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Lucrarea de faţă îşi propune să prezinte structura sistemului ierarhic de planificare spaţială în Germania, dezvoltând fiecare nivel de planificare şi anume planificarea la nivel federal, la nivel de Land, la nivel de regiune şi la nivel de comună, prezentând mai apoi şi Legislaţia specială a planificării urbane, capitol care include următoarele subteme: Măsuri de reabilitare urbană, Măsuri de dezvoltare urbană, Restructurare urbană, Oraşul social şi Ordonanţa de conservare. Următorul capitol îşi propune să încerce să răspundă la întrebarea dacă actualmente planificarea spaţială în Germania trece printr-o perioadă de criză, aducând o serie de argumente în acest sens. Astfel că acest capitol se împarte în mai multe subteme printre care se numără şi instrumente de planificare pe timp de criză şi sarcinile de viitor ale planificării spaţiale. Mai apoi lucrarea dezvoltă teoria formulată de Christensen în anul 1985 privind comportamentul în faţa nesiguranţei în procesul de planificare. Christensen, tematizează necesitatea ca planificatorul (urbanistul) să joace rolul de comunicator, mediator. El trebuie să se lupte nu numai cu o nesiguranţă analitică în procesul de planificare, dar şi cu o nesiguranţă sistematică. Planificatorii înţeleg nesiguranţa ca fiind principalul obstacol în procesul de planificare, încercând să o reducă, iar Christensen propune în primul rând o înţelegere mai bună a calcului nesiguranţei la nivel de planificare spaţială. Ultimul capitol abordează planificarea participativă, acest subiect fiind pus în discuţie pentru prima oară în Germania în anii 60, în ziua de azi discuţia participării cetăţenilor la marile decizii în ceea ce priveşte planificarea fiind un nou indicator democratic, formulând centrul noilor metode de planificare în Germania. Din păcate însă participarea este actualmente înţeleasă ca un elemnt ce deranjează, constrânge aşa zisa bună desfăşurare a proceselor de planificare, procesul de paticipare presupunând şi mai mult timp, personal şi bani.
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Arhitectura şi contextul urbanistic ilustrează sau conturează intr-o masură importantă caracteristica esenţială a poporului ce îi dă viaţă, ce îi dă vibraţie şi o defineşte. Aşadar arhitectura veche si nouă, dar şi constructele de urbanism sunt cu atât mai interesant de urmărit cu cât ele dezvăluie parcursul istoric al unui popor şi ne lasă să intuim proprietăţile interacţiunii sociale ale acestuia. Această lucrare işi propune să analizeze evoluţia tumultoasă a Bucureştiului din perspectiva urbanistico-arhitecturală, să parcurgă toate etapele dezvoltării pentru o mai bună inţelegere a mediului construit variat si deosebit de interesant al acestui oraş, dar în acelaşi timp îşi propune să analizeze încercarea dinamică, reuşită sau nereuişită, a “oraşului” în demersul de a deveni un organism compus atât estetic cât şi funcţional. Pentru început vom incerca sa stabilim un scurt istoric al traseului pe care arhitectura si urbanismul l-au urmat în Bucureşti. Astfel vom parcurge punctual perioadele care si-au exercitat amprenta asupra orasului, urmărind influentele aduse de fiecare si integrarea acestora în structura ansamblului citadin de astăzi. Prima etapă de dezvoltare analizată este cea medievală, predominant caracterizată de construcţia mânăstirilor şi dezvoltarea aşezărilor domneşti, dar şi prin curente şi influenţe importante precum stilul brâncovenesc, neoclasicismul sau stilul eclectic. Următoarea etapă definitorie, caracterizată de un mediu economic prosper şi de un puternic motor de dezvoltare citadină, este perioada interbelică. Ea va fi urmată de perioada comunistă, o etapă lungă care a modificat radical întreaga structură urbanistico-arhitecturală a oraşului. Nu doar prin distrugerea în masă a clădirilor cu importanţă istorică semnificativă, ci şi prin stilul funcţional şi rece al construcţiilor comuniste care le-au înlocuit, majoritatea lipsite de valoare estetică sau arhitecturală. Un alt moment important adus în discuţie este cutremurul din anul 1977. Atunci o bună parte din oraş a fost distrusă datorita seismului, însă pe de altă parte conducerea comunistă, a folosit dezastrul ca pretext pentru multe demolări şi restructurări forţate, acestea făcând obiectul unei alte părţi importante ale lucrării. Capitolul ultim al lucrării prezintă modele de referinţă din diferite oraşe importante ale Europei, acestea ilustrând punctual rezolvări reuşite ale combinării constructelor arhitecturale actuale cu cele “moştenite” şi conturând direcţii demne de urmărit şi de documentat.
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Le projet d’article, que je propose ici, est une étude sur les dynamiques socio-territoriales à l’oeuvre dans le village de pêcheurs du littoral Sud-Ouest de Madagascar, Andavadoake. Les critères d’identification de cette zone sont basés : d’une part sur les règles de résidence traditionnelles c’est-à-dire la présence de cimetière(s) et de hazomanga (poteau rituel) rendant palpable l’identité des groupes, et d’autre part, sur l’émergence des migrants venant de l’intérieur de terre, et la « pullulation » de projet de développement/ conservation dans la région. Si depuis des années la côte sud-ouest malgache a été occupée majoritairement par les pêcheurs Vezo, elle accueille désormais des différents types migrants que certains se convertissent en pêcheurs et d’autres introduisent des nouvelles activités et nouvelles pratiques en adoptant du nouveau mode de vie. Cette situation provoque des désordres sociétaux : conflit entre les usagers des ressources, vente de terre, non respect des anciens…Mon propos consiste donc à réfléchir sur l’avenir de cette zone littorale face à son « statut multiple » : à la fois une « terre d’accueil » pour les étrangers et une « terre de départ » pour les « autochtones » Vezo. De ce fait, la question à laquelle nous cherchons à répondre est: pourquoi les tompontanà, (propriétaire du village) préfèrent migrer, et laisser leur territoire à ces nouveaux venus ? Le déplacement saisonnier était une stratégie utilisé par les pêcheurs vezo pour échapper aux dangers (traite d’esclaves, colonisation, insécurité,…). Avec le temps, cette pratique est devenue une tradition et ils la pratiquent d’une manière systématique pour trouver des endroits plus productifs.
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During the economic crisis, the difficulty to access housing has increased due to the shrinking of purchasing power, which accentuated the preference for rented social housing. Persistent jobs crisis, accentuated during of economic recession periods, makes housing to become a central issue of public policies against poverty and exclusion. By mobilizing all social actors involved in housing policy, France may be one of the best examples in Europe on addressing social housing sector. In this context, in 2014, HLM organizations were involved in increasing the supply of rented housing, thereby supporting the needs of French population. They were able to form a partnership with the State in order to implement a plan for investment in housing, which resulted in the HLM Agenda for 2015 – 2018, including a number of specific objectives and concrete measures designed to achieve each objective established.
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Providing of social housing is a real problem for millions of families in the European Union and in the world, most intense being felt in the states most affected by the current economic crisis. Providing social housing in Austria had substantial reforms in 2009, when the state has withdrawn the financing and the formerly budget dedicated to promoting housing has been integrated into the general budget of the federal provinces. The social housing stock represents around 24% of the housing stock of the country, of which 60% is owned by municipalities and public companies. Despite the economic crisis Austria has maintained extensive subsidies and it has granted allowances for housing, mainly for rent regulated and non-market housing.
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The unconditional and undifferentiated adaptation of Romanian cities to the functional and spatial requirements of a growing automobility lead to the conversion of the majority of public spaces into a road framework for traffic and parking, drained of their communitarian substance and landscape attributes. The (re)allocation and the (re)design of urban space as well as the regulations for their use, for the travels they contain, was often done in a discriminatory manner, resulting in deterioration of the functional and environmental quality of the pedestrians’ infrastructure and of the accessibility for people with reduced mobility - topics of current concern within the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, strategic planning studies recommended by the European Commission. The pedestrian oriented reshape of urban zones relies on a contextualized planning of an appropriate balance between the two main vocations of the public realm: a. infrastructure for travels and b. places with social and aesthetical substance that (should) provide a safe and healthy environment for urban living. Starting from this prerequisite, the paper deals with two categories of inter-related themes, in an urban planning perspective: 1. sets of measures to encourage and boost safe and comfortable walking, on different tiers - road network (hierarchy, classification, connectivity, configuration), morphology of urban space (sharing of land resources, configuration-design), use of urban space (traffic corridors, priorities, speed); 2. criteria and models of (re)organization of public spaces with priority to pedestrians: pedestrian areas or shared-space schemes. The study outlines a theoretical framework for a spatial planning and design, integrated to a related (re)shape of mobility, more attentive to pedestrians’ needs, with a main focus on travel safety concerns. The paper partially presents results of the author’s research undertaken within the project SAFENET - Research on estimation and enhancement of intrinsic safety performances for urban traffic networks, PN-II-PT-PCC A-2011-3.2-1439 conducted through the “Partnership in priority areas” program - PNII, PCCA Tip 2, implemented with the support of ANCSI CNDI – UEFISCDI, between 2012-2016.
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Bucharest, as the majority of big cities, but more than many of them, bears the negative consequences of a very high motorization rate and of an irrepressible traffic, generated on and by its territory of influence. The city’s polarizing force express itself through commuting pendulum flows from and towards its periurban settlements, who are spatially and functionally related to it. In a major share, the commuting trips are made by cars that enter, travel and park within Bucharest, widening the negative impacts of its internal traffic and fleet of cars. The best solution to mitigate traffic congestions, reduce pollution, enhance road safety, release and rehabilitate public space is to provide an efficient regional transportation system at the scale of the quotidian mobility territory (working catchment area delimitating the functional urban area) and the implementation of a coherent mobility policy through consensual packages of measures. This type of complex and expensive transportation supply can be achievable only at a long term horizon, whilst solutions adequate to the current context must be implemented as soon as possible. The paper addresses the solution of organizing "intermodal gates” for the city, as effective equipements for modal report, providing good conditions for fast, convenient and comfortable transfer from car to public transportation, in particular to the subway. Priority locations for such intermodal hubs are those at the entries within Bucharest of A1, A2, A3 motorways, from which large motorized flows are discharging on the internal road framework of the city, already overcharged. The majority of those flows is of commuting trips, which have high potential for modal report towards public, collective transportation. The "Intermodal Gates" are a transfer hubs system with high potential for leading, within Bucharest city, to the mitigation of the traffic originating from its territory of influence. For this “carrot” potential to be efficiently harnessed, “stick” measures also must be taken to limit, condition and make expensive the access and parking in the city, mainly in its center. The work is based on the author’s research undertaken within the project SAFENET - Research on estimation and enhancement of intrinsic safety performances for urban traffic networks, PN-II-PT-PCC A-2011-3.2-1439 conducted through the “Partnership in priority areas” program - PNII, PCCA Tip 2, conducted between 2012-2016 with the support of ANCSI CNDI – UEFISCDI, and addresses proposals of the author during the preparation of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for Bucharest-Ilfov region, 2014-2015.
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Accessibility is a key concept in regional development, with numerous ties to territorial cohesion and polycentricity. Moreover, it also exhibits a geo-strategic function, anchored in the international relationships between countries and continents. The article reviews several case studies, placing analyses of the Romanian accessibility in a broader context. The results show that regional development, overall EU connectivity and possible transit fluxes are prevented by the configuration or lack of communication routes. Increasing the accessibility of regions must be a priority of governments, regardless of political opinions. It is expected that the transition of economy to post-carbon era or other models – green economy, knowledge-based economy etc.) – to result into the emergence of new poles and axes of development, and ensure transport sustainability.
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Ky artikull, shqyrton mënyrën se si pakicat etnike dhe gjuhësore, kërkojnë të drejtojnë çështjet e tyre të interesit, brenda kontekstit të strukturave politike dhe qeveritare të vendit. Artikulli, shqyrton marrëdhënien midis ndryshimeve në gjendjen e pakicës dhe ndryshimeve në mjetet specifike të përdorura nga këto grupe, kur kërkojnë drejtimin apo trajtimin e problemeve të tyre. Për këtë arsye, ne do të shohim dy vende të rëndësishme të Europës lindore Rumaninë dhe Ukrainën. Të dy vendet kanë pakica të rëndësishme etnike dhe gjuhësore. Megjithatë, gjendjet e ndryshme të secilit prej këtyre grupeve etnike, kanë prodhuar mjete mjaft të ndryshme me anë të të cilave çështjet etnike dhe gjuhësore janë sjellë në vëmendjen politike dhe qeveritare.
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Scientific progress embodies and depends on open communication, a common discourse that has roots in rationality, collaboration, as well as an easy and regular flow and efficient information exchange. These ideals can be considered hypocritical by elite power and can be displayed or emphasized in many other ways, but they are even involved in the idea of science, but they are based on the phenomenon called globalization and its practical outcomes. Business, banking and commerce depend on the flow of information and are facilitated by new communication technologies. The hardware of these technologies tends to be systemic and integrated - computerized, televised, cable, satellite, laser, optical fiber and microchip technology combining to create a vast network of communications and interactive information that can potentiate any people on earth have access to any other person, and each time they make each byte the availability of information for each set of eyes in search.
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The research results presented in the paper refer to the territorial, demographic and functional organization of Negotinska krajina which is, in many ways, specific area in north-eastern Serbia. The researched area is a complex territorial system according to its position, economical and demographic areal and functional development. Physical and geographical basis is no longer a limiting factor of the inner structure and functional differentiation of Krajina. The effect the basis has on the development of Krajina is double: direct and indirect. The direct effect that the natural elements (configuration, climate, water, biogeographical and pedological features) have on city and village location can be seen in the possibility of their territorial and functional spreading. The indirect effects are realized through influencing population position and economical resources and their evaluation.
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Spatial sustainability implies an integration of economic, social, environmental and cultural issues taking into account their territorial particularities. Through the nature of their formation, as part of multi-disciplinary teams, geographers are called to be part of the planning process. Furthermore, the law entitles them to coordinate specific plans. The paper examines in detail the involvement of geographers in the elaboration and coordination of urban and spatial plans, with a special emphasis on their spatial distribution and potential area of influence. The results of geostatistical analyses indicate that the distribution and influence of geographers are sparse and uneven, concentrating around large university centers.
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This paper presents a guided tour of significant natural and cultural landscapes along the Danube from springs to the sea, including those in Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. A cross view to Serbia is provided. Methods included field work and photographic survey, literature research not only in technical papers but also in works of art. The paper highlights which are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites and which is otherwise the protection status of the landscapes. In conclusion a variety of landscape typologies were analysed and set in the context of the definition of the term.
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The importance of bicycle touring is currently getting more attention, mainly in other countries of the European Union, but recently also here in Slovakia. In the article, we focus on the impact of bicycle touring on tourism in Slovakia with its legislative provisions and on the design of new cycling routes. We pay special attention to the particular importance of bicycle touring in the town of Levice and the surrounding area. After analyzing and evaluating of the existing routes, we decide to propose two new ones, which could have a positive impact on the development of the territory. We designed the first route outside of the town of Levice (Levice-Dolná Seč-Vyšné nad Hronom-Žemliare-Jur nad Hronom-Starý Hrádok-Mýtne Ludany časť Dobogov - Levice) 29 km in length. We situated the second route in the built-up area of the town of Levice; its length is 6.9 km. Both proposed routes have “rekrea” difficulty, i.e., they are designed for families with children or cyclists with a lower fitness level.
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The paper focuses on the lived territorial experience of people after job loss and aims to answer the research question "How was transformed the territoriality of people just after losing their jobs?" Losing a job can manifest by a sense of a reduction of social status, a decline in economic security or lack of regular daily routine, which is then reflected in the territorial behaviour of people after job loss. The text is based on a series of semi-structured interviews conducted in the first half of 2016 with the communication partners who have left their jobs in the past six months. The subsequent analysis of the interviews revealed the loss of one of the major anchor points in the form of the workplace and the creation of new activity spaces (possibly increasing their importance). The newly formed action space has changed its form from the network a few lines to the territory with a central point in the home and among other things is influenced by gender, voluntary/involuntary abandonment of previous employment, respectively eventual financial distress or assumption of troubled/trouble free finding a new job.
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