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Against a romanticization of madness Part 2: From the archive to the clinic

Author(s): Marcel Hosu / Language(s): English Issue: 1&2/2024

The article is a continuation of the analysis of madness from Against a romanticization of madness—Part 1: Foucault and Derrida on madness itself. It highlights a forgotten yet fundamental goal of Foucault’s project and offers a new perspective on how the debate can be of use not only to philosophers but also to practitioners working in the field of mental health. It furthermore brings to the forefront a distinction almost entirely missing from the field of discussion opened up by the debate: the distinction between madness and the singularity of the mad subject, irreducible to their illness.

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Paratexty v prekladoch Jozefa Hvišča

Author(s): Zuzana Obertová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

This article contributes to the growing interest in the personality and work of translators by exploring paratexts in the translations made by the literary scholar and translator Jozef Hvišč. In all his translations of Polish literature into Slovak, a specific type of peritext appears — an afterword written by him. His erudite peritexts consider translated works in a historical and critical literary context. They demonstrate the reasons why the books were published in translation and enrich the receiving culture.

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The Ideal of a Good Ruler in the Political Thought of the Count of Chambord

Author(s): Adam Raszewski / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2024

This article is devoted to the person of Henry Bourbon, Count of Chambord (1820–1883), a representative of the idea of legitimism and a supporter of limited Catholic monarchy. The study presents the ideal of the monarch as found in the sources left by the Count and the accounts of his contemporaries. The text contains the religious basis of Henry’s politics: the concept of a messenger anointed by Providence and sent with the intention of saving the political and moral order in France. It presents the indispensability of religious sanction for the rightful heir to the crown – a representative of tradition and legitimacy, to whom all absolutism is alien. It characterizes Henry’s attempt to unite compatriots divided by the French Revolution, republican and anti-royal currents. The article discusses selected ideas of the new state: legal egalitarianism and meritocracy. It presents Henry’s concept of closeness between the monarch and the affairs of his subjects, the unity of the throne, and the fate of his compatriots. The article reports his ideas of the character traits that should characterize a king: mercy, honour, and duty. It records the positions of selected contemporaries, both expressing appreciation for Henry’s idealism and criticizing his political ineffectiveness. It shows that Henry’s method of action was to study signs, trust in God’s promises, and hope for unity with his compatriots. The summary takes into account the lack of political agency of the French monarch by law and, at the same time, the Count’s specific attitude – waiting for a convenient moment to act. This ultimately did not bring him political success. A comparison is made of Henry’s vision of politics with the classical school, which is similar due to its communal nature and search for the general good.

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DIE RUMÄNISCHE SEELE. GEDANKEN ZU LUCIAN BLAGAS „SPAŢIUL MIORITIC“

Author(s): Rainer Schubert / Language(s): German Issue: 67/2024

“Spaţiul mioritic” is one of the most popular works written by Lucian Blaga. It describes the stylistic connection between soul and spatiality in Romanian culture. Due to Blaga’s philosophy this connection is unconscious and forms the basis of every cultural creation. Concerning Romania, the cultural style is formed spatially, like waves. This aspect is based on the characteristic archetype of Romanian folk culture. One has to imagine the typical Romanian shepherd who is wandering over mountains and valleys with his sheep. This imagination deeply influences Romanian poetry, music as well as cultural products of everyday life, like the design of clothes or the rural architecture of farm houses. It should also be noted that Blaga’s popular work was translated into German by Rainer Schubert, the former Austrian cultural attaché in Bucharest. The translation was published by LIT Verlag, Vienna, in the year 2022. The book has already been translated into German by Julius Draser and has been published in the year 1982 by the publishing house Minerva in Bucharest.

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За мотивацията: меценатство

Author(s): Maxim Minkov Alashki / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 21/2025

Briefly presented is the concept of a patron (maecenas) and the related activity of patronage, as noble and in the service of the artistic world, possessing gifts and talent, and above all the society. Examples are given and the current related legal framework in our country is examined.

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Asymetria pomiędzy dobrem a złem z perspektywy filozoficznej i moralnoteologicznej

Author(s): Tadeusz Kuźmicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

In moral theology, the attainment of human activity assessment is based upon differentiation between what is good and what is evil. For this reason, the relationship between good and evil is so essential in moral theological reflection. Despite a preliminary impression that we might deal at this point with certain balance, the analysis of good from three perspectives, nonetheless, enables the obtainment of a different conclusion regarding evident asymmetry between good and evil. This asymmetry of good can be systematically analyzed three-dimensionally through the references to the thought of Thomas Aquinas, to the legacy of Neo-Thomist Josef Pieper, and to the reflections of an influential moralist Eberhard Schockenhoff. From a philosophical perspective, this asymmetry is observable in the analysis of a being, which, as created, is good in contradistinction to evil, which is nothing. From a moral-theological analysis of the genesis and purpose of human activity, good turns out to be the origin as well as the goal of human moral activity. Finally, from the third perspective, in exploration of aretology, good is considered, as early as by Aristotle, to be the highest rule in the dynamics of a virtue in general as well as in the realization of particular virtues.

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Zmartwychwstanie przez technikę. Problem tożsamości umysłu w koncepcjach rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji

Author(s): Olgierd Sroczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

Mind uploading is mentioned by authors associated with transhumanist movements as one of the paths to Artificial General Intelligence. The belief that such hypothetical technology is possible to develop, is primarily based on biological reductionism, i.e., equating the mind with the brain (or the entire nervous system), and secondly, on the assumption that neurobiological processes are computable. However, analysing both assumptions from the perspective of personal identity raises doubts about the logical possibility of such technology existing in the way transhumanism proposes.

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PROMOVAREA ANTROPOLOGIEI CREȘTINE CA MIJLOC DE PREVENIRE A EXTREMISMULUI VIOLENT

Author(s): Constantin Ghioancă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

The thesis of this paper is that radicalism and violent extremism can pe prevented or, at least, reduced, by promoting the main tenets of Christian anthropology. We will argue that the major factor which motivates violent extremism is the quest for meaning and personal / social fulfillment. Unfortunately, terrorism is understood as a means towards this goal, although it only proves to increase existential anxiety and a deeper thirst for significance and personal value. Education, public policies and technological tools are useful in dealing with terrorism and violent extremism, but only Christian anthropology can engage with the roots of these harmful practices and contribute to the recovery of the core values of humanity. The Christian teachings of Creation, Fall and Redemption draw a realistic picture of human condition and of society at large, helping people cope with existential anxiety and finding a life meaning which cannot be found in contemporary materialistic anthropologies.

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Judicial syllogism - integrating non-monotonic logic in a deductive logical form

Author(s): Codrin Codrea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The judicial syllogism represents one of the most significant and widely accepted applications of logic in the field of law. Alongside the legislative syllogism, it is a part of the broader conceptual framework commonly referred to as the legal syllogism. This logical structure is classified as a type of mediate deductive inference, which proceeds from general to particular statements - a reasoning process traditionally associated with the dictum de omni principle. Although intuitive and traditionally accepted for offering the proper structure for the application of law, the judicial syllogism is inherently static due to its foundation in classical mediate deductive reasoning. It does not accommodate the dynamic nature of judicial processes, where addressing quaestio juris and quaestio facti may modify the premises, thereby altering the conclusions. Therefore, this article intends to analyse the classical types of mediate deductive inferences, the static nature of the judicial syllogism and the shortcomings of this monotonic type of logic where the conclusion does not change once it is derived. After analysing the points in the construction of the judicial syllogism, the article also proposes a way of integrating non-monotonic logic in the elaboration of the judicial syllogism in order to capture the actual dynamic of judiciary processes of applying law to particular cases, without altering the overall structure of the judicial syllogism. The operationalization of this theoretical framework could be of practical relevance in developing computational tools, especially in AI applications.

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ON PHILOSOPHICAL COLONIALISM

Author(s): Iovan Drehe / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The phrase “philosophical colonialism” seems to be used in many contexts with seemingly different meanings. This prompts the need to consider its possible meanings in order to discern its primary and secondary ones. This essay aims to discuss four possible meanings: 1. Philosophical colonialism as the view that Western Philosophy or western philosophical ideas are or should be considered superior in contrast with other philosophical traditions or ideas; 2. Philosophical colonialism as the justification of Western colonialism; 3. Philosophical colonialism as the view that considers that philosophy as a scholarly research field should be the dominant one or that certain philosophical ideas are dominant in a system of thought; 4. Philosophical colonialism as the domination by argumentative means. The first two are considered primary meanings, since they are linked to the historical phenomenon of colonialism, and the last two are considered secondary ones.

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Certainty in Uncertainty: The Value of Stoic Virtue Ethics

Author(s): Martin Smith / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

As part of a dissertation that proposes a virtue ethics, this chapter questions Aristotle’s thought concerning reality’s metaphysical grounds. Where rather than reason as the universal organising principle, an arational order is suggested in its place. One that necessarily situates wisdom as the subject’s preeminent faculty. Considering Machiavelli in this frame, and addressing the consequences of intellectual overreach, the significance of moral realism is emphasised. In response, Stoic virtue is proposed as the most suitable approach, particularly amidst societal moral decline. Thereafter, practical wisdom is highlighted as the means to temper extremes, towards an accord with the principles about which reality is organised.

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Ницше като гностик

Author(s): Galin Penev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The article raises a point concerning the rehabilitation of some gnostic motives in the works of Nietzsche, especially in the latest ones: Daybreak, Ecce Homo, and Antichrist. What makes sense of this point is the statement that the Creator is a Usurper who does not care about the human fate, sorrows, and desires. In fact, the gnostic “cruel daddy,” announced by Nietzsche, is the other side of his Dionysian religion, a hidden steam engine of the modern times self-actualization. Nietzsche turned out to be the most influential gnostic of the XIX century due to his devotion of thought and heart to preaching a new gospel of the modern man.

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On Some Central Problems in Philosophy of Psychology

Author(s): Elina Galanis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article makes an informative overview of a number of current problems in the philosophy of psychology. One of the aims here is to frame the problem area which characterizes the philosophy of psychology. To achieve this, the domain is compared with those of the philosophy of mind and cognitive psychology while also differentiating from them. The interface problem is in focus in the article, both as part of a bigger discussion concerning the four pictures of the mind entwined in its analysis, which influences the clarification of psychological constructs, as well as in terms of philosophy of psychology debates.

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Religion, Morality and Belief. A Brief Ethical View

Author(s): Nikolay Mihaylov,Soterios Theocharides / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The article is devoted to the content and the dynamics of the concept of "religion". The authors trace its formation and its relationship with other concepts that have described this social and cultural phenomenon of attitude towards the supernatural. Also they defend the thesis about the moral basis of religious beliefs and analyse the difference between the Greek and Latin concepts of religion and its impact on culture of toleration.

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Можем ли да се научим да мислим правилно? Коментар върху „наръчник за критическо мислене“ (2024) на Росен Люцканов

Author(s): Madelaine Angelova-Elchinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The aim of this paper is to answer the question: „If to think rationally is to think right, then can we learn how to think rationally?“. I attempt to find an answer by providing a commentary on Rosen Lukyanov’s recent book – „A Handbook of Critical Thinking“ (2024). My central claim is that Lukyanov’s exposition clearly shows that thinking right is a matter of skill which can be exercised, educated, and expertized (EEE) and that it is subjected to rigorous logical rules, epistemic norms and pragmatic norms. In my analysis, I will presume that Lukyanov’s understanding of critical thinking allows us to use the conceptual apparatus of social epistemology and to examine critical thinking as closely related to peer disagreement. At the end of my paper, I propose some critical comments on the examined concept of critical thinking that concern the role of perceptual knowledge, the right order of reasons in an argument, and the wisdom of crowds.

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In the Explication of the ‘Meaningfulness’ of Life: A Philosophical Analysis of Ian Flemming's James Bond 007 and Wole Soyinka's King's Horseman

Author(s): Olajumoke Akiode / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This paper argues that the meaningfulness of life is dependent on and determined by the certain knowledge of a person’s life, intentional pursuit, and the fulfillment of purpose. This ultimately opens up challenges on the need to clarify the nature of the meaningfulness of life. The quest towards the understanding of life raises fundamental questions such as: What or who defines a person’s purpose and allocates purpose? Does purpose have an essential or existential trait? How are the concepts of existentialism and essentialism connected and what role(s) do both play in the exploration of the idea of meaningfulness of life? This paper adopts a critical-comparative analysis of two distinct characters from two different socio-political backgrounds and art genres: Ian Flemings’ James Bond 007 (a film) and Wole Soyinka’s King’s Horseman (Elesin Oba) (a play) to provide clarity and context to the roles known purpose, commitment and free choice play in the analysis and determination of meaningfulness (lessness) of life. The value of this discourse to knowledge is in the exploration of the contradicting but complementary contributions of existentialism and essentialism to the understanding of the meaningfulness of life as well as the roles free choice and commitment to purpose play.

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Władysław Tatarkiewicz – logos i ethos wychowawcy polskiej inteligencji

Author(s): Paweł Skrzydlewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

W artykule pragnę ukazać losy życiowe prof. Władysława Tatarkiewicza i ich wpływ na jego formację intelektualną, a także dokonywane przez niego wybory moralne, intelektualne. Był on wychowawcą i nauczycielem wielu polskich pokoleń intelektualistów, a jego opracowania z dziedziny etyki, historii filozofii oraz estetyki stanowią wielki skarb intelektualnej kultury polskiej. Do dnia dzisiejszego w kulturze polskiej mało znaną jest sprawa roli jaką w jego formacji intelektualnej odegrała religia katolicka i sama polska kultura narodowa. Droga życia profesora Władysław Tatarkiewicza była złożona, bogata, moralnie piękna, a w swojej treści osadzona w polskości i tradycji narodowej, katolickiej. Zasadniczą rolę w formacji Tatarkiewicza odegrało obok domu rodzinnego, żyjącego kulturą szlachecką, ziemiańską – klasyczne gimnazjum. Ukończył je w Warszawie w wieku lat siedemnastu. Przez zapoznanie się z greką, łaciną oraz literaturą klasyczną rozmiłował się w greckim ideale kalokagatheii. Tam też swoją uwagę zwrócił ku sztuce, architekturze oraz rozważaniom z dziedziny estetyki i filozofii. Jak pisał „Wychowałem się w domu wierzącym. Prawdy wiary były dla mnie w dzieciństwie i później taką samą rzeczywistością jak fakty otaczającego mię świata. Niemało ułatwiły mi życie, choć czasem myślę, że wiara religijna jest rzeczą, którą należy samemu zdobyć, a nie dziedziczyć” (Wspomnienia, s. 120).

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Voir et entendre flou

Author(s): André Scala / Language(s): French Issue: Special/2024

Between two forms of uncertainty as non-coincidence with oneself, Cartesian imprecision and Merleau-Ponty’s blur, there is the Goethean trouble, the empirical-transcendental condition of all vision which, both sensitive and metaphysical, frees the gaze from the tactile imperatives of clearness and opens it to the musical aspect of the fuzziness.

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Les promesses du flou. L’indiscernable ou l’individualité esthétique en question

Author(s): Bertrand Prévost / Language(s): French Issue: Special/2024

We are trying here to establish the symptomatic value of our interest, both aesthetic and intellec tual interest in vagueness, as a figure of indeterminacy, of potential… But it seems that vagueness in no way takes us out of a logic of the possible, which, far from thinking of potential forms, attach them even more in individual determination: vagueness would only be the possibility of the net. This is why we try to replace it with the notion of the indiscernible, as Félix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze have thought it, that is to say a zone of neighbourhood where at least two heterogeneous realities actually meet to form a third, wholly determined and singular, yet does not exist as an individuality: Tintoretto’s painting-dyeing, Manet’s cosmetics-skin-pastel, etc.

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Smiech a humor v kresťanstve

Author(s): Ľuboš Rojka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

Laughter and humour are integral parts of human life, including Christian life. In antiquity, Greek philosophers like Plato generally condemned laughter, considering it a manifestation of a loss of self control. Similarly, early Christian thinkers, inspired by Plato and the Scriptures, perceived laughter negatively. In contrast, Thomas Aquinas, influenced by Aristotle, attributed a positive role to laughter and humour, highlighting their potential educational function and importance in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Søren Kierkegaard believed that humour is an essential part of Christian life, marking the transition from the ethical to the religious level of existence. Modern theories of humour point to it as a mechanism for overcoming differences between expectations and reality, which can be useful in Christianity for a deeper understanding of religious truths and thus overcoming misconceptions. Despite its complexity, humour in the Christian context opens up space for a more positive and humane perception of faith.

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