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The Formation of Russian Rule over the Kazakh Steppe in the Early Nineteenth Century:Focusing on the Relationship between the Local Authorities and Kazakh Intermediaries At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Kazakh Steppe was composed of four regions: the Inner Horde, Little Horde, Middle Horde, and Great Horde. This research note focuses on the penetration of Russian rule into the Middle Horde and Little Horde: the former, i.e., the Siberian Kazakhs, was put under the control of the Western Siberian Governor-Generalship based on the Statute on the Administration of Siberian Kirgiz (Kazakhs) in 1822, and the latter, i.e., the Orenburg Kazakhs, under Orenburg Province (guberniia) according to the equivalent rules that gradually came into force from 1824 onwards. These rules and statute worked both in the Middle and Little Hordes to divide each into several administrative units, with okrug, volost’, and aul introduced in the Siberian Kazakh Steppe, and with chast’, distantsiia, and starshinstvo introduced in the Orenburg Kazakh Steppe. At the top of all these units, some Kazakh notables served as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the local population. By closely examining and comparing the dynamics of this interaction both within the Middle and Little Hordes, I attempt to detect regional particularities in the establishment of Russian rule in the Steppe.
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Nell’anno 2002 passa sessant’anni dalla morte di Janusz Korczak (1879–1942). Nonostante del tempo si nota il continuo interesse del pensiero e del sistema educativo di Janusz Korczak, uno dei piu’ significativi educatori in Polonia del periodo 1918–1939. L’idea del bambino nel pensiero di Korczak e’ molta chiara e non fa nessun problema, invece la questione della sua religione fa molti problemi. Per alcuni Korczak era ateista, per altri non credente. Ci sono pero’ le opinioni che mettono Korczak e il suo comportamento religioso da parte del misticismo. L’articolo presente cerca di rispondere ai sopraddetti argomenti basando sui testi dell’Autore. Il bambino era per Lui un mistero di Dio e una cosa santa. Al riguardo della religione si puo’ constatare che Korczak ha sovrapassato la religione ebraica e la fede cattolica.
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The paper discusses the political process of standardization of the Montenegrin language and its effect on the ethnic differentiation in post-Yugoslav Montenegro. The standardization of the Montenegrin language, which was started by a handful of linguists, eventually became a national project after the independence of Montenegro. This process did not lead to a drastic change of the language; however, it formed and expanded ethnic cleavages in Montenegro.
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The amount of work stress faced by the employees has increased in the recent decades. This situation has negative health and psychosocial consequences. The Model Effort Reward Imbalance (ERI) has significantly contributed to the research on adverse health effects of work. This model examines the subjectively perceived level of balance between the effort and obtained rewards of workers and it analyses the medical and psychosocial consequences of this (im)balance. This paper introduces a description of the ERI model at theoretical, methodological, and empirical level.
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