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Ecotourism has developed as a fast growing sector within tourism industry, promoting concepts as conservation, sustainable travel, environmental and cultural awareness. Therefore, a new type of discourse has evolved within tourism discourse, namely ecotourism discourse or 'greenspeak'. Our aim is to analyze ecotourism language, identify specific linguistic patterns, and observe various discursive interactions. Ecotourism language exhibits a mix of discursive features related to moralizing, cultural, environmental, romantic and picturesque discourse.
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In its choice of themes, translated texts and literary paragons concerning the aspect of Christian love, early old Bulgarian writings show the characteristic features of every incipient Christian literature such as the adherence to ideas expressed in the New Testament, the detailed work on the subject of God’s love for Man, Christian brotherly love or a most encompassing idea about love as a spiritual phenomenon. In this new born Christian Bulgarian literature the conceptions of love are inherently interconnected with the ones about faith and the highest spheres of the spirit, which comes to set forth a fundamental theme in Bulgarian culture – the love of books.
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The paper traces out the problem of the vernacular languages used as liturgical by the Latin church during the Middle Ages – as treated by the synods and papal decrees. After the transition from Greek to Latin in the celebration of the Roman liturgy, a sophisticated and especially stylised language medium of worship was elaborated. In the course of the Middle Ages, Latin as the language of the liturgy became more and more removed from the language of the people, especially because of the formation of national languages and cultures in Europe. The Byzantine mission in Great Moravia proposes a solution for the already Christianized areas of the Western Slavs to replace the Latin language as liturgical with Slavic. The idea of divine worship is essentially a proclamation of Word of God and therefore using a language that was not intelligible to the assembly was contrary to the Gospel, was attacked by not a few councils of the Roman church. The capitularies of the Carolingian courts, the synodal protocols from the local and the imperial councils are interpreted in the prospect of the Cyrillo-Methodian topic and special attention to the councils held in Spalatum/Split.
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We can easily be taken in by the illusion that otherness, in the present context, builds itself on an opposition to the values of the West that rejects violently the one who lets himself be indoctrinated. But otherness is not only an ideological and religious construction: it is sometimes also an answer to the internal faintness of the young person; establishing at the same time a barrier against Evil and personal anxiety, it no longer concerns otherness, but a sort of self-indoctrination.
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Communication, in all its typology, is extremely manifest in all professional, family, public, school environments, the free access to the Internet being the great facilitator. CMC (computer-mediated communication) is a real competition for FtF (face to face) communication, developing almost a “mirage” for students/ pupils, especially for adolescents who are always open to exploring their creative, spontaneous and interesting need for communication. They are therefore also the most inclined to use emoticons and emojis, GIFs and other applications that stimulate interactivity. This increased interest of the students for the use of emoji in the CMC was the starting point of the present paper. The present paper focuses on the use of the emoji in the CMC and the influence it has on the quality of online communication or through SMS messages. The originality consists of the fact that our research pays attention to a marginal communication phenomenon. The emoji represents an extremely used tool in the CMC, it might be only a manifestation of the playful spirit of our century, but it can also mirror changes of consciousness in human relations.
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Providing a key perspective on the sensitive experience, the discourse on sound attests to the manner in which language accounts for – and participates in – the emergence of temporal awareness. Speech employs in this respect multiple resources to “grasp” the acoustic process, whether it calls on onomatopoeic mimesis, stages listening in discourse, mobilizes domain-specific markers, or utilises its own updating modes for iconic purposes (the study focuses particularly on the manner in which the linear speech chain makes sense in itself). While speech can grasp the movement of becoming and make time “exist”, the meaning process, by setting a goal, has its own temporal issues. Does, then, time contribute to meaning?
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This article deals with the question of modals in Haitian Creole and their future value. It is shown that beyond their deontic, epistemic and ‘abilitative’ values generally mentioned in the literature, these modals can also have future meaning effects which come from some of their uses and their interaction with stative and event predicates.
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Typical of the English language, phrasal verbs have aroused intense linguistic interest and a large body of research has been carried out on them, ranging from theoretical research on their syntactic and semantic properties, as well as their diachronic study up to various fields of applied linguistics, such as in first and second language acquisition in particular. If the study and classification of phrasal verbs means venturing on a slippery ground, given their non-consensual definition and divergent theories on their semantic compositionality, phrasal verbs have traditionally been subdivided into three semantic categories: literal (e.g., take away), aspectual (e.g., eat up), and idiomatic (e.g., figure out) (see Spasov 1966, Bolinger 1971, Fraser 1976, Quirk et al. 1985, Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman 1999). However, the present study is limited exclusively to the analysis of aspectual verb-particle constructions in which the particle assumes the role of aspect or Aktionsart marker in the sense of the lexical aspect of the verb. Indeed, aspectual particles provide information about the lexical aspect or Aktionsart of the verbal event (Dehé et al. 2002). This article first proposes to revisit previous studies devoted to aspectual phrasal verbs (Kennedy 1920, Poutsma 1926, Live 1965, Brinton 1985, 1988, Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman 1999, Giddings 2001, Cappelle 2005, Cappelle & Chauvin 2010). Secondly, it brings a fresh perspective to aspectual phrasal verbs from a semantic point of view. More specifically, it will be a question of accounting for the semantic contribution of the adverbial particle within aspectual verb-particle constructions. In this work, we focus on the aspectual interpretations of phrasal verbs and draw up a typology examining the four semantic subclasses of aspectual phrasal verbs - namely, ingressive aspect, continuative aspect, iterative aspect, and completive aspect. This study is based on examples from the British National Corpus (Davies 2004-) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies 2008-).
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The base of the presented research results is the Glossary of the spoken northern borderland Polish language, comprising over 11,000 entries. The northern borderland language is a regional variation of the Polish language. It has been shaping on the former lands of the Kingdom of Poland since mid-17th century (The Union of Lublin, or Unia Lubelska of 1569) on ethnically Belarusian and Lithuanian lands. Over the centuries, it had been borrowing from the local languages of the area and became a language of borrowers for native speakers. At the end of the 18th century, in three partitions (1772, 1792, 1795) Poland was annexed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The north-eastern lands of the Kingdom of Poland were taken by Russia. Since then, a strong influence of Russian language on the Polish occupied area has been dated. Despite the efforts of Polish scholars and activists to maintain „purity” and linguistic correctness, especially avoiding Russianisms, spoken and written Polish was saturated with many borrowings, mainly lexical. After Poland regained its independence in 1918, Russian people egan to give up Russian language, especially redundant administrative, economic, educational, and medical terminology. Since the outbreak of the Second World War and the incorporation of eastern lands formerly belonging to Poland into the USSR (the North-Eastern and South-Eastern Borderlands), the next phase of Russification of the Polish language in this area has occurred. This time it penetrated into the local Polish language via vocabulary associated with communist politics, the social system, nationalized industry and agriculture, and education and healthcare. This new variant of borrowings was taken to be called „Sovietism.” In the currently functioning lexicon of the studied area registered in the period up to 2013, there were 1400 Russian Russicisms, which is 13% of active vocabulary. More than 270 new Russian novelisms appeared in this collection, including several dozen of still used Sovietisms.
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The borrowings and Slovak parallels in the North Lemko dialects testify to Lemko language contacts, and may be helpful in considering the possible land settlement in Poland by the Rusyns from across the Beskid Mountains. A full set of appropriate words is needed; the article presents some examples.
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Henzelmann Martin (Hg.): Sprachwissenschaftliche Perspektiven der Bulgaristik. Standpunkte – Innovationen – Herausforderungen. Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Helmut Wilhelm Schaller anlässlich seines 80. Geburtstags. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2020.
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Hartmut Walravens and Agnes Stache-Weiske 2021. Der Linguist Anton Schiefner (1817-1879) und sein Netzwerk. Briefe an Emil Schlagintweit, Leo Reinisch, Franz v. Miklosich, Vatroslav Jagić, K. S. Veselovskij, Eduard Pabst, Vilhelm Thomsen und andere. [Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, 908. Bd.; Beiträge zur Kulturund Geistesgeschichte Asiens 105.] Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 937 pp. ISBN: 978-3-7001-8397-6.
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Based on the case of a modern Ukrainian polysemantic verb, the paper regards the perspective of employing the objective means for describing the categories of aspect and aspectuality, which focuses on the dependence of the assessment of the intratemporal nature of the situation on the ontological specification of the verb’s extralingual correlates that is significant to their linguistic category of arrangement and predominantly lies in differentiating between grammatical (aspect categories) and lexical (aspectuality classes) components of aspectuality. Carried out through appropriate investigatory means (i.e. complex aspectology survey), the paper supports that the approach enables to create an objective and detailed but not simplified or schematic model for the aspectual paradigm in a polysemantic verbal lexeme. The aspectual macroparadigm is constituted by: 1) an aspectual lexical microparadigm, consisting of aspectual lexical classes: terminative, activitive, stative, eventive, and relative; 2) an aspectual grammatical microparadigm with aspectual grammatical classes: imperfective partners, perfective partners, imperfeсtiva tantum, perfeсtiva tantum, and biaspectives; 3) an aspectual pragmatic microparadigm, integrating concrete aspect functions, among them progressive, iterative, praesens historicum, concrete factual, etc.; 4) an aspectual derivatological microparadigm, consolidating actional subclasses (traditional genders, or moods), like morphologic word-building prefixal, suffixal, and confixal derivatives: atenuatives, distributives, duratives, perduratives, saturatives, semelfactives, cumulatives, reduplicatives, etc. In the investigation, special attention should be paid to prefixless imperfective forms with diffusive semantics. The complex aspect-centred analysis of these verbs enables to single out all shades of aspectuality in the polysemantic meaning of the verb. Thus, modelling an aspectual paradigm of the polysemantic verb рвати ‘tear’ reveals some special semantic units found within its aspectual lexical paradigm: they clearly belong to 5 distinct aspectual classes, those of terminatives, activitives, eventives, statives, and relatives. The aspectual class signifies the correlative type of aspectual lexical, aspectual pragmatic, and aspectual derivatological microparadigms: actually, terminatives contain specifically aspectual, functional-aspectual, and actional partnership in progressive function. The 11 semantic units reflecting agentive action-aimed processes appear to be terminative ones. Activitives, eventives, statives, and relatives contain their own specific features depicted in the paper. The complex analysis of category arrangement rules for aspectual grammatical meaning under the objective approach, together with complex aspectual investigation, enables to reveal a range of aspectual markers found within a verb unit as well as its subtlest features of aspect character and, thus, to create an actual aspectual paradigm.
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Based on the case of a modern Ukrainian polysemantic verb, the paper regards the perspective of employing the objective means for describing the categories of aspect and aspectuality, which focuses on the dependence of the assessment of the intratemporal nature of the situation on the ontological specification of the verb’s extralingual correlates that is significant to their linguistic category of arrangement and predominantly lies in differentiating between grammatical (aspect categories) and lexical (aspectuality classes) components of aspectuality. Carried out through appropriate investigatory means (i.e. complex aspectology survey), the paper supports that the approach enables to create an objective and detailed but not simplified or schematic model for the aspectual paradigm in a polysemantic verbal lexeme. The aspectual macroparadigm is constituted by: 1) an aspectual lexical microparadigm, consisting of aspectual lexical classes: terminative, activitive, stative, eventive, and relative; 2) an aspectual grammatical microparadigm with aspectual grammatical classes: imperfective partners, perfective partners, imperfeсtiva tantum, perfeсtiva tantum, and biaspectives; 3) an aspectual pragmatic microparadigm, integrating concrete aspect functions, among them progressive, iterative, praesens historicum, concrete factual, etc.; 4) an aspectual derivatological microparadigm, consolidating actional subclasses (traditional genders, or moods), like morphologic word-building prefixal, suffixal, and confixal derivatives: atenuatives, distributives, duratives, perduratives, saturatives, semelfactives, cumulatives, reduplicatives, etc. In the investigation, special attention should be paid to prefixless imperfective forms with diffusive semantics. The complex aspect-centred analysis of these verbs enables to single out all shades of aspectuality in the polysemantic meaning of the verb. Thus, modelling an aspectual paradigm of the polysemantic verb рвати ‘tear’ reveals some special semantic units found within its aspectual lexical paradigm: they clearly belong to 5 distinct aspectual classes, those of terminatives, activitives, eventives, statives, and relatives. The aspectual class signifies the correlative type of aspectual lexical, aspectual pragmatic, and aspectual derivatological microparadigms: actually, terminatives contain specifically aspectual, functional-aspectual, and actional partnership in progressive function. The 11 semantic units reflecting agentive action-aimed processes appear to be terminative ones. Activitives, eventives, statives, and relatives contain their own specific features depicted in the paper. The complex analysis of category arrangement rules for aspectual grammatical meaning under the objective approach, together with complex aspectual investigation, enables to reveal a range of aspectual markers found within a verb unit as well as its subtlest features of aspect character and, thus, to create an actual aspectual paradigm.
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Gazdag Vilmos: Szláv elemek a kárpátaljai Beregszászi járás magyar nyelvjárásaiban [Slawische Elemente in den ungarischen Dialekten des Berehower Bezirks in Transkarpatien]. Törökbálint: Termini Egyesület, 2021. 227 p
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Fictive motion constructions are widely used in the languages of the world, and their general characteristics is a well researched topic. In the present paper, I give an overview of the fictive motion constructions occuring in the locative sentences of the Hungarian language. In doing so, I present the most important verbs appearing in this function, as well as separated them into various, mainly semantic, groups. The paper analyses the semantic behaviour of 18 verbs: átível ’overarch’, elnyúlik ’stretch, lie’, elterül ’spread’, emelkedik ’rise’, felkapaszkodik ’crest’, fut ’run’, halad ’go, head, move’, húzódik ’stretch (about path etc.)’, kanyarog ’wind’, kígyózik ’wind’, (követ ’follow’), leereszkedik ’go down steeply’, magasodik ’stand tall/ over sg’, megy ’go’, mered ’stand out’, meredezik ’be standing out’, vezet ’drive sy somewhere’, visz ’take sy somewhere’. Following the analysis concerning the English and Japanese languages, the subject-verb compatibility in the sentences containing travellable or non-travellable objects is also discussed.
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