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Beyond Truth and Falsehood

Author(s): Ewa Kosowska,Barbara Bokus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The authors discuss truth and falsehood in science and the arts. They view truth as an irreducible point of reference, both in striving for elementary knowledge about the world and in seeking methods and artistic means of achieving this goal. The multilevel and multiple-aspect research presented here, conducted on material from different periods and different cultures, shows very clearly that truth and falsehood lie at the foundation of all human motivation, choices, decisions, and behaviors. At the same time, however, it reveals that every bid to extrapolate the results of detailed studies into generalizations aimed at universalization – by the very fact of their discursivation – either subjects the discussion to the rules of formal logic or situates it outside the realm of truth and falsehood.

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Between Science, Art, and Forgery: Latin Textual Criticism as a Case Example

Author(s): Jerzy Axer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The methodology and practice of Latin text editing is presented in the paper as an example of a humanities scholar’s work that combines scientific effort with artistic activity, including forgery of works by old masters. Part one outlines the methodological situation in textual criticism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the author was a university student and novice researcher. Next, the author considers what caused changes in editing methodology in subsequent decades and, finally, he comments on present-day debates surrounding the role of the academic editor, with a special focus on the interdisciplinary aspects of this issue.

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Worthless yet Priceless: The Truths and Economics of Poetry

Author(s): Marta Baron-Milian / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The essay tries to capture the epistemological status of poetry from the perspective of questions posed by the economy of literature. Selected theories of poetry – those of Jochen Hörisch, Viktor B. Shklovsky, Jean Baudrillard and Franco Berardi – can be regarded as a kind of “economics of poetry” due to their proposed treatment of the properties of the poetic medium from an economic perspective. In each of these theories, poetry is defined as uneconomical and useless, which, paradoxically, becomes its fundamental condition for existence as a place for breaking the linguistic circulation of signs, a point of resistance against conventionalized communication and automatization of perception, and thus a medium offering unique knowledge about reality.

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Truth and Falsehood of the Mirror: Subjectivity – Reflection – Practice

Author(s): Paweł Tomczok / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The author discusses different uses of the mirror metaphor in philosophy, literature and aesthetics. On one hand, a mirror serves to talk about human empowerment and inner life, while on the other becoming one of the most important metaphors of truth, of proper representation of reality. The final part of the paper considers the practical location of mirrors – and the practice of mirroring as the basis for other philosophical and existential metaphors. The author treats the mirror not only as a metaphor but also as an artefact with its own history: the history of an object but also social and economic history. By taking into account this physical history of mirrors, we can observe the changing foundation of epistemological and aesthetic metaphors.

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The Disengaged Researcher as a Type: Truth and Probability in Studies on Religious Thought

Author(s): Michał Rogalski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the issue of the intellectual historian’s attitude to the subject of his research, especially if it takes the form of an intellectual conflict or controversy. It is a critical analysis of the possibility of assuming an objective attitude towards one’s own research: without any valuation. Based on Aristotle’s remarks on rhetoric, the author shows that the presentation of research results in writing is linked to taking a position towards them and giving them a place and meaning in the context of broader reasoning, which is synonymous with the operation of evaluation. The empirical context of the presented argument is provided by a self-analytical case study: the author’s research on Catholic modernism in Poland. Reflecting on it, the author points to another source of the impossibility of objectivity, hidden in the hermeneutic method of research. Gadamer’s postulate of writing history again and again for the sake of the changing historical context leads to a strong emphasis of the worldview of researchers themselves in their studies.

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Hannah Arendt’s Marranic Evasions and the Truth of Her Cryptotheology

Author(s): Rafał Zawisza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The text is a re-reading of The Human Condition by Hannah Arendt with emphasis on the concept of natality, showing connections between this book from 1958 and the author’s dissertation written three decades earlier. The linking point is the thought of Augustine of Hippo, whose topics Arend tre-wrote into modern language, aiming to ultimately overcome gnosis, of both Christian and modern provenance. The era of nihilism as a modern type of gnosis reduced life to a biological process, a fact Arendt counterbalanced with “the divinity of birth” and, more precisely, with the latent sacredness of spontaneity. However, the operation of overcoming gnosis can only be grasped through careful research on Arendtian language, which is full of nuances. The hypothesis that Arendt worked on concepts as a “philosophical Marrano” helps elucidate the assertion that her secular anthropology is at the same time a cryptotheology.

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Narration True and False: Dialogical Self Theory in Psychotherapy

Author(s): Piotr Kałowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Postmodernism denies universal values and emphasizes the role of political power in constructing truth. This creates a challenge for psychotherapy, where the client’s perspective must simultaneously be respected and filtered through a given modality’s theory. The paper discusses the notions of truth and falsity in psychotherapy, presenting dialogical self theory as an approach responding to the aforementioned challenges. Comparing it to the dominant cognitive-behavioral approach, examples of its practical use, especially problems related to identity and its continuity, are described, and the benefits and limitations of the metaphor of therapeutic work as a dialogue or narration are outlined.

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Truth and Untruth in Irony

Author(s): Anna Milanowicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of truth in irony should be approached through the lens of the speaker’s beliefs and intentions. However, the experience and emotions of an ironic message’s recipient are not without significance. The proposed approach describes irony as a form of concealment and camouflage. Irony vibrates between “what is said but not intended” and “what is intended but not said. ”It balances between the ostensible truth and the ostensible untruth. “Ironic criticism,” also known as “blaming by praise,” appears positive, although its true message is not. The reverse happens to be true for “ironic praise.” From a moral perspective, irony is not virtuous: It violates “truth-telling” and is sometimes clownish. The author’s final considerations on the subject of “Does irony have gender?” are followed by a concise description of gender differences in the use of irony and self-mockery.

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When Does Simulation Enable Us Adequately to Attribute Mental States to Others?

Author(s): Adrianna Smurzyńska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses issues of taking different perspectives and attributing mental states. The main focus is on the criteria of their adequate ascription. Taking another’s perspective and simulation theory are taken into consideration. The paper considers the results of research on the development of the ability to differentiate perspectives and disorders of this ability in borderline personality disorder. The ability to differentiate one’s own and others’ mental states has been presented as an aspect of social cognition that enables adequate mentalization, by accepting the presence of various perspectives and the possibility of the coexistence of various representations of reality.

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Music vs. Truth: Illustrative Music in the Context of Musical Aesthetics

Author(s): Joanna Barska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the problem of musical rhetoric in the Renaissance and the Baroque. In the 16th century, the imitative qualities of music were developed through the concept of imitazione della natura. The relationship between word and music stabilized. Representation was a major function and was inspired by the ancient concept of merging words, harmony, and rhythm. In ancient times, music had become a key to metaphysics and an important educational tool. Thus, specific compositions were related directly to a specific state of the soul, characters and emotions. The author presents the aforementioned concept in later times, i.e. in the Renaissance, when not only theorists but also composers, performers and listeners assigned musical-rhetorical figures to specific meanings. The paper extensively discusses examples of the musical application of different musical-rhetorical figures and how they are used. The author underlines, however, that despite the universalization of musical language, the rhetorical system in music is highly diverse and is subject to individual contextual interpretations.

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Truth and Early Music: The Intersection of Arts and Humanities

Author(s): Karolina Kolinek-Siechowicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to show how the concept of truth relates to the Early Music revival. The author shows consecutive stages of the revival in the light of different problems related to the tension between the arts and academic knowledge. The development of the movement is compared with the general concept of music revival presented by Bithell and Hill (2014).

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Truth Embodied in Music

Author(s): Anna Chęćka-Gotkowicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This contribution to the discussion on truth in music shows two ways of thinking most often chosen by representatives of the contemporary English-speaking world’s analytic philosophy. The first way assumes seeking truth or falsehood in the actual musical work and its structures, while the other is related to truth in experiencing music, and thus to the sincerity, authenticity of a performance (and especially performers’ faithfulness to the score and to themselves). The text concludes with a literary example of the debate on truth in music. For aestheticists, it can be a source of reflection on metacritical issues of music performance, and for critics – encouragement to verify their own interpretative strategies.

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Truth of a Painting, Truth of Matter: Robert Rauschenberg, Henryk Streng, and the History of Art

Author(s): Piotr Słodkowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Starting from the issue of truth in painting, the text presents a methodological discussion on inter-image relations. The starting point for this thinking is a radical juxtaposition of two artistic practices: Rauschenberg’s erasures on a drawing by de Kooning and Henryk Streng scratching out the signature on his own paintings. Both these interferences facilitate an analysis of the transition from approaching images intertextually to a research viewpoint that – quite the opposite – enhances the material aspect of visual representations.

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The Polish History of Literature as a Lieu de Mémoire

Author(s): Maciej Junkiert / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper contains an analysis of the genealogy of 19th-century Polish research in the field of literary history. My inquiry contains a comparison between literary research in Germany and in Poland. From this point of view, literary history was an important factor in the process of building a modern nation. Furthermore, literary historians also played the role of indispensable authorities on the cultural past and present: in Germany as professors of universities, and in Poland during the partitions as intellectuals and writers.

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Truth of the Place and Truth of the Exhibition: “Case Study” of the State Museum at Majdanek

Author(s): Jan Kutnik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the problem of truth in museum exhibitions invoking the tragedy of World War II. In this respect, he is very appreciative of the value of Majdanek, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Stutthof and the other museums set up within the compounds of former Nazi German camps. Based on his own research from 2016–2019, he finds that shaping the relations between the truth of the place and the truth of the exhibition, skillfully using authenticity, and finding new forms of “speaking” to visitors are enormous challenges facing exhibitors.

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Polska nauka o translacji – stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju dyscypliny

Author(s): Anna Małgorzewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the paper describes the current stage of Polish translation science – characterized by subdisciplinary divisions – in order to point out some possible development trends that could change it into an autonomous and complementary organized discipline. The conclusions are drawn on the basis of interpreting data that can be found at the portal Nauka Polska (Polish Science), in the POL-on database which gathers data on Polish science and higher education, in the lists of scientific journals published by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, in academic journals index ERIH PLUS, and on websites of chosen scientific journals. Many errors can be noticed in the way Polish scientists classify their research and define themselves as researchers. They result from lacking disciplinary systematization of existing paradigms as well as from the fact that there is no adequate and coherent terminology. The paper concludes with ideas which should make it possible to put an end to multidisciplinary nature of translation science and to make room for inter- and transdisciplinary approach.

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Prawo do języka i prawo do sądu

Author(s): Joanna Osiejewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The right to court is an individual, entity-oriented right that is the basic guarantee for the implementation of other subjective rights. This right implies the state’s obligation to organize justice in such a way as to ensure effective legal protection for those entitled. In the case of persons who do not speak the language of the court proceedings of which they are a participant, a key element in the exercise of access to the court is a suitably qualified translator who provides appropriate quality assistance. In a special situation here are persons belonging to the language minorities of the state in which the proceedings are pending. International law cares for language rights from the perspective of the protection of national minorities and indigenous peoples. The issue of the importance of linguistic diversity has long been an important factor determining European integration. The aim of the article is to discuss international and European legal regulations ensuring the right to use the language and the right to court in the European Union. Next, the article indicates the special possibilities of using the corps made up of judgments of the Court of Justice of the EU in training translators as guarantors of the effectiveness of the right to language and the right to court.

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Interdyscyplinarne pomosty między językoznawstwem a prawem w lingwistyce kryminalistycznej

Author(s): Monika Zaśko-Zielińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article addresses the issue of evidential analysis in forensic linguistics, focusing on its interdisciplinary aspects. They are conditioned by recent developments in modern linguistics, the specific needs of the analyzed material (such as farewell letters), as well as the requirements of law. In the expert opinion, the expert must take into account the admissibility requirements of scientific evidence, but also present the adopted methodology and the data analysis in a clear, precise, and professional manner, so as to make sure that lawyers are able to perform further procedural decisions.

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Modelowanie multidyscyplinarne problemów lingwistycznych – zarys koncepcji

Author(s): Anna Bajerowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper attempts to discuss theoretise complexity modeling in the field of linguistics. First, it discusses dichotomy resulting from the ontological difference between utterances and their denotations, which provides a solid foundation for modeling operationalization of language rules. Second, it attempts to comprise basic assumptions concerning multidisciplinary modeling across linguistics and mathematics, physics, biology etc. A preliminary concept of structural topology in multidisciplinary model derived from blending theory will be presented.

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Język obcy – kultura (nie)obca: modele nauczania kultury w glottodydaktyce

Author(s): Marta Kaliska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of the article is to diachronically illustrate the most important paradigms of teaching culture in glottodidactics (language education), understood in an interdisciplinary perspective as a field that combines sciences such as pedagogy, psychology, sociology and culturology. One of the research areas of language education is teaching foreign languages, which plays a particularly important role in promoting the knowledge of other cultures, (inter)cultural skills, as well as appropriate attitudes towards the representatives of these cultures. The perception of cultural issues has changed with the development of language teaching methodology. In the era of the dominance of the formalistic approach, from the mid-nineteenth century, the monocultural-national model prevailed, since the second half of the twentieth century the paradigm has changed: the culture-oriented model by ‘small k’ has developed, then, the intercultural model, and finally the transnational one. The article presents their most important characteristics and discusses socio-political conditions that have brought about changes in the cultural worldview.

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