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Vidurio Lietuvos lygumose esantis Kėdainių miestas yra labai svarbus tyrinėjant Lietuvos valstybingumo, ekonominės, politinės ir kultūrinės raidos istoriją. Dėl to kasmetinei (nuo 2004 m.) Pasaulio istorijos katedros vedėjo prof. Juozo Skiriaus rūpesčiu organizuojamai pažintinei kelionei 2017 m. buvo pasirinktas Kėdainių miestas ir jo apylinkės.
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The article presents the territorial program of Poland prepared in the years 1917/1919 by the Polish National Committee. Th e latter was a political organization initially working in Lausanne and later in Paris. Its unquestionable leader and ideologist was Roman Dmowski. After the Polish National Committee initiated its activity, it prepared a project of the postulated future borders of the Polish state (map No. 1). It contained the Kingdom of Poland, Wielkopolska (Greater Poland), Gdańsk Pomerania, East Prussia, ethnical Lithuania with Vilnius, Austrian Galicia, Polesia, Grodno governorate and a small part of western Volhynia. Th e eastern border was marked along the German-Russian front in August 1917. Th e program of the border was in those political conditions unrealistic; however, it provided the basis to prepare an official standpoint of the Polish government delegation at the Peace Conference in Paris. In the meantime, the political relations underwent changes, which was caused by the defeat of the Central Powers and the revolution in Russia. Th e author of the territorial program of Poland was Dmowski himself and he presented it during the sessions of the victorious western powers in Vienna. The principal element of the program was a map which showed a cartographic presentation of Poland’s territorial claims (map No. 2). The Polish standpoint was an object of controversy between the great powers. The Polish desiderata were supported by France and opposed by Great Britain. This was presented and commented upon. The final effect was the creation of an independent Polish state whose western borders were determined in the Treaty of Versailles. The later Polish-Bolshevik war finished with the Treaty of Riga (1921), which established the eastern borders of Poland. The further part of the present article provides a comparative analysis of the Polish postulates and the later actual political borders (map No. 3). Not all Polish postulates were fulfilled. Nevertheless, a sovereign Polish state was created with access to the sea, while the borders of the invaders (Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary), which tore the Polish territories apart and which were established during the Congress of Vienna (1815), disappeared.
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The article presents several insights on the sources and methods used in the research of medieval settlement processes using the example of Silesia region. The number and variety of sources (archaeological, written, cartographic) used in the analysis of settlement processes makes it a subject of interest for researchers representing various fields, such as archaeology, history, and historical geography, which have already got their own established research methods. Growing interest in the topic of Late Medieval settlement has prompted an influx of studies on the topic; these are most often interdisciplinary in nature, resulting in articles and monographs published within the last few years, while integrated cooperative studies employing representatives of several different fields are more rare. The works on a dictionary of medieval villages in Silesia, which employed archaeologists, historians, a geographer, and a historical cartographer. The sources described in the article provide specific (though also limited) information on past settlement processes. Archaeological materials, mostly acquired by means of field survey, though by nature chronologically imprecise, provide data on everyday life of urban and rural residents, their production and the economy (eg.: extraction and processing of raw materials); written sources are important in identifying key information, such as the identification of settlement initiators or the analysis of land ownership relations; likewise, concurrent pieces of mass documentation which enable statistical analysis and comparative analysis, such as land books, inventories of goods, and ledgers, are of fundamental importance to research. Maps of appropriate scale (usually dating to the 18th or 19th century) remain the basic source of information in the geographic analysis of settlement processes. The modern character of the maps means that retrogressive methods are most useful in the reconstruction of the late medieval settlement networks. They help recreate elements of historical natural landscape, as well as traces of settlements and economic activity. Retrogressive methods, successfully employed in historical geography, is based on the assumption that it is possible to make conclusions about an earlier reality based on sources from a later period.
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The article presents the results of recent archaeological and geomorphological research conducted on Middle to Late Neolithic site Serteya II in the Serteysky microregion of the Dnepr-Dvina region (NW Russia). The interaction of archaeological and multidisciplinary palaeoenvironmental research allowed for the reconstruction of the natural environment transformations and the natural conditions of the activity of the ancient communities in the lower Serteyka River valley, the left-bank tributary of the Western Dvina River. The terrain relief of the area was formed after the recession of the Weichselian (Valdai) Ice Sheet. The present day Serteyka River valley occupies a subglacial channel that was earlier occupied by a few lake basins of almost two generations. The water basins of the first generation existed within glacial crevasses and between blocks of dead ice, and second generation lakes developed after the melting of dead ice in the Late Valdai. Throughout the entire Holocene, the Serteyka River drained several lake basins as a result of headward river erosion. The Neolithic Serteya II site occupied the surface of a kame terrace and biogenic plain within the palaeolake basin. The pile-dwelling settlement functioned there in a period when palaeolakes existed and were affected by transgression and regression of the water table. The main phase of pile-dwelling development is dated to ca. 4200–3800 cal BP and existed for almost 140 years. It was part of a wider settlement structure in the period of domination of a hunter–gatherer economy and the beginning of agriculture.
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The Brukenthal Library is in possession of four books by the Austrian historian Hans von Zwiedineck-Südenhorst (1845-1906). These books are well-documented and have an interesting subject matter. In a scientific article, printed as an extract from Volume LVI of „Archiv für österreichische Geschichte”, autorul deals with an attempt of moving the Teuton Order near thr border with Hungary in the 1570s, with the purpose of defending the area against the Turks’ attacks. In Dorfleben im achtzehnten Jahrhundert, Zwiedineck-Südenhorst proposes to highlight some aspects of everyday life in Austrian villages during the 18th century. Although the discourse is somewhat rambling, due to the frequent change of place and time in which the events occur, the author intents to counteract this by the “internal coherence” of the chapters into which the book is divided. In Erzherzog Johann von Österreich im Feldzuge von 1809, the author researchs the Archduke’s papers, notes, and letters, supplementing the book by three maps and the battle order of Raab of 14 June 1809. A pamphlet published in 1893, which comprises an ode by Wilhelm Fischer and plates, has as its subject the history and new layout of the regional library of Graz.
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This article aims to present information about Dmitri Kvasov (1932–1989), one of the most outstanding geographers and palaeolimnologists of the former Soviet Union, who is not so well known in the Western countries and among younger colleagues. Kvasov’s political views were unacceptable to the Soviet authorities and it was impossible for him to travel abroad. He regarded the Baltic States as foreign countries and had very close scientific and personal contacts with the Baltic natural scientists. He investigated the history of many large lakes (Ladoga, Onega, Peipsi) and inland seas (Black, Azov, Caspian, White, Baltic), worked out the geographical zonation of the former Soviet Union for palaeogeographical purposes, and organized the publishing of the multi-volume collection of books on the history of lakes in the former Soviet Union.
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The article presents the role of the Institute for Western Affairs (Instytut Zachodni) in generating and publicizing the concept of the Lubusz Land after World War II as a new region of Poland. The concept originated in 1945-1948 and underpinned the creation of the new region, a task to which a number of scholars associated with the Institute devoted the first post-war years. The paper aims to define the stages of the construction of the concept of the Lubusz Land, as well as later attempts to deconstruct this idea. It is worth underscoring that immediately after World War II, the Institute for Western Affairs was responsible for furnishing the rationale of the Lubusz Land as a region of Poland. The methodology of the present study relies predominantly on the genetic method and analysis of source materials from the Archives of the Institute for Western Affairs and the materials of M. Sczaniecki in the Archives of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Archival sources supplement the published materials of scholars associated with or representing the Institute, and in the latter case the philological method was employed. From a study of the documents it follows that taking advantage of favourable circumstances in 1945, the Institute for Western Affairs created a new region - Lubusz Land, which was to help preserve the borderland character of Greater Poland. The cited sources reveal that the Institute’s main task was to demonstrate the distinctness of the Lubusz Land from Pomerania and Silesia, and at the same time its close and inextricable connection to Poznań, in a sense also its intellectual dependence on the capital of Greater Poland. Although the concept was a top-down one, the administrative reform of 1950, seen as unfavourable from Poznań’s perspective, led to a subsequent retreat from the original idea. In the activities of the Institute for Western Affairs after 1950 there is a marked tendency to negate previous theses and disclaim the concept of the Lubusz Land.
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Arhitectură și urbanism în România, 1944-1960: constrângere și experiment [Architecture and Urbanism in Romania, 1944-1960: Constraint and Experiment] /Doctoral Thesis, Irina TULBURE; Simetria, Bucharest, 2016, 295 p., ISBN 978-973-1872-41-4
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Cizre city, located in the Tigris section of the Southeastern Aantolia Region, has maintained its importance since its inception.Topography, climate, water resources, farmland, transportation and security factors have played on important factor in the establishment and development of the city. The city has been the scene of important events in the past because of its location and a result important wars occured between the states wishing to dominate the city. In peace times, the city had made great progress and became an important trade center. Cizre city has been an important city in terms of commercial activities since it is at the crossroads of the trade route which comes from the North through Diyarbakır and Mardin to Mosul. The terrorist incidents that began in the 1990’s had a significant impact on the spatial development and demographic structure of Cizre city. There were massive migrations from rural areas to the city and as a result neighborhoods such as Nur, Sur, Cudi and Konak emerged after 1980 and they were populatedafter 1990 rapidly. In this study, the establishment and development phases of Cizre city were determined and geographical factors that provide continuity of the settlement were emphasized. According to some sources, the present urban features of the study area which has a settlement history of 4000 years are also discussed. Discussing Cizre’s urban development and functional features will contribute to more realistic planning of the city.
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Amasya, which is located in the inner part of the Central Black Sea Region, is surrounded by Samsun from the north, Tokat from the south and east, and Çorum from the west. It is also connected to Yozgat with a short border of 6 km from the south. Amasya, which is located between 40 ° 16 '' - 41 ° 04 '54' 'north latitudes, 34 ° 57' 06 '' - 36 ° 31 '53' 'east longitudes as mathematical location, Black Sea climate and Central Anatolia continental climate is under the influence of a climate defined as the transition type. The highest point of the Amasya province is Akdağ (2062m) to the north of the city center, the lowest point is Taşova district in the east and the altitude of the district center is 230 m, but it rises up to 200 m to the north. falls below. The oldest known name of Amasya, which has a history of 7000 years and was ruled by Hittite and then Assyrian, is Amaseia (Karadeniz, 1996: XIII). The famous historian and geographer Strabo, who was born in Amasya, says that the name of the city is Amaseia (from Strabo. Pekman, 1969: 59). B.C. 63 in the hands of the Romans and M.S. It is known that Amasya (Grolier, 1985: 311), which became the center of "Episcopacy" in the third century, is under the administration of Danişmendoğullari in the XI century, but there is a certain information on the date of the conquest by the Turks. is not (Turan, 1971: 133). Amasya, the episcopal center of the Romans, was transformed into an operational base in the struggle of Çelebi Mehmet after the Ankara war where Yıldırım Bayezid was defeated by Timur (Uzunçarşılı, 1988: 270). Caldiran return Yavuz Sultan Selim preferred Amasya to rest, the Nakhchivan expedition is also the break of the law, the end of the Ottoman-Iranian agreement on May 29, 1555 agreement is made (Uzunçarşılı, a.g.e: 361).
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Sáros County, within its limits, also tried to get involved in local history research and historical self-representation. It did this by drawing up a historical monograph on Sáros at the county´s own expense. In addition, attempts were made to establish a museum, which was eventually accomplished with the powerful support of the Széchényi Circle in Eperjes. The Sáros intelligentsia, building upon the linguistic uniqueness of the county, i.e. the East Slovak dialect, wanted to establish an independent identity for the county's Slovak-speaking inhabitants. Using the dialect, the intellectual elite of the county wanted to steer the Slovaks toward the path of later assimilation. The Széchényi Circle, an initiative of the county, was a product of the impatient period of Kálmán Tisza, promoting Hungarianization. In spite of the Magyarization efforts, we can say that the Circle has done a great deal of work and achieved considerable goals in the promotion of cultural and intellectual development among the urban and rural population (bourgeoisie and peasantry). The county leadership found that the best way to struggle against Slovak nationalism was to establish a social association. The sole purpose of it was to publish a patriotic spirited newspaper in the eastern Slovak language that would, using the same instruments, oppose Slovenský týždenník published by Milan Hodža.
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The process of sketching Albania in European cartography of modernist age surface the construing of Albania and the level of knowledge regarding Albanian space at that time. Its geographical position as a country bordering on Adriatic Sea and its geopolitical position as frontier edge of Ottoman Empire are among principal reasons why Albanian lands appear so often in the first centuries of modernist age cartography. The sketching of Albanian lands in those maps is an outcome of continuous efforts to “translate” the world of Albanians mainly for utilitarian reasons and cultural ones at times. The sketching was originally preceded by a minutiaerecognition of geographical relief and political and cultural world as well. While the earliest description about Albania amounts to travelogues, more particularly descriptionsfrom littoral areas, whose authors were navigators, maps which accompanied them are pictographies, drawings and words which heralded the advent of Albanology. While the history of Albanian studies is being assessed, cartography appear to be the stratum of pre-scientific Albanology and beyond this the first strata of Albanological knowledge.
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Celem autora było scharakteryzowanie cyfrowych edycji map dawnych. Pojęcie to zostało zdefiniowane w artykule jako „cyfrowa reprezentacja krytyczna zabytku kartograficznego”. Do zabiegów edycyjnych należą przygotowanie skanu mapy i jej kalibracja, a także opracowanie bazy danych przestrzennych, aplikacji webGIS oraz komentarza edytorskiego. W tekście wskazano także na duże możliwości rozwoju edytorstwa cyfrowego źródeł kartograficznych.
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Zakład Atlasu Historycznego kończy serię map szczegółowych ziem polskich Korony w XVI w. Wraz z zespołem słownika historyczno-geograficznego ziem polskich w średniowieczu jest ważnym na świecie ośrodkiem badań geograficzno-historycznych oraz edytorstwa i refleksji metodologicznej. Jego przyszłość zależy od profilu badawczego Instytutu Historii PAN. Jeżeli priorytetem nie staną się wieloletnie zespołowe projekty łączące prace dokumentacyjne ze ściśle badawczymi – grozi mu likwidacja.
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The aim of the article is to present an author’s proposal to distinguish regions based on the analysis of historical borders (from the last 400 years, mainly the borders crossing Poland in the 19th and the 20th century) and to verify the hypothesis that those historical borders diversify our country in the sphere of perception and preservation of national heritage and in relation to the analysed social indicators. The study contains statistical data on the perception and preservation of national heritage generalised for the elaborated historically conditioned regions from the cyclic, multidimensional Social Cohesion Survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2015. In addition, data on monuments of the National Heritage Board of Poland and population data based on National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country (TERYT) were also taken into account. The largest differences in relation to the country’s average values of the analysed indicators occurred in the western and northern territories of Poland, the Śląskie voivodship area in Poland before the World War II, as well as Galicia and the eastern part of Russian partition within the present borders of Poland — east of the Vistula, Narew and Pisa rivers.
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Cartography as a science discipline is related to a great number of sciences. Practically, there is no scientific field with which cartography can not be tied, i.e. that this scientific discipline can not present the results of through a kind of cartographic presentation. One of the sciences with which cartography has an extremely high degree of connectivity is history. Analyzing the development of society, from the moment when it is thought that man had become a conscious being, we can ask the question whether the letter or the map came first i.e. whether the man first started to write or to cartographically express himself. The historical development of cartography had two key moments, the first being the invention of the printing press, and the second one was connecting cartography with computers. The next level of connectivity is reflected in the structure of the basic method used in cartography, a cartographic method which, in addition to the spatial and substantive, has a time dimension of the examination of scientific categories. This is a very important element in cartographic presentation that has a very wide application. Cartography has a wide range of methods and cartographic expressive means, which provides great opportunities for almost all types of displays of numerous historical trends. SAŽETAK: Kartografija kao naučna disciplina vezana je sa velikim brojem nauka. Praktično da nema naučne oblasti sa kojom se kartografija ne može vezati, tj. da ta naučna disciplina ne može kroz neku vrstu kartografskog prikaza prezentirati rezultate svojih istraživanja. Jedna od nauka sa kojom kartografija ima izuzetno visok stepen povezanosti je istorija. Analizirajući razvoj društva, od momenta kad se smatra da je čovjek postao svjesno biće, možemo postaviti pitanje, da li je prvo postalo pismo, ili je prvo nastala karta, tj. da li je čovjek prvo počeo da piše, ili da se kartografski izražava. Istorijski razvoj kartografije je imao dva ključna momenta, prvi je pronalazak štamparske mašine, a drugi povezivanje kartografije sa informatikom. Sljedeći nivo povezanosti se ogleda u strukturi osnovnog metoda koji se koristi u kartografiji, tzv. kartografskog metoda koji pored prostornog, suštinskog ima i vremensku dimenziju sagledavanja naučnih kategorija. Ovo je veoma važan elemenat u kartografskom predstavljanju koji ima vrlo široku primjenu. Kartografija ima širok spektar metoda i kartografskih izražajnih sredstava, što pruža velike mogućnosti za skoro sve vrste prikaza brojnih istorijskih teka.
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