The development and use of characterisation-based approaches to manage historic landscapes

Author(s): Daniel E. May / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The anthropogenic effect on the landscape is a well known phenomenon. Thiseffect not only can be identified from archaeological remains, but also from old andmodern maps showing changes in the landscape character in terms of historical attributesand remains. In order to study and manage the historical dimension of these changes,characterisation-based approaches have been developed. This article describes the maincharacteristics and principles of these approaches and their possible evolution in the future.The article also shows some applications that have been made in England with the purposeof illustrating the potential of characterisation-based approaches to manage historiclandscapes in other countries.

İstanbul'un Osmanlılar Tarafından Fethi, Türk-İslam ve Avrupa Açısından Önemi

Author(s): Ahmet Gündüz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2008

In this study talking about the geography location and the name of İstanbul which was the second capital city of Roman Empire, its post and proconquest situations, have been evaluated in respect to Turkısh and islamic world and Bizans and Europe world. Followed by the explanation population variation, housing activities, scientific activities, management, commercial and economic transformations which had occured during post-conquest of İstanbul, the policy Fatih and applied against the prisoners has been mentioned as well. Consequently, performing the evaluation of the conquest from the viewpoint of Turc-Islam history and Byzans- Europe, the opinions of historians over the conquest have been included.

Савремена Историографија и Тумачење Настанка Османске Државе

Author(s): Aleksandar Jakovljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2006

Although not equally treated, modern historiography offers several different theories about the origin of the Ottoman Empire. The most predominant is P. Wittek’s so-called ghazi-theory. It states that the Ottoman Empire established itself on the idea of Holy War (jihad) against Christians. This theory is still widely acknowledged, although historical critique showed that its basis is not in accordance with historical facts. The intent of this article is to summarize the development and problems of modern historiography regarding the origins of the Ottoman Empire, with special regard to the ghazi-theory. Having analyzed the most important scientific literature, it has been shown in this article that this theory is still the most predominant, and that the results of historical critique are not properly used. Although the question of the origin of the Ottoman Empire is still left open, modern historiography has detached itself from the theoretical approach and returned to the analyzing of historical sources.

Др Предраг Манојловић добитник медаље "Јован Цвијић"

Author(s): Slavoljub Dragićević,Vladan Ducić,Nenad Živković,Velimir Jovanović,Radenko Lazarević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

Professor dr Predrag Manojlović was born on 24th of Аpril 1955, in Negotin. He graduatedin 1980 (average grade 9,76). In 1985 he defended his MSc thesis "The karst of Zamnariver basin". He finished his PhD studies in 1990. "Experimental research of the intensityof corrosion in the karst of the Eastern Serbia" was the title of his doctoral dissertation. Hestarted his professional career as assistant at the faculty in 1983. Since 2001 he has worked atthe University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, as a full professor.The main field of his research is geomorphology. At the beginning of his career he wasfocused on the study of fundamental geomorphology – karst erosion and paleogeomorphology.The most successful part of his scientific work took place in the period between 1989and 2000, when he was dedicated to the study of chemical erosion as a geomorphologicalprocess. He is one of the founders of the Laboratory for Physical Geography at the Faculty ofGeography. In the period 2001-2015 he was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal"Bulletin" ("Glasnik"), published by the Serbian Geographical Society. He was the leader oftwo national scientific and research projects in the period between 2001 and 2005 ("Thegeographical basis of Serbia's development") and 2006 – 2010 ("The intensity of themechanical and chemical erosion and accumulation in Eastern Serbia"). In his career he haspublished more than 70 scientific papers in international and national journals. Heparticipated at many scientific conferences. He published three unHe published three university textbooks and tookpart in completion of three sheets of Speleological maps of Serbia.

Cele mai vechi planuri topografice ale oraşului Roman

Author(s): Mariana Şlapac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2017

Urban topography of the town of Roman is of great interest for various categories of specialists: historians, archaeologists, architects etc. The oldest known city plans were dating from the 19th century. In the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow the author discovered two color plans, more ancient ones than this town, which reflected the urban topography of the Roman in 1770–1771. The first topographic plan was drawn in 1770 by order of the engineer General-Major Hilarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov. There’re indicated roads, residential areas, monasteries and churches (Episcopal monastery of St. Paraskeva, “Precista Mare” monastery, “Precista Mică” church, St. George church, St. Nicholas church, White church etc.). There is also shown the existing fortifications of the town and the project of the new bastioned fortress, encircling the Episcopal monastery of St. Paraskeva. The new fortress is amplified by redans and tenailles. The second topographic plan was drawn by engineer Ioan Borisov in 1771. This plan contains information about the road network, the town’s main objects, as well as on new built bastioned fortress. It replaces the old trenches dug in 1739 made by order of the Russian Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. Apparently this earth fortress was abandoned and ruined after the Russian army had left those places.

Târgul Câmpina la începutul epocii moderne: o analiză a reprezentărilor din harta Specht (1791)

Author(s): Mădălin-Cristian Focșa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2017

This focuses on the appearance of the market town of Câmpina and its countryside area in an Austrian military map of the XVIIIth Century. The realities shown in this particular map are compared to the ones of the present, and also the information is confronted to other contemporary cartographic and written sources, focusing on the plateau on which the town is situated. Illustrated with images of the map and the related section of its descriptive addendum, the article insists on the two churches placed in the town centre and their little-known history.

Римска комуникација Epitauro-Resinum

Author(s): Gligor M. Samardžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

In this paper, we present data on the Roman road communication Asamo-Epitauro-Resinum (the present-day Trebinje-Cavtat-Risan), with the settlements along the route. From the road station Ad Zizio (the present-day village of Mosko or Ukšići in the area of Ljubomir) the road led south to Asamo (Trebinje), then over the road station Epitauro (Cavtat) to Resinum (Risan, or Rose). The archaeological finds (the remnants of a Roman settlement, road, fragments of milestones) from the sites in Trebinje, Cavtat and Risan (the south of the province of Dalmatia) suggest that this area was, relatively early, connected with the network of Roman road communication. During the exploration of the ancient road communications and settlements in the south of the province of Dalmatia (southern Herzegovina, south-eastern Croatia, south-western Montenegro) we used original written sources and material remains from the site. Based on the visits to the sites in Trebinje, Cavtat and Risan, and the data obtained from oral sources as well, we believe that the road station Asamo is located in Trebinje, the road station Epitauro in Cavtat, and the road station Resinum in Risan, or Rose. Even though a significant number of findings is in favour of both of the thesis that the ancient Resinum is located in Risan, or Rose, systematic researches which would confirm this are yet to be conducted at this site.

Holoceńska ewolucja niecek i dolin denudacyjnych w okolicach Łodzi w świetle dotychczasowych badań

Author(s): Juliusz Twardy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 106/2017

Referring to the results of the research on periglacial dells and valleys conducted in the vicinity of Łódź by Professor H. Klatkowa in the 50s and 60s of the last century, the paper presents the Holocene evolution of the aforementioned denudation forms. Three main stages of this evolution have been identified: 1) filling of periglacial dells and valleys with anthropogenic delluvium, 2) fragmentation of Vistulian forms through gullies, 3) relief transformation of gullies and periglacial dells and valleys by tillage erosion. The issue of factors influencing the Neoholocene changes in the relief of dry dells and valleys has been addressed, emphasizing the role of increasing human impact and climate fluctuations. In this paper the age of the individual stages of the transformations of the periglacial dells and valleys have been identified. Their evolution began at the end of the Subboreal period and lasted almost entire Subatlantic period until the present time, with a particular intensity in the Middle Ages. Lithological characteristics of Neoholocene deposits filling the periglacial dells and valleys is also presented.

Ślady średniowiecznej granicy Warmii między Reszlem a Świętą Lipką

Author(s): Robert Klimek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The diocese of Warmia was established on July 28th, 1243, when the region of Prussian lands was divided into four dioceses: of Chełm, of Pomorze, of Warmia, and of Sambia. The bishopric of Warmia was to be endowed with a third of estates belonging to the diocese, whereas the remaining part was to be in the possession of the Teutonic Order. The division of the Warmia diocese into parts belonging to the bishopric and the Knights proceeded in several stages: the initial agreement was reached on April 27th, 1251; further arrangements were decided on December 27th, 1254. The last document states that the eastern border reaches up to the Krakocin forest lying one mile to the east of Reszl. In the 2nd half of the 14th c. serious arguments followed regarding the location of the border between the estates of the bishopric and the Order. Ultimately, on July 28th, 1374, an agreement was signed and approved of by Pope Grzegorz XI, setting favourable conditions for the Order. The historic border of Warmia between Święta Lipka and Reszl proves an extremely interesting issue. It includes many border stones and mounds which have survived up until today virtually in an unchanged form. Of particular interest is a border stone made of red granite, with an episcopal crosier and cross carved into it. The object was listed in a document from 1431. All border stones enumerated in the publication are featured in archival maps from the turn of the 16th c. Alongside border stones, objects of interest lying on the historic border of Warmia are longitudinal shafts. Two stretches of this type of fortifications have survived up until the present times. Yet another curiosity are the forest ducts running across the former border, two of which used to be of an inter-regional importance. The border of Warmia in the region of Święta Lipka runs across forested areas, which is the reason why most border Stones have survived until today. The hitherto expert literature on the subject includes no mention of these – the present publication constitutes an attempt to verify the course of this stretch of the Warmia border, on the basis of source materials and cartographic documents. The section of the border discussed here, located in the vicinity of an important religious site of Święta Lipka is of great significance in terms of its cultural and historical value.

Zanik polan i wrzosowisk we francuskich lasach państwowych w XIX w.

Author(s): Xavier Rochel / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Polany, wrzosowiska czy pastwiska były niegdyś powszechnymi elementami krajobrazu europejskich lasów. W celu ich odtworzenia oraz zrozumienia dawnej gospodarki leśnej, a także rozwoju plantacji drzew iglastych w lasach państwowych Orleanu zebrano i przeanalizowano kartograficzne i pisane źródła archiwalne z 2. poł. XIX w. Zawierają one ogromną ilość danych, w tym dotyczące wieku i gatunków drzew, informacje o polanach, gospodarce leśnej, drenażu itd. Dane te zostały zebrane i przeanalizowane z wykorzystaniem GIS. W badaniu nieistniejących już krajobrazów i ekosystemu geografia historyczna jest niezwykle użyteczna.

„Mapa jako narracja interpretacyjna”. XXIX Ogólnopolska Konferencja Historyków Kartografii – Wrocław, 24–26 września 2015 r.

Author(s): Jerzy Ostrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Młyny wodne w ziemiach świeckiej i nowskiej do końca XVI wieku

Author(s): Rafał Kubicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The article investigates the issue of the development of a network of water mills in Świecie and Nowe Lands, the borders of which were approximately similar to the Świecie and Nowe castellanies existing in the 13th c. After the territory of Gdańsk Pomerania was taken over by the Teutonic Order in 1308–1309, the newly established Teutonic administration units existed here: the Świecie Commandry and the Nowe District of the Tczew Aldermanship, which after the year 1466 were transformed into the Świecie and Nowe Starosty Districts. Due to the investment costs and the legal restrictions, water mills were built the fastest as part of large landed properties organised by local dukes and church institutions (Włocławek bishops, the Cistercians of Oliwa and Pelplin and the Norbertines of Żukowo). After the year 1309, the Teutonic Order, building its administration here, aimed at introducing the legal solutions which it had developed and applied in the territory of Prussia proper. They consisted in almost full legal control in this respect. Th e right to build mills was classified as regalia, i.e. exclusive authorisations which it granted to other entities, usually by conferring in exchange for rent. During the Middle Ages, in Świecie and Nowe Lands, a relatively dense network of water mills, both in church villages and state villages (then Teutonic, and later royal) was built. They were also present in the knights’ estates, but they appeared there on a larger scale only at the end of the 15th and 16th c. Th e factor which influenced the formation of the water mill network, except the obvious relation to the development of agriculture, was the law – the mill regalia executed by the Teutonic Order. A significant change in that respect occurred after the year 1466, when the formerly existing restrictions on erecting mills in private estates disappeared.

Trwałość dawnych elementów krajobrazu i sieci drożnej w ramach współczesnej przestrzeni miejskiej na przykładzie ulic Krańcowej i Wilczej w Lublinie

Author(s): Jacek Chachaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The article attempts to demonstrate, basing on the example of Wilcza Street running through the south-eastern area of Lublin, that certain elements of the cultural landscape (primarily roads) could be preserved after the inclusion of suburban regions into the dynamically developing cities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Examination of the cartographic source material and the observation of the present-day landform have led to a hypothesis that the modern Wilcza Street could be a fragment of an old local road, which had lost its original significance as a result of changes made to the street network, yet endured as a local road. For reasons unknown, it was integrated into and ran through the system of streets newly laid out in Lublin, allowing it to survive to this day. Despite the disappearance of most elements formerly associated with this road (crossings, the majority of other roads), the street survived the numerous changes in its surroundings and remains an example of the incredible durability of certain aspects of the cultural landscape.

Archiwalne materiały kartograficzne źródłem do rekonstrukcji przestrzeni dawnych wsi w strefie zabudowy miejskiej

Author(s): Kamil Nieścioruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The paper describes a possibility of using post-war cartographic materials (but not only) in a process of tracing and analyzing the remnants of the past landscape in urbanized areas (the case of Lublin) and virtual revival of such landscapes. The process of gathering and selecting materials is described, including cartometric quality discussion and an idea of supporting analyses with field works is discussed. Th e analyses mentioned above are divided into visual (qualitative) and quantitative ones. The former includes overlaying cartographic materials to check for remnants and to support the hypothesis posed during fi eld-works. The latter – a comparison of digital elevation models based on early maps. The final part deals with constructing 3D visualization of past landscape based on maps, aerial and regular photographs and additional, non-cartographic materials.

Kraj znany a państwo jeszcze nie. Rozważania o geografii wolnej Polski na łamach periodyków geograficznych II RP

Author(s): Grzegorz Strauchold / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Despite the partitions of Poland, the geography of the Polish territories was the object of studies carried out by Polish geographers, particularly in the latter half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. When in the years 1918-1923 the Polish state was rebuilt and its internationally recognised borders were formed, and physical geography of these lands had already been worked out in a rather thorough and up-to-date way. Th e geographers, historians, politicians and the administrative elite were confronted with the need to define the role of the Polish state and its place as a real political being and entity which its inhabitants would be conscious of. In response to this need a lively discussion was conducted in Polish geographical magazines of the interwar period. It was even more important since Polish authorities as well as the scholarly and intelectual elite had to solve the problem of unifying the lands and their inhabitants within one political organism. And yet, after above one hundred years of non-existance as a state, there were numerous differences between the particular previously annexed territories and their inhabitants. At the same time, the Polish nationality was common for about 70% of the population in this multinational country. A successful and definite solution of the issue of the state-awareness among the inhabitants of Poland, which was considered to be an object of geography and geographers’ practice, was not easy to be found because of fierce political disputes. In terms of quality, a new situation was created by the political consequences of the coup d’état by Józef Piłsudski in 1926. Th e winning party, which ruled with a heavey hand, continuously needed to take into account the power of their political opponents. Discussions and disputes, propositions and manifestos published in the interwar period indicated that the contemporary political and scholarly elite, regardless of the ideological matters, was aware of the necessity to consolidate the social conviction of the existance of the independant Polish state.

Mapa józefińska Galicji (1779–1783) w przededniu edycji. Przedmiot i założenia programu wydawniczego

Author(s): Andrzej Janeczek,Waldemar Bukowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

As a result of the first partition of Poland (1772) Austria occupied two big districts, namely the southern part of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia. Th e newly incorporated crownland, called the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, was mapped within Josephine survey already a few years after annexation. The name of Josephine survey (or the first military survey) refers to a series of topographic maps made in the years 1763–1787, which covered the successive territories under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty (fi g. 1). In the case of the map of Galicia, the same principles were adopted as those for the whole Josephine survey. Th e map was prepared in a 1:28 800 scale model on the basis of field measurements but also using the „a la vue” method, with a plane table and other instruments. Th e Josephine map of Galicia, initially made secret due to its military importance, was never published and remains in a manuscript till now, kept in the War Archives in Vienna. It consists of 413 sheets in the format of 24 × 16 inches (63.2 × 42.1 cm) and additional sheets of varying formats. Its total surface is about 115 m2. Two sets of hand-written copies (fi g. 3) have been preserved besides the original (an example in fi g. 2). Th e map is accompanied by six bulky volumes including descriptions of the mapped area (one of the sheets is presented in fi g. 4). Due to the value of the map as a source and its usefulness for historical as well as geographical studies and studies conducted within other disciplines, postulates were put forward for this relic to be made available in print. Those intentions were made specific in 2008, when work was begun on preparing a full edition of Galicia’s map which would include both the cartographic material and the text (topographic descriptions). Four editorial groups are concerned with this and they are headed by Waldemar Bukowski (Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow), Zdzisław Noga (Institute of History, Pedagogical University of Cracow), Andrzej Janeczek (Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) and Zdzisław Budzyński (Institute of History of the University of Rzeszów). Th e material was divided into fifteen volumes of a similar size (fi g. 5). Each volume will be composed of two volumes. One will include facsimiles of the sheets of the map, from 20 to 46. Th e other volume will contain texts of descriptions in German with a parallel translation into Polish, commentaries to the descriptions, an inventory of names included in the map, a joint index of maps and descriptions and, finally, explanations to the symbols and the map captions. Further plans provide for a digital version on the basis of the prepared material of the printed version.

Моделирање процеса клизања у условима поремећене стабилности тла

Author(s): Nedeljko B. Stojnić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2010

Main goal of this investigation is to present a mechanism, terrain shaping of a certain slope during the sliding process, in time history, up to its final form. It means that except slope material movement what is the slope composed, in time of slope occurrence is emphasized becoming of a new terrain form as a result of the process itself, too. This way of investigation definitively opens a new approach in a terrain relief form prediction depends on terrain characteristics and expecting weather occurrence. Here is analyzed a process of land crumbing and sliding on a Neogene slope at Ubilci place (part of urban area of Smederevo city), which was triggered by humane activities (undercutting of slope) and weather influence (rainy period). To present continuity flow of the slope material movement, it is used extended distinct element method. Profile line of the terrain surface which is obtained by numerical analyzes is in very good agreement with the finale profile line of the slope where a real case of crumbing and soil sliding has occurred.

RÓMAI KORI ŐRTORNYOK BUDAPESTEN (MÍTOSZ ÉS VALÓSÁG)

Author(s): Gábor Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2011

We try to identify sites known only from earlier literature to prepare the World Heritage nomination of the Roman limes (CE Project “Danube Limes – UNESCO World Heritage” 1CE079P4). The watch-towers of Budapest belong to them: there are 25 altogether (Fig. 1.1) but only 6 were excavated, there are 5 more that are known because of their Roman Age finds. The remaining 14 watch-towers are only assumptions. After the revision of old data and the consideration of new archaeological evidence, the following can be drawn: most of the assumed watch-towers were buildings of the Middle Ages indeed (Békásmegyer–Pusztatemplom, all three ones in Margit-sziget, Lukács fürdő, Lánchíd u. 15–17, Roosevelt tér). Assumed watch-towers proved to be a mistake in 6 cases (Sas korcsma, Újpesti vasúti híd, Parlament, Rudas fürdő, Boráros tér, Budafoki út 109). The one in Lajos u. 29–31 belongs to the Roman Period built-up area, but it was not a watch-tower. Literature mentions 9 watch-towers on the left bank of the Danube and on the Margit-sziget, but only the existence of one of them (Megyeri csárda) can be proven. This is not surprising because only forts and fortified ports are known from the left bank of the Danube. So if there was a Roman building in the area of Megyeri csárda (Budapest IV. district) as finds prove it (Figs 3–4), it should have been a fortified port.

Laudacja na cześć Profesora Marka Kotera z okazji jubileuszu 80-lecia urodzin i 50. rocznicy uzyskania doktoratu

Author(s): Marek Sobczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2017

V Ogólnopolska Konferencja Geografii Historycznej, Współczesne badania geograficzno-historyczne krajobrazu kulturowego, Łódź, 22–23 czerwca 2017 r.

Author(s): Tomasz Figlus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2017