and also the municipalities, with no subsidies at all. The analyses showed, that when we compare the median level of drawn subsidies per capita, prosperous municipalities are more successful than unprosperous.

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Potrzeby informacyjne interesariuszy w świetle odmiennych podejść teorii interesariuszy

Author(s): Andrzej Niemiec,Wanda Skoczylas / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The profit paradigm in business declining, replaced by hybrid organizations pursuing profits alongside social and environmental goals. Stakeholders’ involvement and dialogue are vital for the company’s success in this transformation. The objective is to examine the evolving needs of stakeholders in terms of information and their communication expectations in light of two alternative approaches in stakeholder theory: managerial and normative (Gray et al., 1996). The research method employed is a systematic literature review. The dialogic approach in stakeholder management involves engaging stakeholders in the process of defining priority issues and providing relevant information, collaboration, and accommodating changing expectations. The monologic approach is based on providing one-sided scientific knowledge by technical experts, limiting debate and rejecting alternative perspectives. The growing significance of stakeholders generates escalating principal-agent conflict between stakeholders and managers, as well as other capital providers.

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Psychologiczne i neuronaukowe podstawy podejmowania decyzji

Author(s): Jan Polowczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the chapter is to present the micro-foundations of making economic and business decisions, taking into account the latest achievements of psychology and neurosciences. The chapter consists of five parts. The first one discusses the dualistic concepts of brain functioning presented in the psychological and economic literature. The second part is devoted to the importance of affect and cognition in decision-making processes. The third part presents the possibilities of using the achievements of neuroscience in research on the management of organizations. The fourth part is devoted to describing heuristics and evolutionary cognitive tendencies. In turn, in the fifth part, the processes of reciprocity and trust, which are significant in decision-making, are presented. The chapter was created on the basis of critical literature studies, as well as many years of the author’s own managerial experience and observations. Attention was drawn to terminological differences between the concepts propagated in the economic literature and the latest studies on management.

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Wzajemność wśród Polaków i rola polityki społecznej w jej kształtowaniu

Author(s): Piotr Michoń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

If an individual believes that others will reciprocate their initial cooperative behaviour, it is rational for them to cooperate. Conversely, if they believe the opposite, cooperation would be seen as irrational and potentially dangerous. Low levels of trust in society have negative implications for quality of life, economic progress, and the functioning of public institutions. Surveys have revealed a prevailing lack of trust among the Polish population. Poles hold the belief that people are mainly driven by self-interest, implying that they anticipate others to engage in free-riding rather than altruism. The survey participants exhibit a low belief in reciprocation among those receiving benefits, suggesting a diminished desire to support others. Moreover, a significant portion of Poles still holds the view that receiving social benefits, excluding pensions, leads to changes in attitudes and behaviours, making beneficiaries less inclined to reciprocate to society.

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Relacje między kulturą a ekonomią – kulturyzacja ekonomii i ekonomizacja kultury w kontekście determinizmu technologicznego

Author(s): Magdalena Sobocińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the study is to show the relationship between culture and economics as well as the interpenetration of these two fields and the resulting implications for the management of the cultural sphere. The paper is based on in-depth literature studies. Special attention is paid, on the one hand, to the role of culture in socioeconomic development and its relationship with economics, and, on the other hand, to changes in the cultural sphere taking place under the influence of the development of market, economic thought and new management concepts that are applicable in the area of culture. The context of the development of new technologies and the concept of technological determinism are also considered, as the behaviour of culture participants is strongly affected by algorithms and information bubbles within which culture participants function.

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Sustainable healthy diets

Author(s): Inga Klimczak,Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main challenge of our time is, on the one hand, malnutrition or the increasing number of overweight and obese people, and on the other hand, degradation of the environment and natural resources as a result of production. There is an urgent need to promote well-balanced and safe diets that have a low negative impact on the environment, while being culturally acceptable and economically accessible to all. This chapter discusses the concept of a “sustainable healthy diet” in the context of international and national dietary guidelines as well as the environmental impact of production and consumption of selected food groups and types of dietary patterns.

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