Heroikus küzdelem és monumentalitás – párhuzamok Beethoven és Hegel életművében

Author(s): János Loboczky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

In my paper, I reflect on the parallelisms in the life-works of the giants of philosophy and music history, Beethoven and Hegel. The life-works of the philosopher and composer arose in different spheres of culture, and they have completely different media of distribution. The idea of this study was inspired by the fact that both were members of the same generation (Hegel lived between 1770-1831, and Beethoven between 1770-1827), they lived in the Age of Enlightenment and the birth of Romanticism, thus the spirit of the age made a similar impression on them. In my study, Ideal with three questions: the idea of freedom and love from Beethoven’s and Hegel’s point of view; the main features of Hegel’s notion of art from the Phenomenology to the Aesthetics; and Beethoven’s music as “music beyond music”.

Manuale universitare, culegeri de studii, tratate asupra Istoriei filosofiei românești (1965-1990). Bibliografie adnotată (PdF)

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2025

Handbooks, Collections of Studies, Treatises on Romanian History of Philosophy (1965-1990). Annotated Bibliography

Prirodzenosť a norma: komparácia prístupov Tomáša Akvinského a Philippy Footovej

Author(s): Michal Chabada / Language(s): Slovak Issue: Supplement/2024

The article deals with the problem of human nature as a source of moral normativity in the work of Thomas Aquinas and Philippa Foot. We will focus on the understanding of human nature in both authors and distinguish between its two meanings. In a broader sense, human nature represents a entity whose content are basic natural inclinations and needs of a biological and psychological nature, which play a key role in the teleology of human life. In fulfilling these inclinations and needs, the individual achieves natural resources that form the metaframework of practical reasoning. Human nature in its proper meaning is identical to the practical rationality of an actor who judges the fulfillment of natural needs, arranges them and resolves conflicts between them, thus becoming his proper source of moral normativity.

Ein Blitzlicht: Das Echo auf Martin Heideggers Antrittsvorlesung „Was ist Metaphysik?“, Freiburg 1930 bei Ida Friederike Coudenhove (1901 – 1971)

Author(s): Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz / Language(s): German Issue: Supplement/2024

There is an unpublished longer note on Heidegger's inaugural lecture in Freiburg in 1930 “What is metaphysics?” by an eyewitness: Ida Friederike Coudenhove (later married Görres; 1901 – 1971), who was studying in Freiburg at the time. The notes are enthusiastic and at the same time critical of the Freiburg faculty, who attended somewhat “affected”. This is the first time that these notes have been published from the original text and commented on and it is rather a philosophical-historical contribution.

HAJDEGEROVA KRITIKA HUSERLOVE FENOMENOLOŠKE REDUKCIJE

Author(s): Nebojša Grubor / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2009

Die Grundfrage seiner Philosophie, die Frage nach dem Sinn von Sein, stellt Heidegger in einer kritischen Ablehnung sowohl von der traditionellen, antischen und modernen als auch von der gegenwärtigen Philosophie. Heideggers Kritik von Husserls Konzeption der phänomenologischen Reduktion auf dem Leitfaden der Seinsfrage bezeichnet zugleich die Formulation Heideggers eigenen philosophischen Programms der Gewinnung der Frage nach dem Sinn von Sein überhaupt. Im Text wird zuerst die Frage nach dem Sinn von Sein in Heideggers Philosophie behandelt (I), dann folgt die Erörterung von Heideggers Kritik von Husserls Begriff der Phänomenologie und der phänomenologischen Reduktion aus der Vorlesungen Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegiffs (1925) (II) und am Ende wird Heideggers Deutung des Verhältnisses von der Intentionalität und der Transzendenz aus der Vorlesungen Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie (1927) und Die metphysische Anfangsgründe der Logik im Ausgang von Leibniz (1928) erläutert.

INTELIGIBILNOST SVAKIDAŠNJEGA: DODIRNE TAČKE RANOGA HAJDEGERA I POZNOGA HUSERLA

Author(s): Časlav D. Koprivica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2008

In diesem Aufsatz werden wir versuchen die Beziehungen zwischen der husserlschen Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und des frühen Heidegger zu untersuchen – und zwar anhand der Lebenswelt, genauer der Intelligibilität des Faktischen, der Auffassung von Doxa und der Philosophiegeschichte. Die Grundannahme lautet dass Husserl – sei es mittelbar, sei unmittelbar – eine kräftige Einflussnahme von seinem Schüler erfahren musste, vorwiegend aus seiner Frühphase, und dies im Moment als Heidegger selbst seine frühe Überzeugungen größtenteils einer Wiederprüfung unterzogen hatte. Dennoch, trotz den auffallenden Ähnlichkeiten zwischen beiden Denkern bleibt ein wesentlicher Unter- schied bestehen, der sich daraus besteht, die Intelligibilität der Lebenswelt bis zur transzen- dentalen Begründung zu überführen, während bei Heidegger die Intelligibilität des Anfangs eine endliche, kontingente und nur einigermassen durchsichtige sei.

ARISTOTEL: NUŽNOST, KONTINGENTNOST, SLOBODA

Author(s): Drago M. Đurić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2008

In this article the author attempts to present Aristotle’s argumentation against the universal fatalism, wich is, in the view of fatalists, a necessary consequence of the universal application of the principle of bivalence to the contradictory propositions about the future state of affairs. This problem Aristotle examines in his De Interpretatione ch. 9, wich is the main issue here. Presentation flows trough three steps: 1. Aristotle’s formulation of the problem, 2. Aristotle’s presentation and criticism of the logical determinism and, finally, 3. Aristotle’s libertarian solution of the problem. Author points out that through the history of interpretation of the problem there are different views. These views differ not only concerning the spirit of Aristotle’s text or his final solution, but concerning the way in which he refuted the universal validity of the logical determinism and fatalism.

The Modern Semantic Principles Behind Gilson’s Existential Interpretation of Aquinas (part 2)

Author(s): Elliot Polsky / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Part one of this two-part paper looked at the modern semantic developments underlying Gilson’s innovative and highly influential semantic theory in Being and Some Philosophers (BSP)—the existential neutrality of the copula, the distinction between predication and some positing or “thetic” function of judgment, and the distinction between predication and assertion. The present part of this paper offers a rereading of Gilson’s work in light of this modern backdrop. It argues that Gilson’s BSP, rather than being a purely historical exegesis of the writings of a thirteenth-century friar, is a work of original philosophizing inspired by Aquinas, but principally engaged with modern debates. In particular, it advances a Brentano-inspired reading of Aquinas in place of Maritain’s Pfänder-inspired reading of him. Rereading Gilson in his historical setting clarifies the meaning and implication of many phrases and theses that have become commonplaces in philosophical discourse, in part because of Gilson’s work.

Idea: From Realism to Idealism

Author(s): Piotr Jaroszyński / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper explores the origins of the dispute “realism or idealism,” which began in philosophy from Plato and Aristotle. Passing over early-modern and modern “isms” and various meanings of the term “idea,” deep in the past we discover the Proto-Indo-European “id” as the root involving the act of seeing and the object that is seen. Ancient Greek ideín, idéa, eído and eidos, all stemming from that primitive source, were part and parcel of Greek colloquial and literary language. Plato’s Euthyphro, and one particular moral dilemma, was the ground on which idéa was introduced to philosophy, albeit the concept was the main concern (“What is holiness?”), while the term was but a makeshift solution at the time. The search for ideas that followed has moved ever further away from the material and sensually cognizable reality, even though it always started with the reality of seeing and of that which was seen. The real being (to ti en einai) required abstracting the content for the intellect to work with. Ideas, and all the more idealism, needed dialectics.

Church and State: Separation or Distinction-a Philosophical Perspective

Author(s): Jan Kłos / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The issue of separation or distinction between the Church and the State has rarely been discussed. More often it has fallen prey to pragmatic solutions. When we look at the history of Church-State relations, we can observe either cooperation or hostility. The Church is looked upon with a sympathetic eye when it supports certain political solutions and with hostility when it criticizes the State. In the case of cooperation, the distinction is apparently acceptable; in the case of hostility, separation is recommended. This article primarily seeks to show the difference between separation and distinction. Both terms appeared in John Locke’s notable Letter Concerning Toleration. Unfortunately, even this philosopher failed to see the difference between the two terms. Assuming that man has many degrees of freedom within the State, the Church is needed as an institution separate from the State to help understand the profound meaning of human freedom, yet free to speak with its own voice and in accordance with its mission. The Church also needs to be aware of the fact that it is distinct from the State, being wary of any close political involvement.

The Dispute Regarding the Role of Analogy in the Natural (Rational) Affirmation of God’s Existence and the Definement of His Nature

Author(s): Kazimierz Gryżenia / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

At the beginning of the article, I speak of two ways of reflecting on God: natural and revealed theology. It is a disadvantage that two of them are often pitted against each other. I demonstrate their complementarity, with a focus on the abilities to research natural theology, that is, the philosophy of God. Next is analogy’s part in the cognition of God. Here, there are two issues to consider: finding proof of God’s existence and describing his nature. Most authors believe that analogy plays a part only in describing God’s nature and speak for the analogy of attribution. Demonstrating the existence of God is generally not addressed, taking the fact of God’s existence as already granted. Therefore, analogy ceases to be a focus. However, representatives of realist philosophy, existential Thomism, hold a different belief. They state that analogy can, and should, be applied in the argumentation for the existence of God and for describing His nature. The only problem that still exists is choosing which type of analogy to administer. This very analogy is the analogy of transcendental proportionality. It has been thought of, and is in fact possible, only on the basis of the existential conception of being, which is to be found in the views of St. Thomas Aquinas. It is similar in its structure to the analogy of attribution, as in both there is a primary analogate and secondary analogate. However, its primary analogate is radically differently understood than in the analogy of attribution.

The Specificity of the First Cognitive Acts in Realist Metaphysics as interpreted by Mieczysław A. Krąpiec and Stanisław Kamiński

Author(s): Paweł Gondek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The issue of the first cognitive acts is a decisive factor in the adopted methods of philosophical explanation of reality. The concept of the first cognitive acts presented in this article was developed by M. A. Krąpiec and S. Kamiński within the framework of realist metaphysics. They methodologically elaborated the problem of the primordial metaphysical experience, which constitutes a direct and assumption-free reference to existing things. The interpretative difficulties that arise in this area result from the need to engage pre-scientific sources of cognition at the starting point. Simultaneously, the value of this cognition is emphasized in the aspect of affirming the existence of something beyond the subject, which is expressed through the existential judgment and constitutes a preconception of the proper object of philosophy. In this conception, the first cognitive acts are accepted with appropriate refinement. This includes the dialectical method, which allows for a justified transition from pre-scientific cognitive results to preliminary philosophical assertions about reality. Subsequently, the intuitive-reductive method is introduced, in which, for a specified effectual state, we indicate the sole and ultimate ontic cause. In this method, the context of states of affairs constitutes a necessary condition for accepting theses. On such foundations, in realist metaphysics, one moves from the first cognitive acts to the formulation of systematic theses.

Rethinking Technology in a Hyperconnected World: Beyond the Hype of Inter - connectivity

Author(s): Alina Betlej,Małgorzata Skórzewska-Amberg / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper focuses on the sociological and legal analysis of the effects of the development of rapid technological advancements. The focus is on the need to rethink new technologies and the process of hyperconnectivity. The theoretical discussion is embedded in the framework of the chosen philosophical and social approaches. It starts with the attempt to understand the essence of the discussed changes and poses several questions to be answered. The authors analyze several mediating notions such as social values, axionormative order, legal regulations, the human position towards technological advancements, etc. Further analysis leads to a discussion of the legal context of these problems. The authors search for answers to many fundamental questions to open avenues for building coherent legal pillars of social order based on human values. To achieve these goals, they use a sociological and legal approach that is based mainly on criticism of writing and the analytical and synthetic methods.

Florian Michel, Étienne Gilson: An Intellectual and Political Biography

Author(s): Peter A. Redpath / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

KANT I VANGALAKTIČKA REVOLUCIJA U ASTRONOMIJI

Author(s): Milan M. Ćirković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2004

In this paper we briefly consider the role Kant's early philosophy, and notably his “island universes” hypothesis played in the history of astronomy. There are many reasons for this, including the coincidence of Kant's jubilar year with 80 years since Hubble's discovery (1924) of the extragalactic universe. This discovery, confirming the “island universes” hypothesis, revolutionized our picture of the physical universe. Pre-history of this revolution has another aspect, apart from the historical one, of significance for philosophy: it presents one of the best supported and empirically documented instances of the application of the Duhem-Quine thesis on subdetermination of theory by experiments.

ZAJEDNIČKA SUDBINA EVROPSKOG ČOVEKA I FILOZOFIJE

Author(s): Jovan Aranđelović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-4/2003

From the antiquity, science and philosophy have formed an inextricable unity, and also from the period of Renaissance philosophy and the modern scientific spirit have influenced the destiny of the European man. But the contemporary crisis of philosophy, according to Husserl, results from the fact that it has lost its own essence and ceased to be the force of the fundamental transformation of man. So the European man cannot rely any more on philosophy as the medium of universal liberation. Showing the actuality of Husserl’s ideas from The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, the author considers that it is of crucial importance to overcome this crisis by founding of new philosophy, which would be appropriate to „the spiritual Europe“. Science, as well as philosophy, must revindicate their vital power from politics, returning to the hellenistic ideals, that are also stressed by Husserl, too. Since the crisis of European values originates in the crisis of its science and philosophy, and that crisis is common to philosophy and the European man, the essential connection between them should be re-established by reviving the hope in the inappreciable value of the community of the European man and philosophy through the discovery of a new image of philosophy in the time when it seems that it has lost its former significance.

Epohalni smisao Kantove filozofije

Author(s): Milenko A. Perović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 41/2024

Greccio. Poznámky k františkánskej fenomenológii vtelenia

Author(s): Ladislav Tkáčik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2025

The author discusses the Franciscan phenomenology of the incarnation as elaborated and understood by Francis of Assisi and Bonaventure of Bagnoregio. He views their thought from the positions of Michel Henry and Emmanuel Falque. He argues that we are heirs to Bonaventure’s exemplarism, a symbolic vision of the world. However, his meaning is not exhausted in glimpsing analogy but in making it present, in a transformative symbolic experience. It is the Franciscan task to discover this sensuous, bodily way of inhabiting the world to which we are alienated, but which constantly envelops us in a proportions of beauty. Conversion to God happens as conversion to the world. Without moralizing, without condemnation, nodding at everything, rejoicing in all its good; suffering its every pain, tribulation, every injustice. Our body is to read the book of the world, the symbols, the metaphors of things, to sift through the text of the world as if through a thicket – as Bonaventure says in Breviloquio – and thus to be transformed ... and thus become a true, unsentimental heir, heir of Greecia.

Transcendental Illusion in Kant’s and Fichte’s Philosophies: Argument Against Empiricism

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

The aim of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is to call into question the illusions of the great systems of metaphysica rationalis that preceded his philosophy. Through the doctrine of the transcendental dialectic Kant reveals the mechanism of transformation of the natural dialectic of the mind into a metaphysical illusion. This mechanism of transcendental illusion originates within the subject-object relation. It can be expressed as an (illegitimate) assertion that the mind enables objective knowledge. According to Kant, the metaphysical errors of his predecessors can be interpreted as manifestations of this fundamental mistake. Within Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre, Kant’s teaching is transformed, and it seems to take aim at metaphysical systems of empiricism. In Fichte’s view, transcendental illusion rests within the subject-object relation, but its origin lies on the side of the object, which is expressed through the assertion of the existence of immediate experience. The author will examine more closely the circumstances according to which the determination of the transcendental illusion changes in the context of Fichte’s philosophy, highlighting the significance of this transformation for idealist arguments against empiricism.

Kant, Delez i transcendentalni empirizam

Author(s): Đorđe Hristov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2024

This paper will address Deleuze’s critique of Kant’s “transcendental idealism” from the standpoint of his “transcendental empiricism”. In the first part of the paper, I will discuss the significance that empiricism holds within Kant’s idealism, with a particular focus on the role of sensibility within the Critique of Pure Reason. Based on this brief overview, I will demonstrate in what sense Deleuze's “empiricism” serves not only as a critique of Kant’s idealism but also of empiricism, which, according to Deleuze, remains too “empirical”.