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Liberal West and its philosophy security face a number of challenges. On the one hand, these are internal problems of the West, on the other hand, are different in cultural and civilizational modes.
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Human choice is possible because of the freedom intrinsic to human beings, and it is also meaningful on the base of the notion of it. Two different antinomies of freedom are considered in this short essay, stemming from the philosophical contexts of theistic and atheistic existentialism.
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This article follows till the end the direction, drawn by the provocative Schopenhauer’s posing of the “law of motivation”, which according to Schopenhauer determines the motives of human in its constant “willing”. Such a law statement must find its own necessity and its own range. With this scale, Kant deduces the practical law, valid for “every rational being”, and formulates it as “supreme effective cause”, which range extends to the “realm of ends”. How such practical statement will have its own formulation and sub-positions in the area of motivation. And whether the higher motivations, discovered and investigated by A. Maslow, will have its own ultimate level – exactly by which we could find the constitutive personal power of the higher motivations. These must be statements, which possess universal validity for each and every human and for the humanity as total.
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The article covers the extent to which dreams can be a subject of scientific studies. What part of the human conception of the world they take in the various cultures. Is the conscious dreaming an opportunity for an unlimited choice and are the boundaries of this field also the boundaries of imagination?
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Despite its centrality in the lives of many people, psychoanalysis, with its traditional emphasis on psychosexuality and rationalism, has generally undervalued the importance of love and romance. This study explores the devaluation within psychoanalytic theorizing and the parallel widespread degradation of love in everyday life. The romantic view sees man as striving towards becoming a cohesive self. Development aims at a self which consists of a continuous flow from ambitions to ideals, from a sense of vitality towards goals which are experienced as intrinsically valuable. Mental suffering is the result of the failure of the environment to fulfil the self-object function and the patient’s symptoms are the desperate attempt to fill the vacuum in his depleted self. The ethic is romantic: maturity and mental health consist in the ability to sustain enthusiasm and a sense of meaning.
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The advances in neurosciences provoked the classical concept of both psychology and philosophy. The mind-body problem was redefined again after a number of mental processes have been proven to be functions of the brain. The choice as an action selection operation among many competitive representations of actions, for instance, is executed by the brain as a solution of optimization problem and decision making process. Furthermore, even moral rules and values such as monogamy and altruism have correlates in brain activity and learned local group behavioral practices. The brain-body has become a causal essence, which presupposes moral dilemmas solving. In this theoretical paper is suggested another problem “language-body problem” instead “mind-body problem” as the language is presented as a genius for creation of virtual realities of increasingly higher order to enable the growing human to separate from the others, to individualize himself and to lose his innate ability of empathy. Language is not a communication tool, on the contrary – individualization environment. Only in language virtualities and therefore born pure thinking the human is free and has free choices. Language virtual development is in its infancy and is called to repeat and walk through the whole evolution of the human body and its Rubicons – from the first cell division through the fish stage to the well-known human biology. Reviving the language, literally, we will put in their places all paradoxes and problems in human cultural development – from “lethal competition” and violence to full dedication and altruism – these are all in perfect balance in the human body. To develop this idea, the author offers a completely new scientific research area – biosophy – “biology of language” to study the future life in language genius.
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Within the framework of this article is made an attempt to mark some important Christian ideas about human freedom and their importance for the formation of some basic positions of Christian ethics on moral self-determination and moral choice. Secondly, the article brings some important philosophical ideas and interpretations of freedom and moral choice of three of the prominent representatives of Russian religious philosophy (F. Dostoevsky, N. Berdyaev and B. Visheslavtsev) who are crucial for the Russian intellectual tradition and philosophical approach to the subject of freedom.
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The choice is an internal battle that stretches the mind of a cross and put it to the test to accept or reject, store or amended. The trend towards personalization of anti-global personal world through individualisation and informalisation of being put people in permanent choice always, everywhere and in everything. Unlike formal and non-formal, informal it is untidy, disorganized, non-situated, uncertified and not even re-supplied and is exchanged. Informal is this essential part of trichotomy formal, nonformal and informal, that the confrontation with the other two leads to the generation of choice since it is based on diversity. Is considered formal, non-formal and informal in Economy, Labour and Surroundings by criteria locatedness, ordering, structuring and sertificationess to illustrate the choices of the new Homo creabilis. The new Homo creabilis has at least two levels of choice: the choice between formal, non-formal and informal to achieve their life goals and needs in the society; or free to choose the field of informal, led by their personal desires, dreams and aspirations to be, is Homo creabilis.
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The present text discusses the balance between the spirit of Modernity and that of Tradition, analyzing the rejecting of Tradition in the Century of criticism. The author makes an attempt to explain the reasons of the thinkers with a traditionalistic orientation towards all aspects of life, including the religious sphere.
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The article attempts to explore the religious motives in the existential philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and his influence on the two of the world’s leading representatives of Russian religious philosophy in the twentieth century – Lev Shestov and Nikolai Berdyaev.
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In 1917 in Germany is published the work „Das Heilige“ by the German theologian and philosopher of religion Rudolf Otto. In this work Otto subjected to phenomenological analysis experiences of the sacred – an essentially necessary element in all religions. After this thorough phenomenological analysis, Otto defines the Holy as a pure category a priori, referring to the Kantian epistemology and aesthetics. Defining the Holy as a priori category subsequently provoked theological and philosophical discussion, both in Germany and in other parts of the world, referring the problem about how far the used by Otto term „a priori“ is consistent with the Kantian „a priori“. The main thesis of this article is that transcendental critical method set by Kant through the model a priori – a posteriori, is the basis of the method of philosophy of religion in „Das Heilige“.
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The Roman law has been developed by the judicial protection of personal rights. The following text analyzes the nascency and the development of the Praetor’s institution, his activity related to the organization of the litigation and some other aspects in praetor’s activities, which help for the progress of the private law.
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The article is about the Christian and ethical views of the problem related to the suffering reflected in the light of the Biblical points of view and ideas in terms of God’s Rightness and Punishment.
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The article briefly investigates new approaches in epistemology, focusing on their benefits and deficiencies. These approaches include naturalized epistemology, virtue epistemology, evolutionary epistemology, and memetics. Their reconstructions include a brief introduction to an approach and an assessment part in which the benefits and the deficiencies of the approach are discussed. The conclusion is that, notwithstanding the introduction of innovative components, the new approaches in epistemology cannot resolve radically the problem posed by skepticism.
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The text reviews the connection between Eros, beautiful and sublime. It creates a parallel between the ancient ideas of Plato for the Common and Heavenly Eros and the ideas for Beautiful and Sublime, developed in the German classic aesthetics.
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This article aims to show the dressing in philosophical and anthropological perspective. The author defends the idea that dressing is above all an opportunity to adapt the body to a desired image. The dressing and the fashion are interpreted as part of the human experience.
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This article considers a problem of the body and its ambivalence as a subject and as a fiction. Different views on culture are observed and attempt to propose a new reading of the relationships between the body and the culture is made. The point of the article is that the body is ambivalent and has symbolic along with its physical characteristics. The body is usually concerned as an opposition to a soul. An exception to this view is Kantorowicz’s perspective on the political body of the ruler, which is linked to the Lesly White’s idea of the prohibition of incest.
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This article reveals the essence and specificities of social influences and some of its manifestations – agreement, identification and internalization. A special attention is paid to the persuasion as a mean of social influence. The ways of the social influences and persuasion are represented as well as how they affect people.
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This article is an attempt to describe Socrates’ views on education. Sought are contemporary dimensions of his teachings in the context of education.
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The Pantheon 3D cultural programme is the most ambitious initiative in the field of new technologies applied to archaeological heritage carried out by the National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia, one of the few at national level. In concept, the programme aims to render valuable the Roman artefacts belonging to the museum, using interdisciplinary methods. Via modern technologies and 3D documentation, Roman art works are digitized with the goal of accomplishing a virtual collection and a 3D interactive platform. The Pantheon 3D exhibitions and publications offer examples of three-dimensional models using specific techniques of non-textured rendering of surfaces, useful within studies of art history and as virtual models for artistic and iconographic interpretation.
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