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Inside the New Europe, proposed to reorganize based on cosmic principles instead of some arbitrary decisions, it’s possible to create five administrative-territorial unities, with grouping of the existent national states, -enclaves and –exclaves, of which functioning follows a damped harmonic oscillator model, taking part in the forming Eurasian Continental Unity. The Carpathian Chain being the terrestrial projection of the Constellation Draco/Dragon, with the included Ecliptic Centre represented by the Rosia Poieni Peak in the West-Carpathians, results of course the forming around it the Central-East European Territory, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the North, the Mediterranean Sea to the South, the Black Sea and the rivers Nistru-Bug to the East, and by the limits of the Central-West European Territory (former German-Roman Empire) to the West, with which together are forming the New Central Europe, surrounded by the West-, North- and East-European Territories, each of them with Northern- and Southern parts. Thus, the Central-East European Territory, called DRAKYA according to the Constellation, is separated by the river Danube-Drava in North-Drakya=DAKYA and South-Drakya=TRAKYA. DAKYA is relatively simple to realize, extending the V4 Association of Czech-land, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary with ROMANIA and MOLDOVA, respectively including the intercalated small teritories, but TRAKYA is more difficult to border inside the Mediterranean Sea. The coordinating centre of DAKYA results of course by cosmic criteria, through realizing of the new spatial town ROSIA POIENI, with residential and agreement zones on the surface, and with production and communal services in the depth, including a transatomic work too. A similar coordinating centre is possible to realize in TRAKYA at the Olympos Mountain, which is the projection of the Thuban, first star of the Constellation. In this conception, the functioning of the whole system is proposed with a periodicity of 5 years, started in 2020 with DRAKYA and TRAKYA, and from 2030 following with our western neighbours, and in order the West-, North- and East-European territorial ones, so in the next 100 years will be functioning the complete system with its mechanism based on equality, equilibrium and harmony, making certain the long-term evolution, after 2120 in cicles of 30 years. This transition from the „bulk” or atomized Europe to the proposed new structure, coincides with a transition process to a higher level of our consciousness, through a cosmic thought in general, inclusive in our renewed architectural and urbanistic thinking. In Europe’s restructuring based on cosmic principles, after their outside positions, ROMANIA and MOLDOVA will have a central position and coordinating role, with the possibility to catch up – or exceed – the more advanced European countries, restructuring their slender infrastructure and settlement network, as a result of their better situation in the domain of resources. In the realizing process of this grandious programme, a prime role will have the institution INCD-URBAN-INCERC, with its complex profile, able to coordinate on long term
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The author provides general characteristics for over a hundred of archaeological sites of the Golden Horde time on the territory of the Volga Bulgaria, such as forts, unfortified settlements and necropolises. He studies history of their research, area of distribution, topography of some sites, stratigraphy and chronology, archaeological material, and historical context of their emergence and development.Archaeological research of 19th—20th cc. detected at least 330 settlements — both fortified and unfortified. Best studied are forts, i. e. remains of towns and fortresses. Yet, only a small part of archaeological forts can be identified as historical towns mentioned in written sources. Thus, the article first studies towns known from written sources (with Bilyar and Bulgar as the largest ones), then the forts that emerged in pre-Mongol period and continued to exist over the Golden Horde time, and then the forts emerged during the Golden Horde time and unfortified settlements, and last — necropolises of late nomads on the territory of Bulgar Ulus. Necropolises left by the settled population are considered in parallel with the respective settlements.
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The article represents a study of the topography of the Golden Horde town of Azak, which has remained quite underresearched until present. In the 18th — first half of 20th centuries, the hillfort did not attract attention of the Russian historians and archaeologists. Nowadays the territory of the Medieval Azak is completely built-up and archaeological investigations of 20th — early 21th century have been conducted on separate sectors, mainly in the new construction zones. According to the results of research, one can determine the borders of the Medieval town at different stages of its existence. The author discusses different aspects of the economic development of Azak as well as peculiarities of urban development. He localizes various social, professional and ethnic population groups within the town’s territory, together with common buildings, sources of water supply, town necropolises, fortifications and so on.
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The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.
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In the vicinity of Bilyar (“Great City”), the capital of pre-Mongol Volga Bulgaria, there are 249 archaeological sites referring to the 10th — first half of the 15th century. Of these, 59 date back to the pre-Mongol and the Golden Horde periods, while 20 archaeological sites refer exclusively to the era of the Ulus Jochi. The collapse of the Great City occurred in 1236. This fact is established by both written and archaeological sources and serves as another argument in support of the view that the coins with the name of al-Nasir li-Din Allah were minted in the 1240s. Recent studies have made it possible to localize the restored “Golden-Horde Bilyar”, where coins were minted in the second half of the 13th century, not on the site of the destroyed city, as was thought previously, but rather in the territory of the vast Bilyar III and the Toretskoye settlement sites located 3 km north-west of it. The number of settlements declined almost 3-fold — up to 8 persons per 1 sq. km, with a corresponding decrease in the population density. The changes in settlement patterns and material culture of the Bilyar area population, characteristic of the other conquered territories as well, reflects the process of provincialization of the former pre-Mongol centers.
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The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.
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Are characterized monuments of the Middle Don region in the the Golden Horde period. They relate to different groups of population: are settlements with Russian ceramics and nomadic graves, mausoleums, burial grounds and settlements. New data of anthropological researches are provided. Comparison of data of archeology and written sources is carried out.
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The chapter presents an analysis of theRomanian social house in an European context.
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The fundamental goal in approaching multimodality in transport is to integrate all modes of transport in an optimal, sustainable and ethical system. The implementation of intermodal services in the field of tourism will contribute to the increase of travel options, as well as to the provision of comfortable services, while increasing the efficiency of the transport system as a whole. The objective of the research is to identify and evaluate efficient IT solutions for calculating travel times in the integrated combined transport system of national road and rail infrastructure and the forecast demand in the field of public transport of people to tourist destinations. The proposed methodologies for defining IT solutions are based on the use of Geographic Information Systems, both in vector format corroborated with data on general transit specifications (GTFS) and in raster format by creating a continuous cost surface model, using all transport nodes.
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This article examines the problem of intercultural competence’ formation at the students in the process of initial pedagogical training. The author considers the problem of intercultural competence’s formation from the standpoint of the task approach, as one of the modern ones, ensuring the formation of all the constituent components of intercultural competence. This approach is ensured by the practical implementation and development of necessary knowledge, skills, and value attitudes as a basic component of intercultural competence
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During the Second World War hundreds of thousands of Poles were displaced because of the worldwide conflict. Many of those who lost their homes were women and children – after going through an ordeal of Soviet Gulags, they came to live in the United Kingdom. The paper follows an oral history project by the Piłsudski Institute of London which aimed to give voice to the women survivors who found themselves settling down in London after the war. This article demonstrates the practice of oral history, illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of the project by describing its multidisciplinary character.
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Development regulations are organizational tools and basis for shaping the character of current cities and the form of its development. The efficiency of these regulations, their inclusiveness and flexibility, in addition to their ability to adapt to the needs of the present and future, directly affects the shape and quality of the built environment. The paper discusses conventional development regulations used today, from a critical point of view, and presents form-based codes as an alternative to the former, conducting a comparative study between both types of regulations. Finally, the research recommends taking advantage of form-based codes in creating meaningful places and not just buildings.
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Based on the proGIreg case study, the potential use of neighbourhood-based nature-based solutions for urban regeneration is presented. The classification of the specific solutions of the project (compared to other classifications) will be presented, together with the critical conclusions on why NBS are relevant for the emerging new concept/approach of Biophilic Urbanism. One of the results of the applied research project is the Replication Toolkit - which aims to facilitate the implementation of Nature-based solutions for other cities. The Replication Toolkit contains a set of recommendations for the strategic component of urban regeneration of post-industrial neighbour-hoods, but also for the operational component of concrete implementation of solutions.
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Many years ago, Jacobs (1989) defined cross-curricular instruction as a conscious effort to apply knowledge, principles, and/or values to more than one academic discipline simultaneously. Today we know that when students see the connections between individual subject areas, the material becomes more relevant. There are many ways in which to integrate different subjects or content into a constructive holistic unit. The author presents an approach to mountain-oriented education that includes contributions from geography and physical education. Through the presentation of YOUrALPS (Educating Youth for the Alps: (re)connecting Youth and Mountain heritage for an inspiring future in the Alps) project results, the author discusses a cross-curricular approach in the school activities of both subjects when dealing with key issues viewed from different disciplinary perspectives. The author provides an educational vision through a proposal for effective teaching that aims to enable more successful learning and achievement by students. The proposal is based on cross-curricular investigations of the geography and physical education curricula (objectives, abilities, skills and competencies connected with the mountain-oriented topics of each discipline) and is enhanced with suggestions for integration either in indoor or outdoor activities. A survey of teachers who attended the Summer School on Mountain-Oriented Education (Slovenia, 2017) reveals that this type of integration requires – in addition to extensive planning and cooperation among teachers – a high degree of teacher commitment, which works well so long as there is high enthusiasm for the project.
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The first chapter of the book has multiple goals. It introduces the topics and the chosen title Geography of Barriers and discusses why it is important to study it. It shows how the above-mentioned accessibility of space, services and information depends on various types of barriers. Their influence on policies of accessibility in public space frames the whole book. Thinking about barriers is not limited to the dimension of streets or squares, but considers the broader meaning of barriers: in public buildings, institutions, services, websites, information systems, applications, etc. A barrier does not have to be material, it can be of social, communication, or technological nature. Our book distinguishes among three types of barriers. The first type is represented by those annoying material high curbs, missing guide, unlabeled earthwork, etc.—i.e., the barriers of our everyday life. When talking about examples of removing the first type of barriers, we already consider the second type—so-called political barriers one encounters in the introduction of policies of accessibility. The last type of barriers is devoted only peripheral attention, being represented by so-called post-socialist barriers, i.e., barriers stemming from the meaning of disability in a post-socialist society.
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The concept of green infrastructure was born from the need to reconnect with the natural space, as a result of the benefits recognition it brings. This material analyzes how the concept of green infrastructure is defined, the evolution of green infrastructure in the urban environment and its components, with an emphasis on green spaces. The present material was developed within the project PN 23 35 06 01 - "Integrated computer-urban planning system for the assessment of blue green infrastructure at the level of municipalities and cities in Romania with a view to implementation in urban development plans. Case study: Râmnicu Vâlcea Municipality", financed by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization and carried out within the ECODIGICONS Nucleus Program.
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Along with the economic and social dimension, achieving ecological stability is one of the three dimensions of sustainable development. The aim of this research is to evaluate the status of research and practice in the field of green / urban green infrastructure, to find out the level of interest on this topic highlighted in recently scientific publications, what is the relation with other themes and what are these areas, and what is current state of acquired knowledge. Green infrastructure, urban green infrastructure and nature-based solutions are current topics that can be found both in European Union policies and documents and, increasingly, in international scientific publications. The number of references in publications on Google Scholar shows, on the one hand, that the maximum interest in this topic was reached in 2018-2019, and on the other hand, that there is still an increased interest in green / urban green infrastructure in connection with the following other topics: urban planning, public health, climate change adaptation, public participation, local governance, nature-based solutions, ecosystem services, metropolitan areas, social equity and environmental justice, biodiversity, GIS and remote sensing, and the Covid-19 pandemic. The analysis of scientific articles, books and reports from the last five years shows that urban green infrastructure is a subject of a multi- and trans- disciplinary nature. As for the current state of knowledge, scientific publications agree that a hybrid green-grey infrastructure can help avoiding possible conflicts in the context of urban space. Also, more and more attention is paid to inclusive planning and governance, for a balanced distribution of urban green infrastructure. Recent research shows that nature-based solutions should be integrated into urban planning and that policies should be created to stimulate the use of green urban infrastructure models through nature-based solutions.
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