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This modern translation of all the surviving literary compositions ascribed to Liudprand, the bishop of Cremona from 962 to 972, offers unrivaled insight into society and culture in western Europe during the "iron century". Since Liudprand enjoyed the favor of the Saxon Roman emperor Otto the Great, and traveled to Constantinople more than once on official business, his narratives also reveal European attitudes toward the Byzantine Empire and the culture of its refined capital city. No other tenth-century writer had such privileged access to the high spheres of power, or such acerbic wit and willingness to articulate critiques of the doings of powerful people. Liudprand's historical texts (the Antapodosis on European events in the first half of the 900s, and his Historia Ottonison the rise to power of Otto the Great) provide a unique view of the recent past against a genuinely European backdrop, unusual in a time of localized cultural horizons. Liudprand's famous satirical description of his misadventures as Ottonian legate at the Byzantine court in 968 is a vital source of information on Byzantine ritual and diplomatic process, as well as a classic of medieval intercultural encounter. Readers interested in medieval European culture, the history of diplomacy, Italian and German medieval history, and the history of Byzantium will find this collection of translated texts rewarding. A full introduction and extensive notes help readers to place Liudprand's writings in context.
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Inside the New Europe, proposed to reorganize based on cosmic principles instead of some arbitrary decisions, it’s possible to create five administrative-territorial unities, with grouping of the existent national states, -enclaves and –exclaves, of which functioning follows a damped harmonic oscillator model, taking part in the forming Eurasian Continental Unity. The Carpathian Chain being the terrestrial projection of the Constellation Draco/Dragon, with the included Ecliptic Centre represented by the Rosia Poieni Peak in the West-Carpathians, results of course the forming around it the Central-East European Territory, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the North, the Mediterranean Sea to the South, the Black Sea and the rivers Nistru-Bug to the East, and by the limits of the Central-West European Territory (former German-Roman Empire) to the West, with which together are forming the New Central Europe, surrounded by the West-, North- and East-European Territories, each of them with Northern- and Southern parts. Thus, the Central-East European Territory, called DRAKYA according to the Constellation, is separated by the river Danube-Drava in North-Drakya=DAKYA and South-Drakya=TRAKYA. DAKYA is relatively simple to realize, extending the V4 Association of Czech-land, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary with ROMANIA and MOLDOVA, respectively including the intercalated small teritories, but TRAKYA is more difficult to border inside the Mediterranean Sea. The coordinating centre of DAKYA results of course by cosmic criteria, through realizing of the new spatial town ROSIA POIENI, with residential and agreement zones on the surface, and with production and communal services in the depth, including a transatomic work too. A similar coordinating centre is possible to realize in TRAKYA at the Olympos Mountain, which is the projection of the Thuban, first star of the Constellation. In this conception, the functioning of the whole system is proposed with a periodicity of 5 years, started in 2020 with DRAKYA and TRAKYA, and from 2030 following with our western neighbours, and in order the West-, North- and East-European territorial ones, so in the next 100 years will be functioning the complete system with its mechanism based on equality, equilibrium and harmony, making certain the long-term evolution, after 2120 in cicles of 30 years. This transition from the „bulk” or atomized Europe to the proposed new structure, coincides with a transition process to a higher level of our consciousness, through a cosmic thought in general, inclusive in our renewed architectural and urbanistic thinking. In Europe’s restructuring based on cosmic principles, after their outside positions, ROMANIA and MOLDOVA will have a central position and coordinating role, with the possibility to catch up – or exceed – the more advanced European countries, restructuring their slender infrastructure and settlement network, as a result of their better situation in the domain of resources. In the realizing process of this grandious programme, a prime role will have the institution INCD-URBAN-INCERC, with its complex profile, able to coordinate on long term
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The article (on the case of the Republic of Mordovia) examines the geo-environmental analysis of the processes of the territory economic development planning for cultural landscapes. The landscape electronic map is perceived as a basic model of geographic information system. Author describes geo-systems of Mordovia; stages of their economic development, geo-ecological zoning.
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The author publishes a Turkish navigation map held by the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It is executed in the manner traditional for the European cartography, yet with Turkish inscriptions using Arabic alphabet. The map shows the Black Sea with its northern, eastern and southern shores (the western part is cut off ), as well as the whole of the Azov Sea. The article minutely studies stylistic features of the map. There is a table with the list of geographic names found on the map (toponyms and hydronyms): the original Turkish spelling and transcription and their respective identifiable modern names.
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The paper discusses how features of the Volga River, the Lower Volga region, the Caspian Sea, and the adjacent territories are represented on 14th—16th century medieval European maps executed according to different cartographic traditions. In the 14th—15th centuries the ancient tradition was succeeded by a fundamentally new step: the appearance of the first nautical charts associated with the actual exploration of the Volga and the Caspian Sea regions by the Europeans. In this respect, Italian- and Catalan-style maps stand out for the manner the Caspian Sea and its adjacent area were represented. However, all of them are characterized by significant inaccuracies, although Italian-style maps are seemingly closer to the reality. The Turkish conquests of the 15th century greatly limited the penetration of the Europeans to the East, which led to the revival of the cartographic tradition that had stemmed from Claudius Ptolemy, and to the emergence of various compilations.
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Works of O. A. W. Dilke, A. Diller, P. Schnabel, J. Fischer and others enable the author to conclude that the handmade maps are descendents of Ptolemy's maps. An alternative hypothesis (i. e. that the maps were a later product by the Byzantine scholars who used Ptolemy's text) seems to be not very well grounded.
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Today, because of the population growth, the tendency on cities and urbanization increase gradually. Depend on these tendencies, the requirements of planning and location of the settlements and facilities areas on cities are came up with the migration from rural areas to urban areas. In this process, in addition to physical and environmental factors especially the socio-economic factors should be regarded as main component of sustainable urbanization. And also sustainable policies for urban development created by local governances have an effective role. Furthermore, determination of the urban development areas through the cities, land use and land cover structures are required as well. However, both the industrial areas, military facilities, public facilities areas are located in core of the cities even if without sub-scale urban land use planning. So these areas have to be re-allocated with urban regeneration projects to support for better urbanization. Based on the evaluations mentioned above, this paper outlines the requirements and criteria for location of urban regeneration areas. And also it is comprised to some approaches for integrated urban regeneration projects for provide the sustainability.
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The chapter presents several ecological and geographical considerations on and geospatial analyses of the eco-energy potential of Romania.
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The fundamental goal in approaching multimodality in transport is to integrate all modes of transport in an optimal, sustainable and ethical system. The implementation of intermodal services in the field of tourism will contribute to the increase of travel options, as well as to the provision of comfortable services, while increasing the efficiency of the transport system as a whole. The objective of the research is to identify and evaluate efficient IT solutions for calculating travel times in the integrated combined transport system of national road and rail infrastructure and the forecast demand in the field of public transport of people to tourist destinations. The proposed methodologies for defining IT solutions are based on the use of Geographic Information Systems, both in vector format corroborated with data on general transit specifications (GTFS) and in raster format by creating a continuous cost surface model, using all transport nodes.
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The famous Dutch cartographer and publisher Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571–1638) qualified himself as an instrument and globe maker under direction of T˙cho Brahe (1546–1572). In his Institution astronomique Blaeu explained the differences between techniques of construction and usage of Ptolemaic and Copernican globes. Nicolas Bion (1652?–1733) was a less renowned globe maker. In L’usage des globes celestes et terrestres he described how constructing Ptolemaic and Copernican globes. An interesting and unusual proof of persistent problem of world systems comparison in XVIIth century.
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The River Nitra is a significant bio corridor in the Hornonitrianska basin. The river is prone to occupation by invasive species due to the disturbances caused by floods and also because a part of the river had been transferred to a new river bed. Geographic information systems tools are necessary to investigate the occurrence and distribution of these species as they help to infer the factors that affect their occurrence. Our contribution includes the results of field mapping of the River Nitra, which was carried out from 2016 to 2017. The study area of the river was divided into segments with a length of 500 m, where the occurrence of invasive species was recorded. Mapping took place within 50 m of the cunette. By using the GIS software, the values obtained were incorporated into the resulting map. Subsequently, we deduced factors which influence the increased occurrence of invasive species in some segments. The results show that a major part of the segments was attacked by at least one invasive species. The predominant species are Helianthus tuberosus and Solidago canadensis.
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The transport infrastructure is the significant factor affecting not only its immediate surroundings but also the landscape in the macroscopic scale due to the fragmentation and barrier effect. The original 'Impact of the road traffic on biodiversity atlas' was issued back in 2008 introducing maps of conflicts between green and transport infrastructure and evaluating the degree of landscape fragmentation. But a lot has changed since then. New motorways and expressways intersecting the landscape created new barriers, and the overall intensity of traffic increased. Therefore conditions for wildlife migration became worse. The opportunity to update this set of maps came with the publication of results from the National traffic census 2016. These maps are designed for the use of the strategic planning of transport sector due to the scale and the level of detail. The main purpose is to support the screening phase of the EIA process – to determine whether an area may be affected by traffic and which level of risk should be expected. Another usage is to compare the change over the past ten years by comparison of original and updated maps.
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The aim of this paper is to present results of modeling of regional infrastructures. The paper is based on research into customer relationship management in SMEs. Part of this research was the identification of the influence of foreigners with long-term residence in the Czechia on supplier-customer relationships given by the region of origin of foreigners. The research was focused on regional geospatial relations, associated with dislocation of source countries of which 185 have been identified. The aim of the analysis was to identify spatial relationships (clusters of areas with increasing, decreasing and constant distribution of the number of foreigners) using a virtual infrastructure modeled using minimal distances. To identify relationships, a model has been developed to model infrastructure at different regional levels. Infrastructure properties were set using additional parameters. However, this modeled infrastructure shows disproportions which need to be identified and eliminated, and in this sense, the generation of infrastructure. Comparison method, exploratory analysis, multiagent systems simulation, incidence and precedence matrix and geostatistics were used to identify infrastructure characteristics. The research proved the importance of individual infrastructure parameters, especially the number of minimum edges for individual states.
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Mental mapping was firstly used by geographers in 1960s’ and 1970s’ as an expression of a perception of a city or to study territory preferences of its citizens. In present time, it is being used in many ways in “regionalistic” tasks, however it has never became integral part of regional analysis, and so it is known as a curiosity or an anomaly in a research of a territory and its problems. With a creation of mental maps is also related processing of association analyses, which haven’t been used in regional analyses and regional development at all. The purpose of the work is to imagine options of use of a mental mapping and an association analysis in regional analyses on example of the outcomes of terrain excursions of students, who study regionalistic subjects, and demonstrate this way possibilities of use of these techniques as a new and complementary element in a research of a current state and a development potential of the territory. Based on practical knowledge, we can call mental maps of “developing” type as a hand drawn “picture” of the mapped location, which contains the most important parts of the area. In terms of a conception we can divide them into “partial” and “holistic” maps, and we can evaluate them with an analysis of a frequency. Association analyses can be concepted as associations geographical or as associations preceptual, eventually as comparative analyses, that compare states of two or more territories.
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At the time of its greatest expansion, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire comprised the lower half of the land between the Drava and the Sava, previously part of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. During the second half of the 16th century, the balance of power on that section of the new Ottoman border was established between the Ilova and Česma rivers, tributaries of the Sava, where a frontier zone was created, dividing the conquered parts (organized as Pakrac and Požega sanjaks) on the eastern side from the unconquered land (Croatia-Slavonia, as part of the Habsburg Empire) on the western side. There was no formal boundary line but rather a belt of “no man’s land”, a mostly depopulated stretch of land between the Drava and the Sava, which was from both sides carefully guarded by the crews of border fortresses. Through the use of written and subsequently also cartographic sources the author tries to show how this in the Middle Ages densely populated and economically well-developed area of the old Križevci and Virovitica counties became transformed into a deserted land where natural forces restored the primacy over the activities of human society. This “return to nature” manifested itself in the first place through unlimited growth of vegetation and ultimately natural reforestation – the growth of new forests throughout a relatively wide “march” or frontier zone. The Ottoman conquests in this area reached their limits in 1552 with the taking of important towns and fortresses of Virovitica near the Drava and of Čazma on the Česma river. The conquerors quickly established a new sanjak named Začasna after the medieval Croatian name of Čazma, Začesan or Začesemje (all forms meaning ‘beyond the Česma river’). However, they abandoned Čazma as soon as 1559 and moved the center of the sanjak to Pakrac, nearly 60 kilometers to the east. After the Slavonian-Turkish frontier zone finally stabilized around 1560, there were many episodes of the Kleinkrieg across the stretch of „no man’s land“ until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Turkish raids were certainly more frequent, but the Christian side repaid them in kind on a number of occasions. The organization of defense on the Slavonian side included the use of the abatis early on. In its decrees of 1562, the Croatian-Slavonian Sabor required the closing by barriers of river passes and the construction of wooden obstacles (resecandae indagines) at appropriate places. From then on, sources regularly refer to the use of abatis (indagines in Latin and Verhack or Waldverhack in German language texts) made by felling the trees in forested areas.
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The aim of this article is to contribute to the history of manorial cartography, using the example of cartographic sources of the Vukovar manor from the 18th century and to make an attempt to reconstruct the condition of the wooded areas in the early period of the history of estates, as well as to depict the dynamics of the disappearance of estate forests by the comparison of cartographic sources and the supporting documents of large-sized maps from the beginning and the end of the 18th century visually and by statistic data. The paper discusses the emergence of cartographic sources, especially those of Johann Philipp Frast, who was the most significant modern surveyor and map-maker in eastern Slavonia.
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The cartographic materials of various provenance and purpose are among the fundamental and irreplaceable sources for the studies of historic landscapes. Whether they are maps of larger areas, countries and provinces, or land maps containing information on the use of land in the vicinity of settlements, they represent an inexhaustible source of data to researchers of historical geography, topography, demography, ecohistory, microhistory, economic history, etc. The forests, as one of the most prominent environmental constituents and a key natural and economic resource, are present in all types of maps, regardless of the time of their creation. This allows us to say that all of our knowledge on the Slavonian forests in the past, as well as the potential of further research, is greater thanks to a relatively large number of maps kept in the domestic and foreign heritage institutions. In the holdings of the State Archives in Osijek there are a large number of such sources for the present-day East Croatia, from the mid-17th to the end of the 20th century. They are a part of several archival units, that is, fonds and collections. The most valuable are the maps of East Croatian manors and the collections of land maps of Slavonia and Syrmia. Also, there are a number of cadastral maps for the broader surroundings of Osijek, Virovitica and Vukovar. The Collection of geographical maps contains very interesting maps of Slavonia and topographic maps from the late 19th century. Some other archival units comprise of various valuable and interesting maps as well. Although the aforesaid materials are not entirely unknown to experts, a comprehensive systematic study of the maps has not been conducted yet. This especially refers to the data on the forests of East Croatia.
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