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Narcyza Żmichowska – między Matką Polką a kobietą-rycerzem

Author(s): Ewa Serafin-Prusator / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The patriotic ideology of the nineteenth century portrayed women in a stereotypical way as either idealized Polish mothers or women knights. Only such social roles allowed them to appear in the public discourse. The article focuses on the figure of Narcyza Żmichowska, writer, poet and political activist. Both her views and life demonstrate that she did not fit the model of woman proposed in the national-patriarchal discourse but rather subverted it. By rejecting sacrifice and martyrdom, Żmichowska proposed a new feminine identity and a unique vision of patriotism.

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Mur jako granica symboliczna. Funkcje przekształceń semantycznych we wspomnieniach o getcie warszawskim – próba refleksji

Author(s): Natalia Judzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Within the literary theory the category of comparison is used to describe a given phenomenon by referring it to another. It does not explain it in detail but builds on the general knowledge of one event by collating it with the other. Therefore, the main function of comparison is to create a non-existing link between what is unknown and what is well known. This stylistic device enables the author to describe one event through another, making the first one comprehensible. The author explore the process of development and fortification of the symbolic border between the “Aryan side” and the Warsaw Ghetto, which finds its linguistic expression in the style of wartime women memoires. Besides being a material and architectural border, delineated in the middle of the city, the Warsaw Ghetto wall indisputably constituted a figurative boundary. Constructed with the use of institutionalized violence, this particular barrier was symbolically strengthened by the deeply rooted dominance of the non-Jewish inhabitants of the city.

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Obserwując płonące miasto. O ludności cywilnej i (nie)uczestniczeniu w powstaniu warszawskim w Notatkach z okresu Powstania Warszawskiego Zofii Charytańskiej

Author(s): Marta Taperek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The purpose of the article is to expose the civilian experience of the Warsaw Uprising, the event traditionally connected with the heroic military myth of the Polish nation. The main source is a non-published diary of Zofia Charytańska, ordinary citizen of Warsaw, who records the everyday life in the German- and later Russian-occupied city areas. Her diaries show the civilian perspective on the 1944 military operation, indicating at the same time the anxiety and guilt of an uninvolved observer. This individual experience is submerged in the broader historical and ideological context. It further extends the narrative about Praga, the city district east of the Vistula river, which did not participate in the Uprising and was “liberated” by the Soviet Army.

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Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet, Dzidzia, Cwaniary... – wybrane powieści Sylwii Chutnik w kontekście badań nad związkami reprezentacji wojny i płci kulturowej

Author(s): Katarzyna Nadana-Sokołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The article describes the motif of women and war in three novels by Sylwia Chutnik (born 1979): Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet (Pocket Atlas of Women) 2008, Dzidzia (Diddums) 2009 and Cwaniary (The Hustlers) 2012. Drawing from the context of modern Western studies, reflections on these works concern the relationship between gender and war, assuming that it grants an active and heroic role to men while putting women in the role of civilian victims, and in doing so, it consolidates the traditional social hierarchy. Even though the history of war contradicts such stereotypes and abounds in evidence of women’s courage, both as civilians and soldiers, the society – according to scholars – seems to reproduce wartime division of gender roles as justification for the cultural hierarchy of gender. This pushes women’s experience and memory of war to the margins of collective memory. Sylwia Chutnik portraits the women who participated in the Warsaw Uprising and depicts their lives after the war, rediscovering the (in)ability to build a women’s tradition of combat and to pass their wartime stories to daughters and granddaughters. She also shows the forgotten women’s memory of the Uprising: the terrible suffering of civilians, who often rebelled against military decisions. In her understanding, this memory forms an undertone in Polish culture, and has only recently been acknowledged by the so-called oral history.

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„Nie-doświadczenie” wojny – na przykładzie wybranych utworów Kazimierza Brandysa

Author(s): Agnieszka Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

In her analysis of Kazimierz Brandys’s novels the author focuses on war and wartime as experience and “non-experience” in the perspective of Polish heroic myth and anti-civilian paradigm. In Polish culture romantic and heroic paradigm has substantial influence on the form of masculinity. Experience in this article is a metaphor, which includes participation in a war as a soldier. “Non-experience” in this perspective situates men on the margins of heroic culture. It further shows limitations of heroic culture and revises heroic tradition.

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Rzeczy, które ranią. O Krakusie Cypriana Norwida

Author(s): Elżbieta Dąbrowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The contemporary “material turn” in cultural and anthropological studies or rather “defence of things” has inspired a fresh reflection upon the poetry of Cyprian Norwid, whose works have for long shown the poets acute awareness of the material world. The article analyses the “tragedy” Krakus. The conflict between two characters, Rakuz and Krakus, manifests itself in the scene with unconventional use of a horse spur. Rakuz injures his brother, and the wound creates a divide between them. Symbolically, however, it differentiates between two modes of action, “pragmatic” and “ideal” and consequently, it outlines the conflicting roles of the ruler and the saviour.

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Mariana Pankowskiego oswajanie i usprawiedliwianie inności. Glosa do Księdza Heleny i Putto

Author(s): Przemysław Górecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The article offers a reading of two works by Polish author Marian Pankowski, Putto and Ksiądz Helena, concentrating on the construction of otherness. It identifies the gender aspects of main character’s specificity and identity, embraces postsecular and ethical issues as well as invites a more open interpretation. It also provides a detailed analysis of narrative strategies and the creation of the literary realm.

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Na scenie poezji. Sposoby konstytuowania podmiotu w Wykazie treści Krystyny Miłobędzkiej

Author(s): Ewa Nofikow-Dobrodumow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The article is devoted to the 1984 publication entitled Wykaz treści by Krystyna Miłobędzka. The author shows the multi-faceted nature of the poetic subject and the ways of its creation. She finds that liminality is a category which helps to understand the concept of subjectivity in Miłobędzka’s poetry. Additionally, the author focuses on the opposition between language and speech, poetry and reality, writing and experience. But the key aspect of Miłobędzka’s poetry is its “staginess” and its interconnection with the liminality of the subject, the material qualities of her voice and her use of language variations.

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Praktyki wykluczania, praktyki rehabilitacji. O gorszości i otwarciu na to, co inne w poezji Eugeniusza Tkaczyszyna-Dyckiego

Author(s): Szymon Trusewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The article concerns the represenation of exclusion and marginalization in the works by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki. The poems show the interaction of autobiographical references with the author’s own reflections upon poetic artistry and the ways of representing otherness. Also Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s close relationship with his mother becomes a constituting element which forms the myth of his poetic identity.

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Michał Głowiński: literaturoznawca i pisarz Zagłady

Author(s): Monika Krawiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Michał Głowiński, who has been so far perceived primarily as a distinguished literary critic, well known for his analysis of the communist newspeak, is also the author of autobiographical narratives. The article analyzes certain aspects of Głowiński’s writing, such as the characters, time, space, fragmentariness, contexts and language. After almost sixty years of silence, in his texts Głowiński uncovers the layers of memory which come from “the epoch of gas chambers”. He does it in order to face the trauma of the Holocaust.

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Jan Czekanowski: antropolog na Czarnym Lądzie

Author(s): Tatiana Czerska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

The article is devoted to the diaries of Jan Czekanowski, an outstanding Polish anthropologist, who travelled to Africa in the years 1907–1909. Special attention is given here to the narrator’s attitudes. Czekanowski knew Africa primarily as an anthropologist and traveller. He perceived the process of colonization as a weave of economic, political and ideological motives. He was also indignant with colonial exploitation, which he observed mainly in Belgian colonies. However, Czekanowski’s portrait of Africa evokes the concept of orientalism, as defined by Edward W. Said. Its prominent aspect was perceiving the Other through the binary opposition between the East and West. Moreover, in spite of his declared affection for black Africans, the Polish scholar uses Orientalistic and colonial stereotypes which seem consistent with the nineteenth-century trends in travel literature.

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Plutarcha z Cheronei. Czy gorsze są namiętności duszy, czy choroby ciała (Περὶ τοῦ πότερον τὰ ψυχῆ ς ἢ τὰ σώματος πάθη χείρονα; Animine an corporis affectiones sint peiores) – wstęp, przekład i komentarz

Author(s): Piotr Osiński / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2017

This text is the first Polish translation of Plutarch’s Περὶ τοῦ πότερον τὰ ψυχῆς ἢ τὰ σώματος πάθη χείρονα (Animine an corporis affectiones sint peiores). This work has not survived in its entirety. In it Plutarch compares the passions of a body with the pain of the soul (πάθη) and claims that the latter are worse for man. His writing goes beyond rhetorical exercises or display and can be regarded as the testimony to the Plutarch’s care about human morality.

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The role of dreams in ancient medicine

Author(s): Edyta Gryksa,Anna Kucz / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2017

The history of medicine provides us with a great variety of topics which give an opportunity to recognize this history in terms of both rational and irrational categories. Rational medicine is based on everything that is logical and scientific. Irrational medicine is in turn focused on beliefs and magical theories. Some researchers assume that the medical empiricism is not a disordered way of inquiring into human nature1. It is thought to play the preeminent role, because making observation is sine qua non in a medical setup2. Dreams, regarded as a messages from gods and signs for the future, were also considered harbingers of coming health problems. The aim of this article is to elaborate chosen passages of ancient authors’ works, which show the important role of dreams in ancient medicine. Furthermore, the great emphasis is put on the interpretation and analyze on account of ancient tradition and culture.

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Cannas pensavimus, czyli Syliusz Italik o głowie Hazdrubala (Sil. Pun. 15, 809–823)

Author(s): Patrycja Matusiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

In the last scene of the 15th book of Punica Silius Italicus described a dramatic event after the battle of the Metaurus (207 B.C.), which the Carthaginians lost. Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal Barca, died during the battle. According to Livy’s version, the Romans planted Hasdrubal’s decapitated head in Hannibal’s camp. Silius Italicus in his work presented this event as a kind of Roman repayment for previous lost battles: those of Cannae, the Trebia and the shore of Lake Trasimene.

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Repozjanus, O schadzce Marsa i Wenery

Author(s): Natalia Cichoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

In this paper I present the interpretation of the only surviving song by Reposianus: De concubitu Martis et Veneris, It is thought that he flourished in the period of Late Antiquity in Vandal Africa. In his poem Reposianus included the essence of the late-antique epyllion: it consists not only of an original interpretation of a well-known myth and a new moral lesson – one can also find in this song an important role for the narrator who poses judgement on all the protagonists’ actions; besides that there are, among other features: the Kreuzung der Gattungen and changes in the traditional elements of the myth, namely presentation of the psychological side of gods who are reduced to the level of the ordinary people. Intercourse between Mars and Venus became the most important part of the poem. Reposianus also strongly accentuated the power of love and desire, which leads people to make bad choices. Reposianus’ epyllion, definitely worth a detailed analysis, has never been translated into Polish nor interpreted in detail in any Polish publication. The translation of the poem is to be published soon.

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Życie i śmierć Attisa: Arnobius, Adversus Nationes, V 6–7 – przekład

Author(s): Anna Kucz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

This translation of the 6th and 7th chapters of the 5th book of Adversus Nationes by Arnobius of Sicca Veneria contains a myth about Attis’ life, self-castration and death. The narration is expressed with the humour and pathos that are characteristic of Arnobius. In the myth it is possible to see common points in comparison with relations of earlier authors who described Attis’ adventures, such as Pausanias, Lucretius, Catullus, Ovid and other ancient writers.

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A reverse myth or remarks on a Priape, a graphic novel by Nicolas Presl

Author(s): Patrycja Matusiak / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2017

In Priape, his wordless, black-and-white debut graphic novel published of 2006 (in Poland published by Lokator in 2015) Nicolas Presl looks at the myth of a lesser known deity, weaving his own, surprising version of the story, one which is made up of motifs not connected with Priapus. Little is known of Priapus; he was the son of Aphrodite and Dionysus (or Adonis), we also know him from some slightly obscene poems from the collection Priapea, which highlight his physical appearance, much as ancient art does. Presl’s graphic novel, with its reverse elements of myths about Oedipus and Orestes and in which Priapus’s physical appearance is not stressed at all, is actually a universal tale of life and death, love and loneliness, and most of all of alienation and otherness.

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A Khitan Word for 'marmot'

Author(s): András Róna-Tas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2004

The article is dealing with the Khitan word pili and suggests its Tibetan origin.

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The Shaman and the Spirits: The Meaning of the Word 'ling' in the Jiuge Poems

Author(s): Gábor Kósa / Language(s): English Issue: 2-4/2003

In all major dictionaries the first entry for the Chinese word 'ling' is 'shaman' (wu). This meaning of the word is based on Wang Yi's interpretation of two Jiuge poems in the Chuci collection. The present article investigates the possibility of this identification and concludes that there is no evidence to support Wang Yi's opinion. On the other hand, there is ample evidence to suggest that the accepted meanings of ling (spirit, numinous, magical) and the general characteristics of the Chinese shaman are indeed interrelated in many respects.

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The Glow of the Vow of the Teacher Samantabhadra “Puxian Pusa Xing Yuan Zan” (T.297) Samantabhadracaryapranidhanaraja

Author(s): Bart Dessein / Language(s): English Issue: 2-4/2003

The present article is an investigation into the textual format and the content of the “Puxian Pusa Xing Yuan Zan” (T.297), attributed to Amoghavajra. As the major part of this text is also part of the Avatamsakasutra, this investigation includes a comparison of this part of the “Puxian Pusa Xing Yuan Zan” in the different Chinese versions of the Avatamsakasutra. The textual format and content of the present “Puxian Pusa Xing Yuan Zan” are explained in the religious and political background of the Tang Dynasty.

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