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ЗА ГРАНЬЮ КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ: К ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВЫ В ОТСУТСТВИЕ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВ

Author(s): Konstantin Vladimirovich Kondratjev,Anton Sergeyevich Krasnov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The paper provides a consistent criticism of modern capitalism from the viewpoint of neo-Marxism. The modern neoliberal capitalist ideology represents a separate fantasmatical hyperreality, which can be reduced to the objective reality only through violence. An attempt is made to analyze the “discourse of impossibility” from the methodological perspective, i.e., as a way for finding possible alternatives in the modern capitalist ideology, which seems to have no other alternatives. The fundamental “ideological triangle” is determined. It consists of neoliberal economic doctrine, neoconservative policy, and neopositivistic philosophy. These three concepts embody the unified episteme of the modern world.

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ГЛОБАЛЬНОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ И ЧЕРТЫ

Author(s): Evgenija Mihailova Nikolaeva,Mikhail Dimitrijevich Schelkunov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

This paper considers general trends in the development of global higher education space, which is understood by us as a specific social and cultural universe manifesting itself in the complex of subjective, pragmatic, and environmental components. The trends and features discussed in the paper fix paradigm shifts in the sphere of higher education. These shifts determine its objectives, content, and organizational forms. In the context of the current socioeconomic reality, the role and position assumed by universities are changing dramatically. It becomes an entrepreneurial structure, effectively collaborating with business and government, integrated in the global space of higher education, and participating in knowledge transfer.

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Białe kłamstwo w praktyce medycznej z perspektywy wybranych teorii etycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Sobczak,Agata Janaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Does a medical practitioner have a moral obligation to mislead a patient about hiscondition, if he has subjective certainty, that revealing the truth to the patient mayharm him even more? Or, perhaps the practioner is always bound to fully inform thepatient about true state of his health? Idea that pertains to those questions is, in itsnature, achronic. It has accompanied medicine since its birth and has also becomean issue pondered by philosophers. Over the course of centuries, various ethicalfundaments have been created by social and historical contexts. Their purpose wasto evaluate the so called ‘white lie’. The intention of this article is to classify and describemain ethical concepts, within which a solution to this issue has been sought for.

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Teologia jako nauka formalna

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Among philosophers of science there are a lot of views about nature of theology in relate to others disciplines. In the article author defends an account according to which theology is a formal science. Firstly he introduces two necessary features of science: semantic exclusivity and practical egalitarianism. Next he examines theological definitions of theology and using Bocheński’s meaning partition he indicates that matter of theology has operative meaning, but not eidetic. In the face of this difficulty, author shows examples of theological researches and exposes its schemes. Furthermore, he presents a final conclusion that theological researches are nothing more than establishing mutual relations between a finite number of terms, in other words the creation of some new conceptual schemes that would be syntactically coherent and logically consistent with other, previously approved, conceptual schemes. Finally he indicates how theology bases on four kinds of rules of sentences’ transformation: rule of syntactic, sources, conclusion-formulating and assigning the truthfulness.

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ЛИРИКА Ф.И. ТЮТЧЕВА В СВЕТЕ ФИЛОСОФИИ ПОЗДНЕГО М. ХАЙДЕГГЕРА

Author(s): Albina Mazgarovna Sayapova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents an interpretation of F.I. Tyutchev’s vivid philosophical system in relation to the views of M. Heidegger, whose philosophical reasoning is clearly similar to the thoughts of the Russian poet expressed in a number of his works. The symbolic and capacious images of F.I. Tyutchev motivated by “the feeling of anguish and horror” are considered in the context of the late philosophy of M. Heidegger, who was concerned with the problem of the century of industrialization disrupting the harmony between humans and the universe, when a human individual ceases to be “a reflection of the Whole”. The method of “point” hermeneutics provides a possibility to investigate the resonances in the types of attitudes and artistic thinking of M. Heidegger, whose style is characterized by the poetry of word, and F.I. Tyutchev, whose poetry is based on reflection. The creative relationships in the works of both thinkers in the context of the ontological problem designated by M. Heidegger as “the essence in general” are studied.

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„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

Author(s): Michał Kruszelnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.

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De Anima Arystotelesa oczami Franza Brentano. Budowa ludzkiej duszy na podstawie Die Psychologiedes Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom nous poietikos oraz w kontekście pozostałych prac ze zbioru Aristotelica

Author(s): Sonia Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

This paper is a part of a project devoted to Brentano’s Aristotelian writings. I concentrate on his habilitation about Aristotle’s psychology, and especially on how he understood Aristotle’s division of mental life into three levels as well as the functions typical for these levels. I analyze two notions that Brentano introduces in his account: Zwischenglieder, meaning intermediary “levels” within the soul enabling smooth passages between the vegetative soul and sensory soul and between the latter and intellectual soul; and Gottverwandtschaft, i.e. human kinship with God, which is possible thanks to the noblest part of the soul. I also introduce two metaphors of the soul: cake-metaphor and fabric-metaphor.

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Logika miejsca i jej zastosowania w analizie niektórych rozumowań prawniczych

Author(s): Anna Kozanecka-Dymek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The subject of the consideration contained in the article is topological logic interpreted as place logic and its possible applications in a logical analysis of legal reasoning. The first part of the article is about significance of widely understood spatial element in a law and about a role of formal logic in legal sciences (especially in dogmatic of law) and in legal discourse. There are also given conditions imposed on logical systems which can be applied to analyse legal reasoning. In the second part there is characterization of topological logic interpreted as place logic. In the third part there are examples of formalization of sentences of legal language and of legal inferences using symbols occurring in place logic. In the article there is shown that such kind of logic can be applied to logical analysis some reasoning conducted in legal language, specifically such reasoning in which there appear sentences including, in an explicit or a hidden way, phrase “in place”, that is, information about that, where certain events are realized.

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Bertranda Russella koncepcja monizmu neutralnego

Author(s): Jacek Jarocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The metaphysical view of Bertrand Russell, called neutral monism, is not widely known today, although its impact on the contemporary debate over mind-body problem is clearly visible. The aim of this paper is to answer the question: what was Russell’s neutral monism? Firstly, I present the views of Russell’s predecessors – Ernst Mach and William James. Then, I discuss Russell’s own thought which can be divided into three phases. The initial phase is the rejection of neutral monism (mainly because of Russell’s commitments to epistemology). The second phase – I call it the first neutral monism – appears in The Analysis of Mind, where he proposes a deflationary theory of the object and the subject. The last, third phase – called the second neutral monism, initiated in 1927 in The Analysis of Matter and An Outline of Philosophy – introduces the notions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Finally, I suggest that the agnostic metaphysics of Russell is too reductive for a dualist and too mysterious for a materialist. However, it might be also true that Russell’s view is more epistemological than metaphysical, and the frames of (misleading) Cartesian dictionary of mind/matter may be too narrow for neutral monism to be pertinently interpreted.

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Korzenie myśli libertariańskiej

Author(s): Hubert Staśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In this article I discuss the roots of libertarian thought. First I draw a little-known late-scholastic philosophy of the Renaissance period. Then, the theoretical basis for the libertarian direction created: Anglo-Saxon philosophers the Age of Enlightenment and French anti-statists nineteenth century. A fundamental contribution to the popularization this philosophy played in turn: Austrian economics, which created such outstanding figures as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Chicago school of economics under the direction of Milton Friedman.

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Argumenty na rzecz nieredukcyjnego ujęcia tożsamości osobowej

Author(s): Mariusz Grygianiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

In the debate on personal identity many different criteria of identity are proposed and defended. Criteria of identity are usually taken to state necessary and sufficient conditions of identity and are viewed, in their metaphysical interpretation, as providing truth conditions of relevant identity statements. In my paper I argue that this view is misconceived and I present some arguments for the simple view of personal identity, according to which there are no noncircular and informative criteria of identity for persons. In particular, I argue that there are no other facts of the matter than identity itself which would serve as truth conditions of statements concerning numerical identity. I also try to justify the view that in most cases criteria of identity should be interpreted either epistemically as a means for finding out whether identity holds or not or metaphysically as criteria of genidentity, which provide appropriate persistence conditions for objects of a given kind.

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Intuition and Insight. The Analysis of their selected features with reference to Bernard Lonergan position

Author(s): Monika Walczak / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2016

The paper discusses notions of intuition and insight. The most typical features attributed to intuition in the history of philosophy – receptiveness, passivity, immediateness, directness, self-evidence, infallibility, and indubitability – are analyzed. A variability of the notion of intuition is shown, taking as its example the category of insight, central for the epistemology of Bernard J.F. Lonergan (1904–1984), the twentieth-century philosopher locating between phenomenology, Thomism and hermeneutics. Insight is still in some respects a kind of intuition although it is creative, active, mediated, indirect, fallible and open to revision.

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Neutralność światopoglądowa

Author(s): Arkadiusz Chrudzimski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

In this paper I focus on the concept of neutrality taken in the meaning typical for political discussions concerning e.g. the religious neutrality of the state. I take it for granted that the huge majority of educated people belonging to the so called “western culture” would agree that the most important institutions of our social life – such as schools, courts, and parliaments – should be neutral in this sense. But on the other hand it is extremely difficult to formulate a set of precise and reliable criteria allowing us to exclude particular statements, arguments or kinds of discourse as violating this principle of neutrality. The sad truth is that the term “neutrality”, even if restricted to the meaning that is relevant to this paper, is rather vague. Nevertheless I want to propose three types of criteria that can be helpful in attaining this goal. They will be termed: (i) content criterion, (ii) epistemic criterion, and (iii) pragmatic criterion. It seems that if we apply all these criteria together, we will be able to secure a reasonable degree of neutrality in our public debates.

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Problem sceny w Tischnerowskiej filozofii dramatu

Author(s): Witold P. Glinkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

The paper aims to pinpoint one of the main interpretational problems of Józef Tischner’s philosophy – the dispute around the notion of scene, which is the basic concept in Tischner’s ‘philosophy of drama’. It is as well strongly connected with theatre studies. That is why it is common to regard Tischner’s philosophy in a theatrical context. On the other hand, Tischner’s scene is also referred to world of entities, which in traditional philosophy was a field of ontological investigates. Both abovementioned tendencies are a result of misunderstanding Tischner’s thought and they lead to the wrong interpretation of his philosophy of man. Yet according to Tischner man does not play in a drama as an actor on the scene, but rather he is a dramatical being. Proper understanding of Tischner’s notion of scene is essential to understand his philosophical project and to recognize its value and novelty.

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Człowiek w imperium czasu, sens w imperium znaków. Hermeneutyka a sens historii

Author(s): Katarzyna Szkaradnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

The linguistic turn has emphasized the linguistic aspect of history as a kind of a tale, unveiling its ideological foundations and rhetorical structure. This article’s aim is, however, to prove how seeing history as a collection of texts enables us to regain its subjective sense. The authoress considers the fears of historians’ manipulations as well as the validity of »the sense of history«’s question and shows that hermeneutics restores that validity in the epoch after metanarratives’ defeat. Referring to Ricoeur, Gadamer, Marquard, Vattimo and also a sociologist Jan Szczepański, this paper displays that we could be perceived as a product of history, but the interpretation of historical texts, sources and traditions, deepens our “being-in-the-world”. History appears to be the dialectics of being a product and creating, it relies on decision and obligation. Having understood, how the past mediated by texts – historical interpretations – influences our conduct, we could give it new senses.

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Czy przyjaźń etyczna nie jest przyjaźnią pozorną? – rozważania wokół drugiego rozdziału siódmej księgi Etyki eudemejskiej

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

In The Eudemian Ethics 1237b6–7 Aristotle seems to suggest that if the ethical friend has an unpleasant odour, he is left by his friend. The article is devoted to demonstrating that the ethical friendship is not the apparent friendship. For this purpose author presents the characteristics of the true friend and distinguishes two types of the ethical friendship, the first between good men, i.e. men with a typical mixture of good and bad traits of character, the second between noble men, i.e. the best men who are heroes of intellect and character – intellect because prudent, character because noble. On this basis author shows three interpretations which neutralize controversial statement. According to the first interpretation – called “superhuman stink” – unpleasant odour is impossible to endure for the men, even good or noble. Therefore ethical friend must leave his friend in such circumstances. According to the second interpretation – called “one-dimensional courage” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour is left by ethical friend, since one, who leaves can not endure stinking friend. The reason is that he has one-dimensional courage and apart from direct hostilities he does not cope with own weakness. According to the third interpretation – called “heroic solitude” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour does not want to grieve his friend. Therefore decides to heroic solitude – heroic, since a human being is a civic being and one whose nature is to live with others – and leaves his friend.

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Sfera niczyja jako źródło życia psychicznego: Nietzsche, Scheler, Wittgenstein, Goffman

Author(s): Katarzyna Gurczyńska-Sady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

Traditionally mental life of the person goes into “seclusion” called his/her interior. It is believed that because of its secret nature of the it and because it is not immediately given to other subject who may – at best – guess of what “goes in”. Free access one has got only to his/her own experiences (feelings, emotions, thoughts etc.). In the twentieth century (and a bit earlier) this traditional view is criticized and changed. As a fruit of this criticism emerged the opposite trend: the knowledge of both my and his/her inner experience is explain by introducing an element that allows this knowledge and is placed outside any of them. I call it the impersonal sphere of nobody – supra-individual matrix of the knowledge of my and his/her mental life. In this article I try to indicate the origin of the idea of this sphere giving its main characteristics. A description is based on the views of known philosophers: Nietzsche, Scheler and Wittgenstein and one sociologist – Goffman.

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Podmiot jako wewnętrzny biegun symbolizmu. Antymentalistyczna wykładnia „Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego”

Author(s): Jakub Gomułka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The purpose of this paper is to offer a radical anti-mentalistic interpretation of Wittgensteinʼs Tractatus. Contrary to mentalistic approaches postulating that the task of projection must be performed by a subject (transcendental or psychological), the author claims – after Rhees, Diamond and McGinn – that the projection itself is an intrinsic relation within the symbol. The main point of the paper is the thesis that the transcendenal subjectivity – or, as Wittgenstein calls it, the metaphysical subject – is the inner pole of the symbol, and since the meaning of the symbol is itʼs other inner pole (as anti-realist interpretations point out), the whole intentional relation of symbolizing is intrinsic to the symbolism.

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Dysjunktywizm i natura percepcyjnej relacji

Author(s): Paweł Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

This paper surveys selected (though arguably representative) versions of metaphysical and epistemological disjunctivism. Although they share a common logical structure, it is hard to find a further common denominator among them. Two main conclusions are: (1) a specific standpoint on the nature of perceptual relation is not such a common denominator, which means that it is very unlikely that all of these views could be refuted with a single objection; (2) contrary to what its name suggests, disjunctivism can be correctly expressed without the employment of disjunction.

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Czy emocje mogą być racjonalne? Analiza wybranych aspektów filozofii emocji Ronalda de Sousy

Author(s): Andrzej Dąbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

In the paper I examine the three aspects of Ronald de Sousa’s philosophy of emotions: intentionality, objectivity, and rationality of emotions. In the beginning, I put up the basic question, how he sees emotions? De Sousa argues that emotions are a kind of perception (perception of axiological properties). At the same time he defends an objectivist approach to emotions. It implies that emotion apprehends something in the world that exists independently of us. The fundamental question, how emotions relate to their objects, leads to the inquiry on the intentional structure of emotion and, then, to the study of the truth of emotion. Finally, I reconstruct a very important study concerning rationality: cognitive rationality, strategic rationality, and axiological rationality. The latter one is specific to the emotions.

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