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Amnesty hails government move as a victory for human rights, urges other countries to follow suit.
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Public property management includes, among others, the control of the manner in which the real estate let into perpetual usufruct was developed. Besides the provisions of the acts and the rules of social interaction, an agreement appears to be a significant element shaping the content of the right of perpetual usufruct. The consequence of a failure to develop real estate let into perpetual usufruct may be imposing additional annual fees. In practice, this issue raises numerous problems and controversies, and it is also subject to non-uniform decisions.The research thesis of this article is that the current regulations regarding additional annual fees contained in the Real Estate Management Act are imprecise. The aim of the study is to analyse the problems relating to the imposition of additional annual fees. The analysis was carried out based on the results of the study of the process of imposing additional fees by the Municipality of Krakow in the years 2010-2014.
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This paper explores the status of violence within civil disobedience. Namely, is it possible to argue for the civil disobedience as violent but justified act at the same time? If we move beyond the concept of violence as an exclusively physical act, the theory according to which civil disobedience is justified, but violence is not, would be hard to defend. I argue for the usage of force as a justified means in the cases when prima facie rights are overpowered by a greater, moral commitment. But with this stand one finds oneself in a potentially slippery terrain; namely, how to approach the civil disobedience participants who call upon the values such as freedom and equality but whose demands are based on the violation of rights of a particular group within the society?
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In a situation of considerable unemployment in Poland, the opportunity to go to work abroad allows the poles to get a better job and improve your financial situation. It can be said that it is better to leave and work than vegetate on the spot, with no prospects for development. Migration allows the poles to raise living standards. You can see it build up homes, refurbished homes, new cars, houses equipment. Thanks to the migration of many families rose from misery and stood on their feet. You can’t demonize this phenomenon, because more often than not accompanied by related departure charge strengthens family ties. Inducing a desire to leave the Polish is primarily a heavy situation on the labour market. Lack of work makes a lot of people decide to search for employment abroad. Most people, especially the young, looking for better living conditions, which, in turn, is inextricably linked with the creation of good jobs, giving the opportunity to live at the appropriate level. In Poland, sadly lacking such employers as high unemployment and a lack of prospects for “pushes” the poles to seek work abroad.
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The professors of law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Vilnius were: Simon Dilger, John George Schauer and Aaron Alexander Olizarowski. On the other hand it raises doubts whether, in accordance with the act of foundation, only one chair of civil law (Roman) were established. Undoubtedly, canon law was taught at the two cathedrals. With high probability, Aaron Alexander Olizarowski also taught canon law. However, all indications are that he could take second chair in civil law (Roman) and lectures on this discipline. It is true that Aaron Alexander Olizarowski also promoted a few doctors of canon law, but in this period Vilnius Academy were other specialists who are likely to teach canon law. In addition, he was a layman, which could also be an obstacle to entrust lectures in canon law. In addition, CV, publications and complete education Olizarowski’s indicate that undoubtedly took a second chair in civil law (Roman) and lectured in this discipline. Having a doctorate both laws was adequate preparation to teach this course. Thus, Alexander Olizarowski, educated abroad, was the only lawyer and the right candidate for the role of professor of civil law (Roman) at the University of Vilnius.
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UN envoy Vitaly Churkin blames breakdown of ceasefire on Syrian rebels, dismisses reports of mass killings in eastern Aleppo as faked.
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Every individual becomes a component part of the complex effects within primary sociology in the process of his development and identification with groups that he entered into communication in a natural way. The next stage of development of the individuals is a participation in a professionalization process where also in a natural way, the participation of individuals take place in the functioning of secondary social groups (e.g. in the works) that do not have to necessarily perform dominant functions. This fragment of functioning of individuals is called the secondary socialization. The both mentioned above forms of socializations are inseparable one unit in forming social attitudes of individuals. As a result of this fact are relations, correlations and dependences that defining the individual in community , functioning in the range of social connections. It can be concluded from the presented data that tested population felt a strong attachment to the place of birth and residence and there were not many changes concerning the attitudes of tested persons. Although it was observed a percentage increase of respondents of whom beliefs have changed in the direction of more liberal relation to the places of birth and residence. The results of the studies have confirmed a deep-rooted attachment to the family places despite popular and deep-rooted migratory attitudes in this area caused by a lack of employment.
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There are two major forms of the democratical excercise of powers: the direct and the indirect democracy. The entire system of the separation of powers can be can ce classified within the scope of the indirect excercise of democracy, although in a broad sense methods of the direct excercise of the democracy can make up such division of powers, which can be used as a bance against the machine of power structures, which relys too much on the binary code of the government -opposition, and distances itself too far from the people. Here I would like refer to the legal instrument of the referendums, within which, it is possible to talk about a significant direct excercise of democracy. The American theory, the ’checks and balances’ shall be equal to the concept mentioned above. Usually that concept named as a synonym of it, nevertheless according to some opinions that is considered to be different from it. The demand of mentioning the constitutional power as a separate factor can be arised after the question of creating the classic branches of power is transferred from theory to practice. Namely when not just scientific foundation but social legitimacy inevitably arise. Its importance is justified that the whole framework of the system of the exercise of power is specified by the constitution, which can’t be only the ultimatum of the ruler or a particular social group, layer, class in a constitutional democracy.
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The legal mechanism that provided for the protection of freedom of conscience and religion were envisaged by the first contemporary Albanian state. The first law for religious statutes of Albanian state was the legal statute of religious communities. According to this law, the freedom of conscience and faith was guaranteed. In order to guarantee the freedom of religion, despite constitutional provisions and Criminal Code, other mechanisms are ratified by law by the Albanian parliament including also the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The Declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief, and the Convention for the protection of children.This paper aims to give a general overview of all the legal mechanisms in Albania that guaranteed freedom of faith during different periods and all the current mechanisms that still do guarantee it and are in force, including a short description of the punishments provided by criminal law in cases of criminal offenses against the freedom of religion. This general overview is aiming to show the importance of freedom of religion and faith, its development, as it is considered as interdependent and associated with other human rights.
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Polish educational law of the interwar period specified conditions for academic careers. Interwar legislation clearly distinguished academic education and assigned it a separate academic status based on the legal grounds used exclusively for these institutions. In this connection, a formal notion of a university teacher and his career were defined. The name “lecturer” concerned a person authorized to teach due to a postdoctoral degree or appointment as a professor. This situation leads to the conclusion that in the interwar period the concept of the “lecturer” was limited as many members of academic staff, who did not have a postdoctoral degree, were eliminated from this definition.
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The leading aim of this paper is to portray the constitutional institution of compensation liability for unlawful acts of public authorities in Polish law related to the development of general principle concerning democratic rule of law. Compensation for damages brought upon the citizens by civil servants constitutes a basic pillar of contemporary democratic state, because it guarantees acting by public authorities in compliances with law and deepen trustfulness. It is also said that the state of the above–mentioned institution indicates the development of democracy.
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As early as in time of the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Chinese lawmakers recognized the need for toughening punitive sanctions against state officials who used their powers for personal gain. This article analyzes the concept of the scope of administrative liability, which played a pivotal role in the differentiation of criminal acts committed by officials either within or beyond their jurisdiction. Based on the concrete articles of the Criminal Code of the Tang Dynasty, the paper reconstructs the view of that tine on the difference between the status and the function of a public servant and, accordingly, on the criteria of applying ordinary or special penalties to criminal government employees.
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We consider the concept and attributes of the functions of a legal system and analyze their peculiarities. Great attention is paid to the integrative function of a legal system, regarded as the most important one since it ensures integrity of both legal system and society in general. We study regulatory and protective functions peculiar to both law and a legal system, as well as the function of legal socialization, the function of value orientation, and the information function of a legal system. We believe that an individual function of law may be included in the content of various functions of a legal system. The functions of a legal system and the functions of law depend on the peculiarities of legal family.
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The purpose of the study is the analysis of affiliation as a legal construction in civil law. The article investigates the features of affiliation as a civil construction and its value as a theoretical model and as a means of building regulatory material, as well as the role and significance of this legal construction in law making and enforcement.
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This article analyses the benefits of and perspectives on using mediation in disputes between patients and healthcare facilities in Lithuania. After discussing the main reasons why patients make a decision to litigate, the article deals with the existing procedure for dispute resolution and the benefits of including mediation in it. In the article, significant attention is paid to analysing the meaning of fair disclosure of all circumstances and communication between the parties during dispute resolution.The authors reveal problems with regard to the existing procedure for resolving disputes and recommend possible ways to improve it by including mediation. The conclusions and recommendations made are based on theoretical and empirical research by authors and other scientists, indicating that mediation is a suitable method for resolution in such disputes. It is strongly recommended that existing procedures are amended in Lithuania,through the use of mediation instead of dispute hearings in the form of “mini-trials” in obligatory pre-litigation institutions. Mediation in disputes between patients and their doctors brings parties towards the possibility of communicating directly, asking necessary questions and receiving required answers, as well as working together to find the most mutually suitable ways to resolve disputes, and to restore relationships and trust.
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Regional media depend on the general state media policy. However, each territorial subject is characterized by the specific relations between media and state authorities. The legislative acts of the Republic of Tatarstan are considered in this paper as one of the aspects influencing the state policy in the field of regional media. The performed analysis makes it possible to single out the main features of the relations between regional authorities and journalistic community based on the most unbiased sources, i.e., official documents held by state authorities. The priority areas of the state policy, as well as agenda and topics in the content of regional media can be explored without any bias from legislative acts. This investigation also aims to establish the most complete list of sources to study the state media policy for further research on the selected issue.
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This paper analyzes the main approaches to the institutional method of studying legal phenomena in Russian legal science. The attention is focused on the problem of understanding the essence of legal institution. It is established that treating laws and legal institutions as interchangeable concepts is currently an archaism in legal science, which impedes the development of the idea of institutions as the basic legal categories.
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Modern Russian civil law is being influenced by the foreign legal experience. This is because of the relative youth of modern Russian law, which has its roots in the early 1990s. Numerous foreign legal constructions were fixed in Russian legislation without due adaptation to the legal traditions of Russia. The paper considers criteria for the appropriateness of borrowings from the foreign legal experience. The conclusion is made about the necessity to use the foreign legal experience in accordance with the Russian legal traditions established in the 19th–20th centuries in order to preserve the originality of national law.
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The paper is devoted to the study of issues on definition of the legal capacity of the state as a participant of civil-law relations, an area that needs improvement of the legal regulation. The aim of the paper is to determine the legal capacity of the state with regard to the threetiered system of its involvement in civil relations, as well as to consider problems concerning the responsibility of officials for actions of the state and its bodies. The conclusion is made about the need to ensure accountability of officials for harm caused by the state.
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