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Карактеризација водних режима у красу реке Дунав (Бугарска)

Author(s): Evelina Damyanova,Aleksey Benderev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The purpose of study is to estimate the role of karst springs in the formation of the flow of the Bulgarian rivers that are right tributaries of the Danube River. The study area includes the region from the Danube River to the main ridge of the Balkan (Stara Planina), representing a major water divide that separates the Black Sea catchment area from the Aegean one. The eastern border represents the watershed between the Danube and the Black Sea hydrological zones. From a geological point of view, the northern part of the area is located on the Moesian platform and the southern part belongs to the Fore Balkan and Balkan areas where various types of rocks of different geologic age outcrop. In some of them, there are conditions for the formation of karst water. In the northern part of the area they form distinct aquifers that gradually sink to the north; this is so called "platform" type of karst. In the southern mountainous part there are numerous karst basins. The most significant of karst springs are included in the national groundwater monitoring network. The hydrographs of karst springs are analyzed in view of the specific features of karstification. To classify the studied springs with respect to their regime, several indicators are used. Furthermore, the role of karst waters in the river runoff of the Bulgarian tributaries of the Danube River is assessed.

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Doğu Anadolunun Jeomorfolojik Gelişiminde “Peri Suyu” Havzasının Yeri

Author(s): Sevda Bayram / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2017

In this section, which summarizes the geomorphologic - orogenic development of the Eastern Anatolia and Peri - Suyu Basin, it is understood that the site is composed of mountainous, uneven and defected lands. Especially in the basin, which is exposed to the effects of north - south compression tectonics and Alpine Orogeny, the young fold mountains constitute the most common morphological units. The rising parts in this fold system correspond to the anticlinals and the descending parts coincide with the synclines. The plains formed in the subdued areas under the influence of the KAF and DAF, the erosion and accumulation patterns formed by the rivers that settle here, plateaus the morphological units formed by the volcanism constitute the geomorphology of the basin.

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Cechy uziarnienia vistuliańskich aluwiów w dolinie Warty, Kotlina Kolska

Author(s): Mateusz Lisek,Joanna Petera-Zganiacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 106/2017

Vistulian deposits which fill the Warta River valley were studied in the open pits Koźmin North (Kwiatków) and Koźmin (South) of the “Adamów” Lignite Mine. The studies were conducted due to the possibility of analysing fluvial deposits of a big lowland river close to the axis of the valley, in profiles which reach a pre-Vistulian background. The aim of the research was to establish the phases of deposition and hydrodynamic conditions during the accumulation. In the studied profiles, seven depositional units have been distinguished, and one of them – the thickest – was divided into seven subunits. The results of the grain size analysis were used to calculate the Folk and Ward coefficients, as the basis for interpretations of differentiation in sedimentary environment dynamics. The deposition, which took place from the end of the Middle Plenivistulian to the Late Vistulian, was characterized by cyclic, but rather mild, transitions from rather high energetic to low energetic conditions. During the Late Vistulian and Holocene, alluvium has been accumulated in two clearly distinguishing facies: channel and overbank, with high content of organic matter.

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Results of the Speleological Exploration on Pešter Plateau

Author(s): Dragan Nešić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

During the period 2006-2008, basic speleological research was done on Pešter Plateau in Southwestern Serbia. On that occasion, 40 caves were surveyed, 11 of which were measured in detail. Registered caves were grouped on the basis of landscape characteristics and morphogenetic relations. Based on the location and general characteristics of the Pešter karst, it is considered that the objects near Boljare and in the ponor (sinking) area of Boroštica are connected to the drainage system of the Pećina nad Vražjim firovima (Vražiji firovi Cave). In morphological terms, the cave Bezdan Kaćunova ravan (Kaćunova Cave) near Boljare with its imposing hall is the most important object on Pešter Plateau for the time being. Realized research on Pešter Plateau has the character of basic or initial speleological research, which should be continued in order to solve different problems of karst in this area.

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Evaluation of Normal Heights by the Means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Global Geopotential Model

Author(s): Jovan Popović,Miljana Todorović-Drakul,Sanja Grekulović,Danilo Joksimović,Oleg Odalović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

This paper presents geometrically and physically defined height systems, along with their evaluation by the means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Geopotential Models (GGM). The paper defines ellipsoid heights as an instance of geometrically defined heights; with physically defined heights being represented by definitions of orthometric and normal heights. Methods of normal heights calculation by the means of ellipsoid heights are presented in detail, as determined using the GNSS and height anomalies calculated from the GGM application. Apart from the above, numerical part of the paper evaluates normal height values and compares them to their conditionally accurate values at 1073 points with relatively uniform distribution over the entire territory of Serbia. Conditionally accurate values had been determined by the means of classical geodetic terrestrial methods. Under the procedure of evaluating normal height values, GGM – GGM05C was used, as created in 2016 by the Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin. In order to evaluate the quality of applying the model above, data on normal heights evaluation were also presented, using the GGM EGM96, created in 1996 by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC – NASA) and Ohio State University, presently being the most commonly used model. The comparison above indicates that application of the GGM05C model provides 50 % greater quality of normal heights evaluations against the ones obtained using the EGM96 model.

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Trend of Suspended Sediment Load in the Velika Morava River in the Period 1967-2007

Author(s): Tanja Dobrosavljević,Milena Nikolić,Predrag Manojlović,Sanja Mustafić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The paper is concerned with identifying changes in the time series of discharge (Q), suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and sediment load (Qs) of the Velika Morva River. The catchment area on farthest hydrological profile Ljubičevski most on Velika Morava River is approximately 35,496 km2. In this profile were carried out daily measurements of flow and concentration of silt in the period from 1967 to 2007. Average perennial transport of suspended sediment is 2.57ˣ106 t (72.4 t/km2 /yr) and ranged from 0.17ˣ106 t (4.8 t/km2 /yr) to 10.02ˣ106 t (282.2 t/km2 /yr). Trends determined for Q, SSC and Qs are statistically obtained using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Results of Mann-Kendall test show that Q has a slight declining trend of annual values which do not show statistical significance. Decline in trend line SSC and Qs is a significant at the level of 0.01. Calculating the standardized regression coefficients, it was found that the relative impact of SSC on sediment load is 3.1 time higher than the impact of discharge. From 1967 to 2007 the average decrease in sediment load at the mouth of the Velika Morava into the Danube was 3.1 t/km2 /yr.

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Landspout Across Novi Beograd, 24 May 2012 – Synoptic Analysis

Author(s): Dušan Ristić,Rade Ivanović,Dragan Burić,Vladan Ducić,Jovan Mihajlović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

In this study we have analysed a case of the landspout across Novi Beograd on 24 May 2012. We have used a synoptic analysis method in the research and the description of the landspout event is based on visual evidence and photographs. According to the available data, it can be concluded that there were favourable conditions for a landspout development since there was a process and an increased amount of instability. The landspout occured within the northeast stream which moved over Belgrade and further toward the southeast and west. Based upon synoptic data analysis, it can’t be said that there was a cold air advection. Surface air was warm enough, but not the air in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The conditions for a landspout development were favourable – high relative air humidity and increased vertical and horizontal air currents.

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Dynamics of Suspended Sediment Load in the Upper Part of the Rasina River Basin in 2010

Author(s): Predrag Kostić,Predrag Manojlović,Sanja Mustafić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

The paper treats the issue of the suspended sediment load transport in the upper part of the Rasina River Basin, upstream from the ''Ćelije" reservoir during the year of 2010. Measurements of the suspended sediment concentrations were being done at two hydrological profiles Brus and Ravni. Total quantity of the suspended sediment load that was transported at the profile of Brus in 2010 amounted to 3,437.3 t, which gave the specific transport of 16.4 t/km2 /year. At the downstream profile of Ravni, 43,165 t of the suspended sediment load was transported, that is, 95.7 t/km2 /year. The basin on the whole is characterized by the existence of two seasons, which by their characteristics in the load transport represent the extreme variants. During the winter-spring season, 74-85.8 % of the total annual load was transported, аnd during the summer-autumn season between 14.2 and 26 %.

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Morphological and Hydrological Characteristics of the Serbian Border Zone Towards Bulgaria

Author(s): Nenad Živković,Predrag Đurović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Morphological and hydrological analyses of the characteristics of the Serbian border zone towards Bulgaria were performed. The morphological analysis included the mountain (Stara Planina, Tupižnica, Svrljiške Planine, Suva Planina and Vidlič), structural basin (Zaječar, Knjaževac, Svrljig and Bela Palanka) and valley (Veliki Timok, Beli Timok, Visočica, Dragovištica) parts. Within the hydrological analysis, the areas with the highest and lowest annual amount of precipitation were identified, as well as the hottest and coldest areas. The change of river basins runoff was analysed, as well as the distribution of waters throughout the year in the studied area. The most important elements of the water balance were shown and the hydrological characteristics of the karst terrain were analysed.

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Degradation of Soil and Hydrological Conditions in the Peštan River Basin

Author(s): Ivan Novković,Milica Živanović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

In the Peštan River Basin, the right tributary of the Kolubara River, a complex degradation of natural conditions has been expressed over the decades. The exploitation of lignite in the Kolubara Coal Basin, which is in large part located in the territory of this basin, as well as accompanying activities related to it, are the dominant activities that lead to the degradation of soil and hydrological conditions. If other land use types are added to this, it can be concluded that the land cover in the studied territory suffered significant negative changes. The above mentioned activities have led to land loss and deterioration of its quality, and the regulation works due to dislocation of the Kolubara watercourse into the Peštan riverbed have caused numerous degradation of landscapes, reduced the basin area and shortened its watercourse, led to morphological changes of the river network and deterioration of the surface water quality. The aim of this paper is to perform a geospatial analysis of all areas in which the degradation of soil and hydrological conditions is present, in order to prevent their further degradation and proper management of these areas.

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Периглацијални рељеф Црноока (југoисточна Србија)

Author(s): Boško Milovanović,Srđan Belij,Dragan Nešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

This paper presents the results of geomorphological research of the periglacial relief on mountain Crnook (1881 m) in Southeast Serbia. The results have showed the significant presence of modern periglacial morphology on this mountain which is developing in azonal conditions of a periglacial mountain environment. Research results from Crnook are significant because they represent the continuation of similar studies on medium-high mountains of Serbia (Kopaonik, Stara Planina). Based on a comparison of data from Kopaonik, Stara Planina and Crnook (Nešić D., Milinčić M., 2004; Belij S. et al., 2008; Nešić D. et al., 2009; Nešić D., 2009), it can be concluded that in similar climatic frameworks with a significant share of anthropogenic activities, in terms of reducing the forest area in the highest parts of a mountain, similar modern periglacial processes develop on mountains as an indicator of azonal or boundary development framework of modern mountain periglacial environment. During 2006-07, the project "Modern periglacial geomorphic landforms on the mountains of Serbia" was initiated and the field research was conducted on the high mountains of Serbia (Stara Planina, Kopaonik, Kučaj, Beljanica, Zlatibor), and the mountains of Southeast Serbia (Vardenik, Besna Kobila, Dukat i Crnook).

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Примена геоинформационих технологија у процесу детектовања нагиба површине терена Фрушке Горе са освртом на развој падинских процеса

Author(s): Aleksandar Ristić,Vladimir Pajić,Dušan Jovanović,Miro Govedarica,Ivana Badnjarević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2012

This research aims to describe the analysis of geo-information technologies and systems and its usage in detection of terrain slope with reference to timely detection and mapping sites with a high risk of slope movement and activation of landslides. Special attention is referred to the remote sensing technology and data acquisition. In addition to acquisition, data processing is performed: the production of digital terrain model, calculating of the vegetation index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based on satellite image and analyses of pedology maps. The procedures of processing the satellite images in order to identify locations of high risk of slope processes are described. Several factors and identifiers are analyzed and used as input values in automatic processing which is performed through a unique algorithm. Research results are presented in raster format. The direction of further research is briefly defined. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR37017: Modeliranje stanja i strukture padinskih procesa primenom GNSS i tehnologija skeniranja laserom i georadarom]

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Сврставање река у редове и њена зависност од размера карте на примеру Лепенице

Author(s): Stefana Babović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2012

The river system of Lepenica was drawn by using the GeoMedia programme in projections of 1:25 000, 1:50 000 and 1:300 000. Different type of information was shown using each of these projections, because smaller projections show more general information, and vice versa. Using the Horton, Strahler and Schrewe Methods we were able to divide rivers into types according to their sizes. We are also able to show the density of river network as well as their physio-geographical characteristics due to their dependence on each other. Big influence on the current appearance of the river network is due to one of the physio-geographic factors called geology. Geological composition of the Lepenica flow is very convoluted. This convolution is mainly based on their origin but it’s also stratigraphical. Based on the division of rivers into their types we are able to calculate the number of watercourses, based on the Schrewe Method. Using this method we can also make conclusions with regards to density of river network. Placing the rivers into different classes is mainly used as the basis of watercourse comparisons. These methods are not only used in hydrology, but also in many other scientific areas. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Istraživanje klimatskih promena na životnu sredinu - praćenje uticaja, adaptacija i ublažavanje]

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Тицај плеистоценске глацијације на морфолошку разноликост увала Дурмитора и Жијова

Author(s): Sava Simić,Aleksandar S. Petrović,Predrag Đurović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2010

The alternation of glacial and carts processes as the consequence of frequent changes of glacial and interglacial phases could be recognized at the mountains Durmitor and Žijovo. Re-modeling of glacial morphology (cirques and trough valleys) carved currently karst topography with domination of uvalas. Their size and shape vary considerably as the consequence of differences within the preexisting glacial forms. Duration and intensity of kartification, which re-modeled former glacial forms into karst landforms, determine the degree of uvalas development and formation of three distinct evolution types of high-mountainous uvalas: glacial, glacial-karst and glaciofluvial.

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Моделирање процеса клизања у условима поремећене стабилности тла

Author(s): Nedeljko B. Stojnić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2010

Main goal of this investigation is to present a mechanism, terrain shaping of a certain slope during the sliding process, in time history, up to its final form. It means that except slope material movement what is the slope composed, in time of slope occurrence is emphasized becoming of a new terrain form as a result of the process itself, too. This way of investigation definitively opens a new approach in a terrain relief form prediction depends on terrain characteristics and expecting weather occurrence. Here is analyzed a process of land crumbing and sliding on a Neogene slope at Ubilci place (part of urban area of Smederevo city), which was triggered by humane activities (undercutting of slope) and weather influence (rainy period). To present continuity flow of the slope material movement, it is used extended distinct element method. Profile line of the terrain surface which is obtained by numerical analyzes is in very good agreement with the finale profile line of the slope where a real case of crumbing and soil sliding has occurred.

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Сезонска варијабилност минерализације вода у сливу Црвене Реке

Author(s): Jelena Luković,Sanja Mustafić,Milena Nikolić,Predrag Manojlović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2010

The mineralization of water and its content in Crvena River so far have not been studied. Water sampling was conducted from April 2008 - May 2009. Total mineralization is relatively low, which is consistent with the dominant lithological structure (Permian red sandstone). Dry residue contains Ca2+ ion, with the increased participation of SiO2. During the observational period it is clearly expressed seasonal effect. It is reflected not in the direct but the indirect impact. Based on the ratio of individual ions a model is determined for estimation of water flow at the confluence of the Crvena River in Nisava River. It could be applied to other drainage basins that have not been studied so far.

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Хидролошко наслеђе – нови правац у хидрологији и геонаслеђу

Author(s): Srđan Belij,Ljiljana Gavrilović,Sava Simić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2010

Until recently hydrological heritage has practically existed in science neither as an idea nor a subject. Definitions of the main terms, general classification of hydrological heritage, as well as expanded classification of hydrological heritage of Serbia are presented in the paper which is the starting point needed for further determination of new direction in hydrology and geoheritage. The paper has also pointed to the key reasons for the previous unfavourable status of hydrological heritage and its scientific and national significance, as well as the necessity of its existence and complex development.

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Risk of flooding: Activities, parameters and regional peculiarities, Case study: Varbitsa watershed basin, Bulgaria

Author(s): Emiliya Velizarova,Ivan Marinov,Todor Lubenov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

An overview of the activities overtaken during risk of flooding situations, in one of the more often flooding region - the watershed of Varbitsa river (Southeastern part of Bulgaria) - has been performed. The main cognitive parameters for risk perception and risk definition, depending on regional, social and historical factors have been examined. The existing information and instructions for mass media communication in relation to the process of interaction in a disaster situation have been discussed. In connection to determination of the risky segments in the basin and plans for announcement, the prevention communication measures have been outlined. On the basis of the Bulgarian normative legislation, the activities concerning organization of communications in a risk of-disaster situation and mutual aid between authorities, which are part of the Integrated Help System have been indicated. It has been accented on the necessity of a more effective realization of the action plans during natural disasters and especially flooding, in order to improve the partnership between authorities and participants in the communication process during risk-of-flooding situations.

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Excess erosion and deposition in the catchments of Kamenichka and Radanjska river, Republic of Macedonia

Author(s): Ivica Milevski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2009

One of the greatest environmental problems in the Republic of Macedonia is accelerated soil erosion caused by high human impact during last centuries on to the susceptible landscape. Natural factors itself are very suitable for development of such erosion: from mostly erodible rocks and soils on the mountainous slopes around the depressions, to the generally continental, semi-arid climate and slight vegetation cover. Because of that, there are sites with severe erosion and deposition like those in the catchments of Kamenichka River and Radanjska River, two torrential tributaries of Bregalnica. In these catchments there are varieties of erosion-related landforms: rills, gullies, badlands, landslides, as well as valley-type alluvial fans and huge alluvial plains. Such devastating accelerated erosion and deposition largely transformed original landscape, and represent significant environmental, social, and economic problem in local areas. Because of that, some measures of protection and conservation were taken from 1950-ties in both catchments. But it is obvious that the final effect of these measures is far of enough, so new efforts must be implemented to revitalizing these abandoned lands.

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Стратиграфско-тектонске карактеристике Мачванског басена

Author(s): Velimir Jovanović,Ivana Carević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2009

The analysis of stratigraphic-structural features of Mačva basin had been conducted in this paper on the basis of data obtained with deep exploratory boring performed for the needs of hydrogeothermal research project for the purpose of identifying the reserves of geothermal energy of Mačva. The research has been carried out with the aim of finding out the relation between the Tertiary and its Triassic bedrock (Ladinian and Carnian stages) in which process the considerable realistic image of paleorelief (the bedrock of Tertiary deposits) was obtained.

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