The philosophic background as starting-point for early Christian doctrine of God’s immanence

Author(s): Tudor Cosmin Ciocan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In philosophy of religion the term of Immanence is mostly applied to GOD in contrast to the divine Transcendence. This relation, as we will see here, it is not far from the truth since one cannot be without the other, however they are not to be put in contrast, but in conjunction. The one-sided insistence on the immanence of God, to the exclusion of His transcendence, leads to Pantheism, just as the one-sided insistence upon His transcendence, to the exclusion of His immanence, leads to Deism. These two can be separated, but the consequences are great for human knowledge and society; it is the two taken together that result in, and are necessary to Theism. But from the least complicated idea that even the name of God is a manifestation of His immanence contrasting with Deus absconditus, whose existence and name cannot be known or thought, theology and religion in general need to regard immanence of God as crucial for the acts of worship. What are the philosophical background for Christian theology to imply the immanence characteristic for God’s existence related to His creation? – This is the main question the present work tries to answer as an overview.

Postulat more geometrico w filozofii matematyki Charlesa S. Peirce’a

Author(s): Hanna Michalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

W tekście przedstawiona została ogólna charakterystyka filozofii matematyki Charlesa S. Peirce’a (1839–1914), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem relacji między matematyką a metodeutyką (metodologią). Związek ten jest o tyle interesujący, że w świetle filozofii nauki Peirce’a metodeutyka jest nauką normatywną, jedną z gałęzi logiki (semiotyki), wskazującą reguły prowadzenia badań naukowych, którym matematyka winna czynić zadość. Z kolei, zważywszy na formalne rozwiązania proponowane przez Peirce’a, a obowiązujące w „królestwie nauk” – matematyka poprzedza metodeutykę, jest pierwszą wśród dyscyplin poznawczych. Na tle relacji, która łączy matematykę i metodeutykę, wyłania się interesująca reinterpretacja metodologicznego postulatu René Descartesa, głoszącego konieczność uprawiania filozofii metodami matematycznymi, pozwalającymi na osiągnięcie wiedzy ścisłej i pewnej, a wyrażonego krótko w słynnym more geometrico. Śledząc meandry matematyczno- metodeutycznego związku, można wyczytać, jak Peirce – zasadniczo krytyk kartezjanizmu – uwspółcześnił naukową wskazówkę Kartezjusza. The paper gives a general characteristic of the philosophy of mathematics of Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914), with particular attention to the relation between mathematics and methodeutic. This relationship is specially interesting in the light of Peirce’s philosophy of science, which says that methodeutic is a normative science, one of the branches of logic (semiotics) and it defines the rules of scientific research, that also mathematics should complies with. On the other hand, according to the formal construct proposed by Peirce and apply in the “realm of science” – mathematics (“the Queen of the Sciences”) is the first among all scientific disciplines therefore it precedes methodeutic. While studying the relationship between mathematics and methodeutic, emerges an interesting reinterpretation of a methodological postulate of Rene Descartes, who proclaiming the necessity of doing the philosophy according to the mathematical methods; the only ones, as Descartes was convinced, that make it possible to achieve a real (“clear and distinct”) knowledge. He expressed this principle briefly, in the famous: more geometrico. Following the twists and turns of mathematics – methodeutic compound we can easily find how Peirce – essentially a critic of Cartesianism – modernized the scientific (methodological) rule of Descartes.

Von Marburg nach Pittsburgh-2: Anschauung in der Struktur der Erfahrung

Author(s): Maja Soboleva / Language(s): German Issue: 35/2016

The paper focuses on the problem of constitution of our cognitive experience. Two approaches to this problem proposed by Ernst Cassirer and John McDowell are central for the analysis. Both authors use Immanuel Kant’s theory of cognition as a foundation for their own conceptions und they develop their independent interpretations of it according to the traditions they belong to. Although McDowell’s interpretation emerged within analytical philosophy, we can see similarity with Cassirer’s theory. Comparative studies of these theories will point out the convergences and divergences between them.

От култа към разума и знанието към робството на страстта и чувствата

Author(s): Vladimir Ignatov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

Феноменологията на човешкия живот според Арент

Author(s): Luisa Paz Rodríguez Suárez / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This article tries to show the phenomenological sense of the Arendtian investigation on the human life and to what extent it is constituted as a postmetaphysical philosophical anthropology, an interpretation that would be closely linked to her notions of action and identity.

Uloga individualiteta u kontekstu dijaloga moderne

Author(s): Đuldina Kurtović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2016

Philosophical thinking and understanding of individuality and its role in the context of the crisis of modernity is necessary so we could objectively and critically perceive the picture of modernity, but also to perceive its crisis. Many philosophers, among which is impossible not to mention philosophical thought of Hegel and Kierkegaard, were thinking about self return, the importance of individuality and the birth of subjective freedom. Both of them agreed in the case of turning point in the history of human spirit, the turning point which was marked as the path of self return. That turning point they saw in Sokrates, and it was decisive for the birth of consciousness of freedom. Although Hegel and Kierkegaard differed in many ways, this turning point was place where two of them had met and agreed. On this fundament where self –determined and self-consciousness individual is established, it is possible to expect overcoming the crisis of modernity. This overcoming requires special kind of dialogue that will be full of tolerance and mutual respect.

Socijalistički karakter obrazovanja

Author(s): Đuldina Kurtović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2015

As an universal value education is one of the most fundamental expession of society. It also appears as one of the fundamental human rights. Through education an individual not only gain knowledge about itself, but also meets and learn about Others. As the one of crucial fundaments of socialization, education is also important for its own characteristics such as creation and implementation of spiritual and material possibilities. In every sphere we can find human drive for bringing eduaction closer to the life and existential needs. Possible solutions for existential situations can be found almost in every period of human history, especially in the philosophical and sociological orientations. Those solutions have been given in the socialism also. The term socialism has its specific meaning, especially in the context of social relations and as an specific social order. In this article it will be presented specific understanding of the concept of education within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, especially in the framewoek of the Marxist's orientation. Freedom of individual meant also that academic freedom should be enabled. Within socialist character of education, academic freedom meant free discussions, but also presentation of new ideas and free opinions. However, in reality, realization of mentioned freedom had only formal character. Because, most educational institutions dependent economically and politically of the state authorities. It will also be shown what impact had this socialistic character of education on education in the society of 21st century in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Żywy trup. Jak kultura popularna reprodukuje lęk przed wykluczeniem

Author(s): Tomasz Nowicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2013

In this article I describe how “different” and “inclusion” act in texts of popular culture on ex­ample of the living dead concept. I claim that the living dead is a political category. There is a story about naked life which is designated to be a biopolitical substantiation. The paradigm for the concept of a living dead is a concentra­tion camp.

Sherry by Eliane Lima (USA, 24 m. 2017)

Author(s): M. Kennedy Volcofsky / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Генезис на трансценденталната форма на съзнание в ранния будизъм

Author(s): Ivan Kamburov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The article unveils the transcendental nature of consciousness in classical Buddhism. The specifics and structure of psyche in Abhidharmistic philosophy is clarified. The unsubstantialistic character of dharms is formulated. The paper also presents the structures of Buddhistic subjectivity, as well as the significance and functions of Buddhistic “contemplation” (dhyana) are revealed.

Artur Rega: „Omul în lumea simbolurilor. Antropologia filozofică a lui Mircea Eliade”

Author(s): Magdalena FILARY / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Polish exegesis of Mircea Eliade's work has grown after 1989 through monographs and studies devoted entirely to hermeneutics that the historian and phenomenologist of religions imposes on the sciences dealing with the study of sacredness, of religious phenomena and related symbolism. The book Man in the Symbol World. Philosophical Anthropology of Mircea Eliade by Artur Rega is among them.

Фридрих Ницше – новата религия на метафизическия нихилизъм

Author(s): Rosen Rachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

Human life is an endless sequence of problem situations and ways to overcome them. Friedrich Nietzsche proclaims doubt and nihilism as forms of existence in problem situation. They are the foundation of the „reassessment of all values“. This reassessment is oriented to traditional, approved and wide spread principles and norms in society. The skepticism is an initial position and a transitional stage of denial. If someone denies something without thinking of it, he acts emotionally. Friedrich Nietzsche is a nihilist because his attitude is based on doubts, which are rationally motivated. In this paper the arguments are derived from his books “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”, “The Antichrist” and “Twilight of the Idols”.

Data vs. Information

Author(s): Mihaela MALITA,Gheorghe M. Ştefan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Big Data technologies are about how to extract information from the rough data. The intermediate stage is represented by preprocessed data. But, even from preprocessed data to information the way is long and complex. First of all, we must understand what information means. There is no widely accepted definition for information. By proposing and using a working definition for the concept of information, we present the main techniques involved on the way from the rough data to the useful information. How the information is generated, extracted and how it emerges is shortly introduced. The role played by information in the knowledge process leads to the way information, as structure acting by its meaning, must reconsider the philosophical approach of existence.

What does a new scientific spirit mean? Bachelard from the thirties of the last century and the science of our days

Author(s): Ana Bazac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

My paper relates Bachelard’s main epistemological thesis –the new scientific spirit–in the 30s and some present tendencies in science. In its “Noumène et microphysique”, from 1931, Bachelard reveals a revolutionary change in the 20th century natural science: the definite proof of insufficiency of the traditional pattern of experimental physics of macro-bodies and searching for observable causes – where the starting point of the research was the empirical observation, where the end was to measure the material elements and the values of movements, where the pattern of decomposition were the object and at the same time the aim of researchers –to a complex “intellectualist” model where the most important moments of the research are the (new) theories/new conjectures which no longer assume the logic of isolating the phenomena from their context, where these phenomena are rather relations and effects than material particles, and where the scientific theory follows just the relations and effects which constitute the new objects, and not so much the material objects as such as in the Newtonian science.And: where the understanding of this relational reality is the result of mathematical forms which are not a simple calculus of visible phenomena, but expressions of the internal deep constitution and laws of existence. In this new type of research, the empirical observation is only a starting point and a moment between the theoretical construction and its mathematical clearer manifestation and proof back and forth.All these elements are developed by Bachelard and are considered here as a mirror (or, rather, a beacon, or, not in a metaphorical language, a criterion) for the present epistemology as this one is visible in some aspects focused on by the present sciences.Indeed, nowadays – and in the trail of Bachelard – and though there is an inertial tendency to put only physics at the origin of the scientific knowledge of the world (and in this sense, to confront the classical model of Newton and Einstein physics), epistemology considers at least three aspects configuring the scientific outlook and, perhaps, world-view: the sciences of the living,givingusnew ways of understanding, including the inanimate material logic, as well as its qualitative progress; the inter and trans-disciplinary relations of the scientific steps,givingnew realms of the world; the holistic approach as methodology and (practical/technological) representation of the world. Therefore, the evolutionary epistemology – whose early representative was Bachelard –allows us to use the same comparative pattern, but concerning a broader space and leading to more refined perspectives about the world.

Структуриране на личността в психоаналитична перспектива

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

This paper will search to offer a model of the whole-integrated personality with encompassing the structure, the areas and the internal specifications and connections in the personality universum. For this purpose we will follow and derive the basic conceptual models which exist and generalize what personality is in our comprehension. This also will be a phenomenological reconstructing of fundamental types of projections in personality constituting – we will derive the initial approaches to the world of I-instance in Descartes and Kant, but basically we will define the process personality in Hegel as the result of process-ending of the pure thought system. We will also draw for consideration Heidegger’s model in analyzing the personality as an event, as a phenomenon of the live and actual human presence in the world. Thou the essential goal is reconstructing the three-instance psychoanalytical model which will be considered in unexpected configuration by drawing together of S. Freud’s and A. Maslow’s personality depth-structuring. The hypothesis raised up here is: Maslow’s pyramid of basic needs, in its hierarchy reflects a general structuring of the levels of the personality universum, with this the areas of integrity, continuity and I-projecting of whole personality will be formed.

Априорното във философия на религията: Ранният Рудолф Ото

Author(s): Miroslav Bachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The quest for a priori principle in religion is especially active in the German Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant is one of the first, who makes effort to justify religion as a natural religion (religia naturalis). After Kant the issue about the aprioristic status of the religious is discussed by Jakob Fries, Ernst Troeltsch, Rudolf Otto and others. Our main thesis is that the idea of the religious a priori in early Otto is formed on the basis of Jakob Fries and Wilhelm De Vette’ philosophies, while in the “The Idea of The Holy“ (Das Heilige, 1917) Otto relies almost fully on Kant, particularly on its epistemological and aesthetic ideas.

Visual and Language Codes of Basic Existentials in Heidegger’s Being and Time

Author(s): Aneta Tumbeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The article will present Heidegger’s philosophical concept in Being and Time, which disclosed the human existence through the problem of time. Heidegger creates his own conceptual language through which the visibility of the environmentality directs to Dasein and to the ready-to-hand world. Existentials outline the dimensions of Dasein in the basic constitution of the Being. Their presenting leads to the division of zones of the existence, the human world and its existential constitution – Dasein reveals its possibilities to be and its existential basic state. To present the scope of Heidegger’s existential analytic, the following Existentials can be structured: World, Everydayness, Care, Death, and Conscience. Each and every Existential will be considered through its visual and language codes.

Mevlânâ’da İnsanın Yaratılması Bağlamında Rahmet, İyilik ve Kötülük Tasavvuru

Author(s): Abdullah Kuşlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2024

The concept of good and evil in the world, as viewed through the lens of human existence, holds significant weight in religious and philosophical discourse, particularly in the teachings of Sufism and the perspective of Mawlānā. Mawlānā, a prominent Sufi figure, delves deeply into understanding human nature, emphasizing the profound connection between humans and the Creator. Mawlānā 's contemplation on human nature extends to various aspects, including the relationship with God, the universe, love, life, death, and human agency. Within his perspective, the creation of man is regarded as a manifestation of divine mercy, love, and blessings, reflecting God's intent for humanity to comprehend and acknowledge Him. Central to Mawlānā 's interpretation is the acknowledgment of the unique qualities inherent in humans, particularly the gift of will. The verse "We created it most beautifully" underscores the exceptional nature of humans compared to other beings, granting them the capacity for choice and discernment. Mawlānā underscores the significance of human will, distinguishing them from other creatures and enabling them to make choices and decisions. However, the inherent ability of humans to exercise their will also implies the coexistence of good and evil within them. Mawlānā recognizes that human nature encompasses both revered qualities and darker inclinations. The capacity for choice inherently involves the potential for virtuous and malevolent actions. The coexistence of good and evil in the world prompts contemplation on the nature of free will and its implications. Mawlānā 's teachings provoke reflection on whether the bestowal of free will to humans, despite the presence of good and evil in the world, can be perceived as a divine blessing. Moreover, Mawlānā 's perspective invites exploration into the significance of the existence of good and evil within the universe from a spiritual standpoint. In analyzing Mawlānā 's thoughts on the issue of good and evil in the world, it is evident that his teachings highlight the intricate interplay between human will, moral choices, and the divine plan. Mawlānā 's emphasis on the responsibility of knowing God underscores the distinguished position of humans in the spectrum of creation. This unique status encompasses their role in comprehending and aligning with the divine will amid the inherent presence of opposing forces in the world, such as good and evil. Ultimately, Mawlānā 's profound insights illuminate the significance of Sufism in unraveling the complexities of human existence and the moral dimensions inherent in the human experience. His teachings resonate with the enduring quest to comprehend the world's dynamic interplay of good and evil and the intrinsic spiritual significance of human life.

Kant a problematický pojem věci o sobě

Author(s): Jiří Chotaš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 66-67/2024

The paper discusses Kant’s distinction between appearances and things in themselves, phenomena and noumena, and the problem of affection. The difference between appearances and things in themselves is understood as a methodological difference between two manners in which an object can be viewed: either as an appearance, or as a thing in itself. The author claims that this double-aspect view is a consequence of Kant’s conception of space and time as a priori forms of sensibility. The difference between phenomena and noumena, on the other hand, cannot be explained only by the double-aspect view; Kant understands it also as an ontological difference between two different kinds of objects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the problem of affection. The author claims that this problem is a pseudo-problem if we understand the difference between appearances and things in themselves as double-aspect view. Kant had maintained only an empirical affection. Passages in which Kant seems to advocate a transcendental affection can be brought in line with Kant’s critical philosophy.

„Кронос“ като ум и „Афродита“ като душа в античната антропология. Съкрушената душа в съвременното общество

Author(s): Elitsa Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

The purpose of this article is not to clarify the authenticity and various features of Pythagoreanism, but to trace whether it has an influence on different philosophical currents on how the human being is perceived as two incompatible alternatives – as a transitory form of the animal or as a divine creature. The fact is that there is no clear and consensual definition of what constitutes a person. The separation of soul and body in man as two separate entities belonging to different dimensions is also a concept inherited from antiquity. Matter as evil and soul as good has been a philosophical maxim since the time of Pythagoras. Thus, the human being remains outside the unity of nature as torn into two different entities. They relate to the being, matter and time differently. They express his different natures – the low and the high, the small and the large, matter and ether. The interpretation that soul and body are connected only indirectly and that this makes man imperfect is the root of an erroneous but established notion. In this sense, it is important to rethink from a modern perspective where human perfection lies, such as the right to choose and freedom.