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LE SUBJONCTIF DANS LES SUBORDONNÉES COMPLÉTIVES EN FRANÇAIS ET EN ITALIEN

Author(s): Louis Begioni / Language(s): French Issue: 01/2015

Our study aims at exploring subjunctive modes in completive subordinates in French and Italian. The differences in the syntactic behavior of these verbs are sometimes important especially that French mainly employs the indicative mode while Italian prefers the subjunctive one. To understand these differences we refer to the concept of "deflexivity" which shows a different synchronic systemic balance between the two languages due to a shifting in the historical evolution. The interlocutive orientation of the verbs from a semantic point of view – the objective verbs oriented towards an external reality and the subjective verbs oriented towards the subject - and the different values of the subjunctive, modal (virtual) in French and modal and temporal in Italian, contribute to the explanation of the main differences.

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Observaţii asupra categoriei verbale a aspectului în construcţia discursului indirect

Author(s): Lavinia SEICIUC / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2015

Our paper analyzes the way verbal aspect is involved in the changes of verbal forms in the transformation of direct into indirect speech. Latin sequence of tenses consisted of a set of rules that restricted the selection of verbal forms in a subordinate clause. Generally, Western Romance languages have inherited the same restrictions, while they are almost absent in Romanian. In our analysis we will prove that these rules have a logical pattern in Romance, as each form has to be replaced by another, according to three rules: conservation of the mood (or use of a compatible one), conservation of the aspect (perfect is replaced by perfect, imperfect by imperfect) and shifting one step backwards on the temporal axis (from future to present, from present to past, from past to an anterior past, etc.). The novelty of this paper consists in the logical explanation of such substitutions (e. g. why the future of the indicative is replaced by the present of the conditional in Western Romance), based on the aspectual behavior of verbal forms.

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Sociokultūrinių vakarų aukštaičių kauniškių ir rytų aukštaičių panevėžiškių tinklų tyrimas

Author(s): Agnė Čepaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 8/2016

The article is based on a universal social network theory. It also offers a socio-cultural network of two subdialect areas: Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas and Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys. The paper attempts to investigate migration directions of residents of the inhabited areas included into the Atlas of Lithuanian Language (ALL points). They are used to identify hypothetical zones of ALL points demonstrating a high degree of subdialect vitality.The research material consists of statistical data of 176 ALL points (121 of Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas and 86 of Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys) collected in 2011–2015. The data is summarized in a table. The paper also includes a socio-cultural network completed with the help of the software Paint referring to 6 criteria: movement directions (to schools, hospitals, libraries, churches, post offices and supermarkets) of the communities’ members residing in the ALL points and covering dialectal areas of Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas and Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys. The paper evaluates the viability, social structure, communicative networks of situations and possible directions of dialectal changes of ALL points.The results show that both subdialects are linguistically similar in strength; both demonstrate high vitality. Dialectal features seem to be best maintained in and around Ariogala, Jùrbarkas, Šakiai, Kazlų Rūdà, Vilkaviškis, Kalvarijà and Biržai, Pasvalỹs, Radviliškis, Ramygala.Subdialect changes have been mainly determined by a high degree of mobility within the dialectal areas rather than the impact of other dialects. Internal migration is stimulated by attractive supermarkets and medical institutions in the nearest ALL points, while migration to other areas of subdialects is motivated by attractive supermarkets (in case of Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas) or a lack of educational institutions in the original places of residence (in case of Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys).A possible direction of changing dialectal features is the south in case of Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas and the west in case of Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys. However, the opposite direction is not excluded: dialectal features of Western Aukštaitians of Kaunas are actively penetrating the dialectal area of Southern Aukštaitians and dialectal features of Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys tend to spread in the dialectal area of Western Aukštaitians of Šiauliai.Presumably, the above indicators show that despite similarities and differences between both subdialects and the standard language, the subdialects have similar conditions to survive and become stronger.

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Kalbų vartojimas Pabradėje (skelbimų duomenys)

Author(s): Joana Gruodytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 8/2016

This article presents a quantitative study of public notices in Pabradė. It continues the research of the linguistic landscape of Pabradė started in 2008. The data has been collected by taking pictures of different texts in the public spaces of the area. The analysis focuses on the languages used (in their written form) in this small (population 5,542) multinational town. Pabradė is home to more than five nationalities, with Poles constituting the largest ethnic group (42.5%). In 2015, pictures of public notices on five of the town’s bulletin boards and in other places were taken three times (in January, May, and December). At first, the pictures of all notices were taken; then 400 different notices were selected. The material was classified according to the method of execution (handwritten, typewritten, handwritten/typewritten), the language of the notice, the number and sequence of the languages used (in multilingual notices). The languages were then verified for prevalence and the way such prevalence was manifested.The town’s monolingual notices are mostly written in Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish; some notices are bilingual and trilingual. A count of notices written in the languages of the ethnic groups residing in the town has shown that notices in Lithuanian prevail, whereas those in Polish constitute the smallest number. The analysis of language importance in bilingual and trilingual notices has also revealed a unique position of the Lithuanian (state) language: it is the language most frequently employed in the notices; it is used in all bilingual and trilingual notices. The studies of the texts (graffiti and notices on the bridges) photographed in 2008 and 2015 revealed very similar tendencies: texts in Lithuanian prevail, texts in Polish constitute an absolute minority, and the proportion of texts in Russian is similar (10.7% and 15.5%, respectively). The only difference was identified in the number of texts written in English. It is used more often in graffiti on bridges than in other notices in the town. Apparently, this is due to the difference in the age of their authors and potential readers of such texts; it also depends on the purpose of writing.

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Žanro apibrėžties klausimu

Author(s): Danguolė Kalinauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2014

Text genres fall within the scope of interest of text linguistics. However, genre studies are not limited to this branch of linguistics, because the methods appropriated for this kind of studies vary to a large extent. An in-depth linguistic study of texts and their language inevitably goes beyond the limits of a few branches of linguistics: it combines the theory of semantics, pragmatics and text linguistics, including their methods. Moreover, corpus linguistics seems to be of specific importance in this kind of studies, including both the diachronic and synchronic aspects of study.Some researchers treat text genre linguistics as a separate branch of linguistics (see Heinemann 2000, Gansel 2011).The present paper suggests that the understanding of genre should not be limited to a certain set of textual conventions; it could be treated as a meaningful communicative action. In this context, genre recognition by informants seems to be of paramount importance. This approach to the genre, including the invocation of genre recognition, is fundamental in arguing that any texts, even short ones, could be analyzed as independent and produced under certain genre rules identified in the texts. The author of this paper adheres to the view that text units meaningful in communication and functioning without reference to other texts should be regarded as independent texts. Texts meaningful in communication refer to those conveying information, emotions, attitudes, etc., i. e. the addressers of such texts communicate with their addressees, and the latter perceive and recognise such texts as an expression of certain communicative situations.This paper discusses headlines in the news portals as one of the objects of independent text studies to substantiate the theoretical foundation introduced in the paper. It also presents the results of a pilot survey carried out to identify how internet users perceive headlines in the news portals. The results of the survey suggest that headlines in the news portals could be perceived as texts with a communicative purpose and the means to achieve it. Therefore headlines could be treated as characterized by certain attributes that help identify them as specific texts.

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English as a We-Code: form and Function of English in Facebook Status Updates of Non-Native Female and Male Users

Author(s): Marta Dąbrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The English language has featured markedly as a popular language of computer-mediated communication, and notably of Facebook posts, written not only by native or second language speakers, but also users of English as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency, form and function of English language Facebook profile updates of 110 (55 women and 55 men) users of English representing 41 European, Asian, African and Latin American countries belonging to the Expanding Circle. Approached from the point of view of the code choice as well as the users’ gender, and supported by an online survey data, the study analyses in detail the form of the updates in connection with gender preferences and identifies language contexts and functions users choose to express themselves in English as opposed to their native tongue, thereby demonstrating the role of English as a we-code in a social networking service.

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“Finishing One Big Adventure in Order to Embark on Another”: Exploring University Research Blogs

Author(s): Renáta Tomášková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The article focuses on blogs related to research activities of the academic community. Research-related blogs as components of university websites have developed into an array of sub-genres shaped by specific foci, their authors and the desired audiences. The data set consists of fifty posts from ten blogs of six universities. Drawing upon Swales’ methodology of genre analysis, the study explores the generic structure of the blog posts, reveals the communicative purposes they can fulfil within the landscape of university websites, identifies significant communication strategies, and explores the roles the blogs may serve in communicating science to the diverse audiences they potentially address. The analysis has shown that the blogs help accomplish the general goals of informing about the university and promoting it providing a personalized view and engaging the reader, manifest loose but recurrent generic structuring, and can be vehicles of knowledge dissemination as well as knowledge construction.

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Metaphors and Legal Language: a Few Comments on Ordinary, Specialised and Legal Meaning

Author(s): Sylwia Wojtczak,Iwona Witczak-Plisiecka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The present text offers a few comments on the metaphorical dimension of legal language and the nature of legal language as such. The authors discuss selected metaphors in the context of the Polish legislation with the aim to show how the metaphorical dimension of language can be used and abused. It is also demonstrated that the metaphorical dimension of language can cross-cut the interface between language and law on different levels. There are metaphors in legal texts that can be deliberately used to emphasise or cover selected aspects of meaning, and others that can just happen to act irrespective of any premeditated action on the part of the legislator. Finally, in a wider perspective, it is shown that the relation between ordinary language and the language of the law, i.e. ordinary meaning and legal meaning, may itself be seen as a relation between two domains within which metaphorical mapping takes place. It is claimed that the divide between the realm of law and the “real world” goes beyond a trivial division relative to expertise in the law and expertise in legal discourse, but can be better understood as the division between the legal community and the non-legal community including the academia where linguists reside.

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Performative Discourse of Drag Queens: A Sociolinguistic Study

Author(s): Maria Szymańska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the analysis of two speeches given by Rory O’Neill, also known as Panti Bliss, who is so far the most recognisable Irish drag queen. Apart from being a drag queen, Rory O’Neill is also a political activist whose performances were part of the campaign before the referendum concerning the 34th Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland. In the analysis both these aspects of the speaker’s identity are taken into consideration. Although the analysis is mostly linguistic, it also considers extralinguistic aspects of communication, e.g. the performer’s appearance on stage, as contextual elements are essential in sociolinguistic contexts. Thus, the analysis draws from the theoretical background focused on political discourse and the language used by drag queens to a detailed account of the two speeches in order discuss them in relation to the standards of both a drag performance and a political speech.

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Conflict – Crisis Hierarchy in English News Discourse: Cognitive Rhetorical Perspective

Author(s): Serhiy I. Potapenko,Olena M. Shcherbak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper argues that in English on-line news the meanings of the conflict and crisis terms serve as reference points for the construction of a confrontation hierarchy. It is based on the interaction of the relations of force, serving as primes for meaning formation, with three levels of discourse prominence meant to attract, focus and keep the addressee’s attention in headings, headlines and throughout the text respectively. It is found that news stories arrange the units of conflict – crisis hierarchy according to three patterns: zoom-in, offering a detailed textual representation of confrontation with support of the argumentation sections of evidence, explanation or commentary; zoom-out, generalizing on the forces, underlying confrontation construction; multiperspectivation, aimed at a multifaceted representation of conflict – crisis hierarchy.

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"You Don't Have Time to Think Up There. If You Think You're Dead" – A Corpus-assisted Study of Discursive Strategies to Engage Readers in Corporate Blogs

Author(s): Stanisław Goźdź-Roszkowski,Katarzyna Fronczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This study investigates recurrent language resources employed in corporate blogs to connect with readers and (to a lesser extent) express authorial positions. It is based on the premise that constructing identity and enhancing image underpins most, if not all, corporate discourse and blogs are no exception. Based on a corpus of 500 different posts (totalling 318,296 words) from the Business Process Outsourcing and Information Technology sectors, we use standard Corpus Linguistics (Partington et al. 2013) techniques (keywords, cluster analysis, concordancing) to identify linguistic features associated with the expression of engagement: reader pronouns and their co-occurrence with selected modal verbs, questions, adverbs marking shared knowledge and directives. These are then interpreted in in terms of a model of textual interactions proposed in Hyland (2005). We argue that the communication found in this relatively new and underresearched genre is essentially effected one-way establishing a pseudo-dialogue, with virtually no or very low level of interactivity between blog writers and blog readers.

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Proverbi latini nell’italiano contemporaneo

Author(s): Aleksandra Blatešić / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2020

Despite the now widespread claim throughout the world "Latin is a dead language" this belief is not scientifically confirmed. Following the millennial life in antiquity this language is still able to give meaning to our identity and contemporary culture through many expressions, sayings and proverbs that reveal the wisdom of a great civilization. Latin in both original and modified form is still very much alive in contemporary Italian in many areas of use that are not strictly scientific (such as legal or medical-specialist). It is indeed the everyday use in the spoken language of modern Italian that rebels the Latin alive. In this contribution we intend to present the Latin expressions and sayings most present in the Italian language of the XXI century as well as the proverbs of Latin origin, which over time have taken on another meaning, maintaining the ancient and intellectual charm of the expressive force of Latin. The aim of our research, carried out on the paremiological and phraseological material of contemporary Italian, is to show the linguistic and socio-cultural modalities that ensure life in this "dead" language.

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Se non è zuppa, è pan bagnato. Invarianti tematiche e variazioni fraseologiche e paremiologiche nella Romània

Author(s): Oana Sălișteanu / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2020

The contrastive approach of Italian and Romanian paremiological and phraseological units is trying now to extend the analysis also to other national Romance languages. Excluding the cases in which there is a perfect formal and semantic match between the proverbs and idioms all over Romània (due to Latin linguistic heritage, biblical transmission or simple loan translations), the paper seeks to identify the various possible categories of formal Romance dissimilarity in expressing the same idea. The less important ones belong to morphological variations in verbal time or noun number; a second category of proverbs and set phrases are a consequence of synonymic substitution in the same language (port. fome canina / de lobo), or in different languages (rom. cu o floare nu se face primăvară vs. it. una rondine non fa primavera). There are many cases in which several parallel variants coexist in the same language (sp. gallina vieja hace buen caldo / hace gorda la cocina). The most spectacular cases are those in which the same semantic invariant, present throughout Romània, is expressed in completely unexpected ways in the different regions of the Latin heritage (rom. ca nuca în perete, it. come cavolo a merenda).

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Onymia a jej fungovanie v školskej komunikácii

Author(s): Ľuba Sičáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2014

In this study we highlight the linguistic and onomastic parameters on which basis proper nouns act as specific naming units used in communication and education of children at primary school. As a conceptual starting point we prefer a theory of semantic components applying which the uniqueness of proper nouns compared to the universality of appellatives is highlighted. Proper nouns differ from appellatives in that they fulfil specific functions relevant to the differences in the categories of proper noun content which arise from a factual relationship between the object and its denotation. Within primary education contexts, pertinent to knowledge base and cognitive processes, our primary focus is in developing such skills which are most related to the processes of proper nouns acquisition. This means respecting the child’s developmental patterns of speech and thinking as well as respecting the sequence of steps in appropriating the essence of proper nouns.

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Subjective Syntactic Structures: A Case Study

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Subjective Syntactic Structures: A Case Study

Author(s): Monica Timofte / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The volume Carte regală de bucate (The Royal Cookbook) is the object of our investigation from a syntactic-pragmatic perspective. The inventory of recipes highlighted the structural patterns of the incident metatext as a language unit. The focal interest of this paper is to inventory the forms of encoding syntactic subjectivity. The analysis of the language facts led to the confirmation of the updated Romanian linguistic theory referring to the text as a syntactic-pragmatic unit and to the syntactic modus, and occasioned necessary dissociations between the different language levels at which the phenomenon of modality appears.

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The Romanian Culinary Discourse

Author(s): Monica Geanina Coca / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Culinary discourse has been the subject of national and international scientific research in recent decades, demonstrating its epistemological and interpretative potential. The objective of this study is the exploration of the Romanian gastronomic spirit: to identify, through the analysis of incentivizing language facts represented in the nomenclature of culinary recipes, the way in which the physiognomy of Romanian taste has changed over time. There are surprising foreign influences exhibited in Romanian gastronomy that are highlighted by the examination of culinary preparations and supplemented by the multi-level linguistic analysis of several gastronomic discourse samples excerpted from Romanian cookbooks appearing over the course of three centuries

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ЛИНГВИСТИЧКА ГЕОГРАФИЈА У СРБИЈИ – ЈЕЗИЧКИ ЗАПИСИ НА КАРТАМА И ЊИХОВО ЧИТАЊЕ

Author(s): Sofija Miloradović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2017

The creation of linguistic atlases is the highest achievement of linguogeography. A scientific linguistic map with all the necessary accompanying elements offers the possibility to trace the geographic distribution of an actual linguistic phenomenon. The text starts by pointing out the importance of linguistic atlases as the “central instrument” of contemporary dialectology. Subsequently, it presents the work of the Interacademic Committee for Dialectological Atlases (SASA), founded in 1959 as the Yugoslav Committee for Dialectological Atlases, spanning several decades and constituting the framework for the local activities of three international projects (Atlas of the European Languages – ALE, The General Slavic Linguistic Atlas – OLA, and The General Carpathian Dialectological Atlas – OKDA) and the national project named The Serbian Dialectological Atlas – SDA (earlier The Serbo-Croatian Dialectological Atlas). Further, the paper presents the existence of numerous linguistic maps in national publications, published within dialectological scientific papers and monographic studies and bearing witness to the work performed in the background of our major tasks in the linguogeographic field. The paper also indicates the importance of linguistic maps for various scientific disciplines and areas.

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INSIDE OUT OF A TRAVEL BLOG: THE ROLE OF METONYMY THROUGH THE ASPECT PART-FOR-PART IN TEXT GENRE TRAVEL BLOG

Author(s): Suzana Jurin,Alenka Šuljić Petrc / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2021

This paper discusses travel blogs as informative textual genres that convey to the reader a range of attitudes, feelings, impressions, and actions of the author in the author's own words. The analysis of travel blogs as a text genre offers insight into the schema and structure of texts that reproduce tourist experiences by reconstructing their stories for their readers. The study presents a brief text linguistic analysis of 10 travel blogs classified into the text type Assertive, sub-type Informative. As an introduction to the schema and structure of travel blogs, a very brief analysis is conducted at the communicative-pragmatic and thematic levels. The main aim of this research is to identify and investigate the role of metonymy in the textual genre of travel blogs. The analysis of the examples is based on the definitions of contemporary cognitive linguistics research. The examples of metonymy were extracted from the selected corpus of 10 travel blogs in English about the travel destination Dubrovnik (https://alittleadrift.com) and the metonymic situation part -for-part metonymy in the action domain- tense for a particular action was analyzed and described by the following occurrences: a) Present perfect for a perfective action; b) Present simple for a factual state; c) Past simple for a completed action. The results show that predicative adjectives in travel blogs perform the function of a predicate or relative clause. Metonymy Part-for-part relations in the tense system lead to conventionalized use of tenses. The metonymic use of tenses in the travel blog text genre is based on conventions, syntagms and lexical units used in tourism communication. The role of metonymy in the cases described was to activate the aspect of an action represented by predicates, thus enabling a more accurate understanding of the actions described in the travel blogs.

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DIACHRONIC ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF IMDb

Author(s): Mandana Kolahdouz Mohammadi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Media is a useful tool to convey various types of messages. Within the past years, broadcasting media has covered a wide range of different communication methods such as television, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The article's central hypothesis is that movies, TV, and video games quotes, as the subcategory of broadcasting, convey messages about environmental issues. It seems that ecological discourse analysis can be useful, as it focuses on texts about the environment. In a diachronic approach, the present article aims to explore the environmental issues in movies, TV, and video games quotes; in this regard, we analyzed ecological discourse and solutions proposed by IMDb quotes. The data was collected from the IMDb database using Keyword in Context (KWIC) over 1990-2020. The findings indicated that KWICs such as global warming (38%) and endangered species (19.18%) had the highest frequencies. On the other hand, only 0.67% of the raw numbers of quotes belonged to environmental issues, which indicated that IMDb quotes implicitly conveyed the message regarding ecological matters. Furthermore, the studied IMDb mostly explained the consequences and provided solutions to environmental issues. Therefore, the frequency of informing people about environmental negligence was much lower than expected.

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Metaforizarea în Italiană a Sunetelor Produse de Insecte și de Păsări

Author(s): Sophie Saffi / Language(s): French Issue: 01/2015

This article is based on a communication presented at the international conference SEGEL Bruits-Cris-Verbes. Typology of verba sonandi associated with animals, which took place on November 4 and 5, 2010, at the University of Provence, now in 2012 the University of Aix-Marseille (AMU). Following the publication in the journal Italies [1] of an article on onomatopoeia and verbs of animal calls in French and Italian, our corpus was chosen as the starting structure on which the blank database of the international project on sound verbs, coordinated by Vladimir Plungian, Professor of the Department of Linguistic Typology at the Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), entitled "Sound between grammar and lexicon: grammaticalization and polysemy of verba sonandi” and coordinated within the University of Provence by Charles Zaremba and Irina Kor Chahine.

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