![И. Гаравалова. Членуването на съществителните имена в българските говори](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2015_22142.jpg)
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The article presents methods of profiling lexeme crisis and analyzes persisted in the colloquial language of the courts of the crisis and the impact of cultural and social factors in their formation. The article shows also the dependence axiologization of the phenomenon of the conceptualization signifying him the lexeme. The analysis revealed that functions cognitive, impressive and persuasive accompanied the conceptualization. Detailed and thorough analysis has been subjected to a domain personal which appeared in the language material the most frequently. Methodology refers to the assumptions of cognitive linguistics and linguistic concept image of the world.
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Toponyms belong among the oldest living parts of human cultural heritage. Through its meaning and form, toponymic vocabulary reflects national identity of people, their history and mental processes which are mirrored in material and spiritual culture. To preserve the richest lexical material of a given language, it is necessary that the speakers protect the cultural and historical value of geographic names. While being transmitted from one language to another, toponymic terms are subject to numerous transformations and they enter the word stock of recipient languages. This article discusses transliteration and transcription of geographic names, as well as translation of toponyms, including transplantation, calques and explication.
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The article delimits the so-called Colloquial Standard Czech as a language variety of the Czech. This variety is to be distinguished from the Common Czech, which is closest to the Colloquial Standard Czech of all the language varieties: through the Colloquial Standard Czech, the Common Czech enriches the Standard Czech. The paper criticises the fluctuation of the concepts of standardness, Colloquial Standard Czech, Everyday Language. The linguistic means of the Colloquial Standard Czech cover all the levels of the language system; in the paper only the syntactic means are mentioned.
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The article describes the problem of presence neologisms in modern Czech language on example names of persons. The Author analyzes, how many neologisms registered in dictionary Nová slova v češtině (1998) by Olga Martincová are used in modern Czech language. On the basis of four dictionaries of Czech language (Slovník současné češtiny (2011, Lingea, Brno), Slovník spisovné češtiny pro školu a veřejnost (2013, Academia, Praha), Slovník cizích slov (2002, SPN-Pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha), Slovník nespisovné češtiny (2006, Maxdorf, Praha) and National Corpus of Czech the author looks up the role of neologisms in the forming of contemporary Czech language system.
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In the higher stage of linguistic studies, including foreigners, should occupy a prominent place substantive issues of factual styles, because the factual communiqué forms a major part of the professional activity of scientists, translators, interpreters and teachers. The study presents the objectives, content, methods and forms of activity in this discipline based on the author’s experience with the teaching of foreigners, most recently at the Institute of Czech Studies at the Faculty of Arts.
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The present article introduces the stratification of the Czech national language by means of the enumeration of its varieties. The functional styles of literary Czech, including colloquial standard Czech, are mentioned, but also its colloquial varieties – interdialects (Common Czech), dialects and sociolects. The author also attempts to give a characterization of commonly spoken Czech language (everyday Czech). She compares the Czech language situation with the situation of the Polish national language and uses Polish and Czech linguistic (dialectological) terminology.
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The article concerns the selected problems of relations between Polish and Baltic (limited to Lithuanian and Latvian) languages and cultures. The author considers the relations existing on grammar and lexis as traditionally specifying language levels as well as in more complex domains like cultural stereotypes and mythology or religion. The main aim of the essay is to make a review of relations between chosen languages and cultures. Furthermore, the author attempts to point the various methodological solutions useful in describing the language and culture borderlines. The remarks and observations included in the article show that one can use many methodologies e.g. historical and comparative linguistics, comparative dialectology, cognitive and cultural linguistics. Thanks to reviewing and demanding character of the article it can be interesting for linguists as well as representatives of other humanistic domains.
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The aim of this article is to outline some of the recent tendencies in Anglophone and Polish research on epistemic modality. The author observes that while traditionally research focused on modal verbs, most recent publications are concerned with epistemic adverbs, adjectives and modal particles. Attempts at establishing classification criteria for these categories have been made in both Anglophone and Polish linguistics, though international publications discussing means of expressing epistemic modality tend to focus on Germanic and Romance languages. Polish and, more generally, Slavonic languages are almost entirely absent from such cross-linguistic studies (cf. e.g. Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description edited by L. Degand, B. Cornillie, P. Pietrandrea, 2013). The author stresses the importance M. Danielewiczowa’s contribution to the description of epistemic adverbs in Polish linguistics.
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The subject of the article are proverbs excerpted from M. A. Trotz’s "Nowy dykcjonarz" which, for different reasons, have not stood the test of time, have been forgotten or replaced by other, easier to understand and more recent constructions, or which are still present in the contemporary language but in a changed form. The proverbs included in M. A. Trotz’s lexicon aremanifestations of a colloquial language. Therefore, in a sense, they imitate the 18th century "paremiotic" system, which was once used but is now largely forgotten. The presentation and characterization of obsolete proverbs do not only fulfill a documentary and cognitive purpose but, above all, visualize dynamism of changes in a language and the world as well as an ensuing need to reach such areas of the language and culture that have been weathered by history.
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This author’s aim is to show that the general notion “dogmatic dictionary” actually comprises various scholarly etymological dictionaries that should be distinguished from each other due to their different informational potential.
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Productivity is a central concept of word formation. There is a general agreement that it can be defined as a degree to which a given word formation rule is able to coin new words; however when it comes to a more detailed elaboration of this definition there is no more room for unanimity. For the purpose of this presentation we adopt the hapaxconditioned measure of the degree of productivity (Baayen 1993).The paper examines Polish derived adjectives. The data are drawn from the National Corpus of Polish. We discuss and extend modifications proposed by Gaeta & Ricca (2005) which aim at overcoming some drawbacks of Baayen’s approach. Finally we compare derived adjectives attested in the National Corpus of Polish with an unabridged dictionary.
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The article is about how Słownik prasłowiański was being compiled. Successive stages in the preparation of dictionary entries are described, and an overview of Słownik’s history is provided, starting from the initial stage of so-called trial entries.
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The article presents proverbs proper excerpted from {Nowy dykcjonarz} by M.A. Trotz, and characterizes them in respect of their form. An attempt is made to find “hidden” proverbs (not marked as such) and indicate the places of their presence in a dictionary article. Also discussed are functions that proverbs perform in the dictionary and factors explaining the richness of Polish proverbs (approx. 800 units) in Trotz’s work.A juxtaposition of Trotz dictionary proverbs and their equivalents registered in Knapski’s {Thesaurus} throws light on changes in proverb structure over a period of more than 130 years.
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The article discusses the presence of verbs going out of use in the New Polish period, and how they were described, in lexicographic sources of the time (SWil, SW, SJPD) – and also, by way of comparison, in USJP. The material is gathered based on SJPD, from which there were selected lexical units marked with the chronological descriptors “old”,“obsolete” and “going out of use” (the analysis is confined to units beginning with the letters D, L, Ł and M). The paper presents similarities and differences identifiable in the dictionaries mentioned, in respect of both methodology (micro- and macrostructure of the dictionaries) and lifetimes of individual words.
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The purpose of this article is an analysis of the word-formation root with funding noun "Earth" in Russian language. The group of derivatives, created from the lexeme "Earth", is quite numerous (129 words). To create them were used different ways of word formation, such as, suffixation, prefixation, combined suffixation and prefixation, compounding and substantive usage of the adjective. Listed derivative models differ in productivity. One of the most productive way of word formation is suffixation and compounding, while the other ways of derivation are characterized by lower productivity.
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In the contemporary Polish language alias and czyli can be regarded as indicators oflexical equivalence. However, it was not always so, as can be seen in the material analyzed in the paper: inventories of Greater Poland’s gentility from the 2nd half of the eighteenth century. The article shows the classification of expressions with alias and czyli, taking into account the functional and stylistic level of concatenated elements (including dialectals) and semantic relations between them.
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Political lexis may be divided into two vast divisions: internal policy and external policy. A distinctive quality of foreign policy is the fact that in the international arena exists no one center and the whole policy in point is constituted by relations between states. Therefore the central place is in this case occupied by linguistic elements denominating just political relations and actions. The article is an attempt at a thematic and formative characteristics of the lexical group EXTERNAL POLICY. The first part of the article is thematic classification. On its basis three groups of lexemes have been distinguished. The first one contains general and basic terms which are indispensable to describe the international arena and its entities (e.g. внешняя политика, сверхполитика). The second group consists of expressions for international relations connected with the activity of representations of various states (e.g. дипломат, консул, полпред). The third group includes names of international relations connected with activities of states (integration/separation,signing/cancelling agreements, conflicts between states). The second part of the article is an analysis of selected formative processes within the group EXTERNAL POLICY. It discusses the process of prefixation and the analysis demonstrated inconsiderable variety in this field, since the lexemes noted had only a few prefixes (про-, нео-, меж-, де-, сверх-, супер-). No expressions with the prefixes анти-, контр-, лже-, псевдо-, после, пост-, ультра-, пред- and до- have not been noted.
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In the article the author discusses the specifics of shortcuts in the modern Belarusian language. Many of them very quickly goes out of active use, they are replaced by a large number of new shortcuts, called the new phenomena of reality. The analysis showed that these examples show increasing productivity shortcuts through the use of graphic-orthographic method of word formation.
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In a world in which the informational technology develops faster and faster, offering the user viable solutions for most of the problems, no matter the domain of interest, the issue of the systems of translation assisted by the computer is more and more complex, underlining both advantages and disadvantages. If in the favour of the process of translation assisted by the computer we have the rapidity of obtaining a result, at the other pole we have the lack of reliability of such a translation. This is why, we still have to weigh the risks and opportunities that the modern technique of translation assisted by the computer underlines and the effects that it has on the profile of the professional translator, of his practices and on the translation market.
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