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The 2003 Convention and Its Implementation in Bulgaria
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The 2003 Convention and Its Implementation in Bulgaria
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The 2003 Convention and Its Implementation in Bulgaria
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The research conducted in this article is a substantiation of the method for strategic management of the development of the Ukrainian border security environment. The essence of the method is to determine the phases for the current state and the projected period for particular sectors of the state border, depending on their inherent characteristics, further selecting the concept of border security on this basis, establishing the type of barriers and criteria for ensuring border security that are appropriate for use. Further application of the methodology involves conducting a SWOT analysis for particular sectors of the state border, which identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment, opportunities and threats inherent in the external environment, and the formation of possible strategies for ensuring border security in three variants of organizing activities (in the conditions of day-to-day activities, a complication of the situation and martial law). Based on the results of the analysis and the illustrative example, it can be concluded that the proposed method for strategic management of the development of Ukraine’s border security environment is one of the possible effective mechanisms in the activities of the subjects ensuring Ukraine’s border security.
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The political changes after 1989 in Bulgaria and the country’s difficult economic transition, temporarily led to a decline in patriotic feelings among the Bulgarian people. With few exceptions, such as Bulgaria's triumphant performance at the 1994 World Cup, which led to unprecedented national pride, the idea of belonging and unity began to dissolve in the harsh and uncertain conditions of the transition from socialism to a market economy. This led to a deterioration of relations in Bulgarian society, a sharp revision of values, a decrease in tolerance, and the entering into everyday life of the so-called language of hatred. Political parties were created which, under the guise of patriotism, openly promoted more radical sentiments toward various types of minorities. An increase in domestic crime at the time proved to be a fertile ground for such rhetoric. The fact that from the beginning of the new millennium until now, some Bulgarians have been invariably supporting nationalist parties, shows that these political formations are an expression of permanently present sentiments in the Bulgarian society. The current text will focus on nationalist manifestations towards the second-largest ethnic minority in the country – the Roma. For this purpose, specific events will be examined and analysed, and an attempt will be made to provide answers to several questions such as: What is the role of the Bulgarian minorities in these nationalist attitudes? Is it possible to build an identity based on the rejection of the other, and what are the manifestations of this rejection? How do such manifestations of intolerance and confrontation reflect on the identity of the minority itself? Who benefits from this rhetoric, and what are its consequences for the Bulgarian society?
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The article proposes to refine the periodisation of Russian and Russian-speaking immigration in Bulgaria. It examines the necessary context, describing changes in motivations and identity projects of these groups from (relatively) 2013 to 2023. The text outlines the specific tool - the blog, reinvented in a modern context – the text highlights the differences between it within the visual platform Instagram and its classical visual version. Thus, some of the main features of Russian-speaking users’ own online representations are brought to the fore through the implicit and (counterintuitively) explicit discourses of Russian-speaking users. They focus the analysis on their identifications and the specifics of adaptation and its dynamics, maintaining a sense of community but also accumulating social capital that directly reflects their plans and strategies for the present and future.
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Artanuji, the oldest city of Klarjeti, historical Georgia, is within the boundaries of Turkey on the grounds of Kars Treaty (1921). According to the data, gathered through the fieldwork in 2010‒2014, ethnic Georgians were exiled from Artanuji after the World War II. The article deals with the written sources and field data, providing detailed information about the Artanuji population, ethnic Christian Georgians as well as Muslim Georgians. The historical past in this region reminds of itself through the toponyms that appeared in the places of historical Georgia and through the speech of population and covers the history of the ethnic groups. The toponyms attested on the territory of historical Georgia have a great importance for they shed light on a certain period of history and are the only witnesses of Georgian settlement here.
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The article briefly evaluates the vast literature relating to the worship of St. George in Georgia and draws on the ethnographic data collected by the author in the years 1977 to 1987. It explores the worship of St George in the Caucasus Georgia both in the past and present. Consequently, it discusses such categories as religious practice, belonging to the parish and territory, identity and, sharing holy places, epithets of the Saint, hybrid cults, etc. The materials used are: written historical sources, ethnographic data attested in the writings of Christian Missionaries (Christopher Castelli, Jean Chardin, Arcangelo Lamberti, etc.), the ethnographic data gathered (during 2018-19) among Internally displaced persons, and contemporary emic and etic researches undertaken by anthropologists of the 20th and 21st centuries. The argument of the present contribution is based upon a series of ethnographic observances that present traditional feasts of the saint and their transformations in the light of current political processes. Accordingly, detailed ethnographic field data and observations are contextualized in time and space, using the explorations and studies of anthropologists and historians. The article tries to show how once traditional Christian site (lieux de mémoire in Pierre Nora’s sense) with its real environment and with is firm identity is deterritorialized and transformed into a shared place of mixed and ambiguous pilgrimage place through the political processes and hybridization.
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Georgian everyday life is highly tied up with the rich religious traditions that have been developed as a result of the centuries-long synthesis of pre-Christian and Christian practices and worldviews. The Soviet period caused the fragmentation of the traditional religious knowledge and the practice moved to the household level and was paganized. In the post-Soviet period, the burst of religious sentiments and search for identity increased the involvement of big masses to religious practices. The transformations were accompanied by a process of individualization of religion, which has led to a change of forms of religiosity. Based on the ethnographic data of East Georgia, the article discusses the correlation of the normative, vernacular and resistant forms of religiosity. Historical-comparative and parallel analyses are used to research two examples of religious practice: Lomisoba and Berikaoba. Lomisoba is analyzed as an example of hybrid, massive, collective holiday. Berikaoba is more local, not connected to a sacred site, performative festival. It is argued that the contemporary processes are having an impact on the religiosity and the religiosity of certain groups is trying to be defined in new forms. All the old and new forms of religiosity are explicitly displayed and played out in contemporary Georgia. At the same time there are some hidden, or rather implicit practices.
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The article introduces to the late medieval romance in verse Vepkhistq’aosani by Shota Rustaveli – the central artefact in Georgian cultural self-awareness and the top item of ‘high’ Georgian cultural export. It briefly presents its narrative content, indicating the correlation of two plot-lines (initially through enframing, after some point though horizontal interlacing). It briefly introduces to the main fluctuations and 20th-century tendency in translating the work’s title, interpreting the fluctuations as indicative of aesthetic differences, and the tendency as an indication of the ‘cultural market’ success of the Soviet-Georgian (in its ideological and aesthetical basis –a Stalinist and socialist-realist) image of Rustaveli’s masterpiece. It presents two influential to dominant claims of Georgian Rustvelology – that the work is a poema (and not a novel/romance) and that it displays, at least partially, Renaissance outlook and poetics, – considering these claims as tools (1) of Soviet “Culture Two” to allot a proper place to Georgian nation within the alternative modernity of the USSR and its premodern background-under-construction, and (2) of Soviet-Georgian cultural nationalism to define a usable past in post-Soviet conditions; and (3) as beliefs. It revitalises the option to contextualise the work of Rustaveli (and, indirectly, Georgian cultural identity) in non-Eurocentric terms, providing some factographic and theoretic clues from the field of macrohistory (J. Abu-Lughod et al.) and a methodological one from sociology of arts (P. Bourdieu).
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The article presents the specific dimensions of the “garden as a workshop” developed by the Bulgarian immigrant gardeners in Hungary at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The importance of various factors (availability of land, water resources and urban markets, etc.) is outlined. These influenced the arrival and settlement of gardeners in the Habsburg Empire, but also – with the new approaches to cultivating the land and placing the produce – testify to a specific process of modernization in theterrain of agriculture. The article highlights the significant role of Bulgarian gardeners in this process, thanks to which they could not only establish themselves and respond to the new social demands, but also laid the foundations for their long-term presence and interaction with Hungarian society.
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The article examines, from a historical and contemporary perspective, the processes of valorizing diaspora gardening as local heritage in two significant "gardener villages": Polikraishte and Draganovo (within the municipality of Gorna Oryahovitsa). Based on field studies conducted in Bulgaria and Hungary, the research describes journeys to and from ancestral places, emphasizing their significance and functions in constructing local heritage. The text explores interpretations of diaspora gardening within the settlement's history. In the study, the valorization of gardening as local heritage in Bulgaria is considered a means of establishing connections between the two countries and an integral part of constructing the cultural memory and identity of the Bulgarian community in Hungary.
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The article is dedicated to a hitherto unexplored element of the Bulgarian–Hungarian relationship from the period between the two world wars – the Hungarian popular movement (March Front), whose ideas found inspiration from the Bulgarian gardeners in Hungary. The movement that later the National Peasant Party put the “Garden Hungary” program on its banner in which the agrarian reforms and the wider civil participation of peasants in Hungarian society held a special place. Many of the elements in this program drew examples from the Bulgarian gardeners in Hungary with their specific organization of labour, collectivist spirit, and a sustainable economic model linking the land work and the new market relations at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In his study “Towards Garden Hungary” Imre Somogyi described in detail the techniques that Bulgarian market gardeners used in vegetable growing. In the social philosophy of László Németh, “Garden Hungary” had the meanings of a socio-economic model that could eliminate rural poverty.
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The immigration of the Bulgarian market-gardeners to Hungary was one of the most important international economic migrations for Bulgaria in the 20th century. The paper does not intend to deal with a contemporary migration phenomenon, but rather tries to interpret the integration of the members of a special social group in the host communities in a historical context. It was not by chance that the author chose Szentes and the surrounding villages as the site of the research. This area is one of Hungary's most important vegetable-growing regions thanks to the activities and influence of the Bulgarian gardeners. The steps of the integration process can be outlined with the help of different types of sources. Its final result was that in the host communities the Bulgarians became land and real estate owners, who, after a while, sought to obtain Hungarian citizenship as well.
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Materials about Bulgarian Gardeners in Central Europe
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Book reviewCultural Heritage and Institutionalization of Bulgarian Historical and Contemporary Migrant Communities beyond Europe [In Bulgarian]. Authors: Vladimir Penchev, Aneliya Avdjieva Mariyanka Borisova, Valentin Voskresenski, Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova, Yana Gergova, Boyan Kulov, Tanya Matanova, Shteryo Shterev. Editors: Vladimir Penchev, Tanya Matanova, Aneliya Avdjieva. Sofia: Paradigma, 2023
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This review presents Martin Marinos's Free to Hate: How Media Liberalization Enabled Right-Wing Populism in Post-1989 Bulgaria (University of Illinois Press, 2023). Marinos's in-depth analysis reveals the close link between the media and the rise of right-wing populism in post-socialist Bulgaria. Marinos focuses on the connections between phenomena such as neoliberalism, racism, populism, and media commercialization.
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