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Cette étude se développe autour de l’idée que la littérature et ses «mondes» se rallient inévitablement à la philosophie. Une telle compatibilité repose sur un pattern de compréhension phénoménologique de l’oeuvre en général. L’article renvoie aux «mondes» de la littérature découverts dans des textes de référence de la littérature roumaine et universelle: Nietzsche, Eminescu, Proust
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By „dispute” we mean an argumentative dialog where each of the twoparts state opposite theses. Two sentences can be contrary if they have similar reference,but incompatible predicates (SIP – sentences with incompatible predicates). Usually, thedisputes are solved using force in different ways, but that does not mean that the winneris right and his thesis is true. Therefore, we cannot evaluate a thesis on the ground ofits success, but we need a reference mark for that. According to the Sophist school, theindividual is the only reference mark, so any SIP is equally justified. The absolutist point ofview claims that there is an objective reference mark and, consequently, the truth is, at itsturn, objective and unique. Finally, the relativist orientation rejects any objective referencemark, but the right thesis is not arbitrary, as the sophists thought, it is true relatively to thestate of the evaluator to a given moment. It follows that, for any evaluator, at a moment oftime, only one SIP is true.
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Fur hypothesis in this article is that the main problem of the researchers in the field of humanities lies in the contradiction and the methodological mistakes in using the evidence. This contradiction is a natural outcome of the duplication between the rationalization process and the mathematical logic. This led to the conclusion that no deductive argument has a scientific evidence to prove or disprove any case. To come out of the tunnel of this dilemma we suggest that going through the natural process of argument is a necessity. This type of argument uses pluralism and language and its rhetoric as its main tools. Therefore we will be talking about the structure of the argument represented in its language.
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Ibn Rushd is one of the most important peripatetic philosophers in Islamic World. He wrote important books in different branches of philosophy. We must also mention his works about logic which was thought as a methodology of philosophy and thinking. Ibn Rushd has works about eight sections of Aristotle’s Organon, and he used in this works different writing styles like long, middle and short commentaries. The work named Jawāmi‘u Kitāb al-Khatābah which we translate here to Turkish is his short commentary on Aristotle’s Rhetoric. This work is a good example of short commentary that is one of the classical writing styles.
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Peripatetic tradition of logic and philosophy has built itself on the basis of the works of Aristotle and had this name because of this feature. Peripatetic philosophers have used different writing styles in works which they wrote on both logic and philosophical sciences. Islamic philosopher Ibn Rushd who is one of the most important commentators on Aristotle wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s different works in three styles as jawâmi’, talkhîs and tafsîr. The work named Jawamiu Kitab al-Jadal is short commentary on Aristotle’s Topics. This work is a good example of short commentary that is one of the classical writing styles.
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According to C. Rădulescu-Motru, “genetic logic” is the study of logical operations in what concerns their historical origins and evolution. His understanding of logic was at the same time a criticism towards Kantian anhistorical apriorism grounded on an utterly different concept of consciousness. The following article will argue that Rădulescu-Motru’s psychological unity of consciousness is nevertheless compatible with Kant’s logical unity of consciousness in general “Bewusstsein überhaupt”, regardless of what Rădulescu-Motru’s intentions might have been.
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Aristotle mentions the four classes of existence in the introductory chapter of his book, Categories. These classes of existence are expressed by him as not in subject but predicated to subject, in subject but not peredicated to subject, both in subject predicated to subject and neither in subject nor predicated to subject. These are described by Fārābī and Ibn Rushd respectively as the universal essence, singular accident, universal accident and singular essence. In the logic of propositions, these classes of existence have an importance in the context of subject-predicate relation. From this point of view, only the universal entities, i.e. the universal essence and the universal accidents can be a predicament. Fārābī evaluates the situation of universals predicate in terms of giving information about the substance and accidents of the subject. Accordingly, the universal essence is given only information about the substance of subject, while the universal accident provides information on both the substance of subject and the of accident of subject. Ibn Rushd finds this approach of Fārābī wrong and therefore contrary to Aristotle’s purpose, in terms of the unity and multiplicity of the subject that the universals predicate. This study tries to analyze universal essence and accidents from the classes of assets that can be a predicate by means of the three mentioned philosophers. Here, first of all, Aristotle's classes of existence and Ibn Rushd's comments on it, and then Fârâbî’s approach to those who can become predicates are examined. Finally, based on the Ibn Rushd's criticisms on Fārābī, the difference between the two philosophers is evaluated.
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This study is an attempt to shed light on the relation between logic and linguistics seen through the prism of modality. In the last thirty years modality has been a challenge studied not only by leading representatives of linguistics but many other scientific disciplines, especially logicians. We will try to show what binds logic and linguistics in modality and what separates them.
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‘Attarova filozofska misao, koja se tek ponekad da naslutiti iz njegovih riječi, zapravo je misao prearistotelovske logike koja se, generalno uzev, zapaža u antičkom gnosticizmu. Ova filozofija ne ide za tim da logičkim umovanjem potvrđuje ili opovrgava neko pitanje, već potpunim i čvrstim uvjerenjem objašnjava spoznaju koja je plod izravnog osvjedočenja. U filozofskoj misli cilj je poznat i utvrđen odranije. Filozof promišlja o nekoj stvari. Promišljanje je za njega “prijelazni glagol”. Put mu je odranije poznat. Logika ima principe i zakonitosti koje predočava umu kako ne bi zalutao na stazi koja vodi do cilja. Ali u gnozi putovati i promišljati je “neprijelazni glagol”. Niti je cilj odranije poznat, niti put. Heidegger to naziva “tumaranje prašumom”. Prašumske staze stalno krivudaju da bi se odjednom izgubile u gustom neprohodnom šipražju. Zapravo, te prašumske staze i ne postoje odranije, one nastaju kretanjem i pomicanjem grana i rastinja. I premda se čini da nalikuju jedna drugoj, staze su posvema različite i svaka od njih vodi do nekog drugog mjesta. Gnoza počinje stupanjem na stazu. Tarikat nije odranije poznata staza koja vodi do ranije utvrđenog cilja. Staza se ukazuje koračanjem i tako postaje staza. Stoga se i kaže da: puteva prema Bogu ima koliko i ljudskih duša.
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Review of: Andrea Iacona (2018): LOGICAL FORM: BETWEEN LOGIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE (Springer International Publishing, 139 str.)
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The main aim of this paper is to provide a critical discussion of some key issues concerning the possible-world analysis of fiction. After a review of the most important philosophical questions concerning truth, reference, names and identity, and their bearing on fiction, I outline the possible-world framework, as used by David Lewis (1978) in his analysis, and examine its most important problems. A special interest is granted to the limits of the Lewisian pretense interpretation of fiction that are highlighted by works of cinema. I conclude with an appraisal of the puzzles generated by the attempts to draw borders between and within the worlds of fiction, and emphasize the need for a better mutual understanding of the two perspectives that are essential for a possible-world interpretation of fiction: literary theory and philosophy.
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Fictional names have specific, cognitively relevant features, putting them in a category apart from the category of ordinary names. I argue that we should focus on the name or name form itself and refrain from looking for an assignment procedure and an assigned referent. I also argue that we should reject the idea that sentences containing fictional names express singular propositions. These suggestions have important consequences for the intuition that ‘Sherlock Holmes exists’ is either true or false, and they put our intuitions concerning fictional names into perspective. If Millianism is the view that names only have a referent only as their semantic value, then my proposal on fictional names is not Millian in nature.
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The object of this article is scholastic logic in Lithuania. The author of the article concentrates on its historical beginning. It also describes the studied problems and teaching method applied in this logic. The article concludes that the beginning of scholastic logic in Lithuania should be dated back to 1507. In that year Vilnius’ Dominican monastery founded a school, in which a course of scholastic logic was delivered. Meanwhile, the philosophical and logical education of the laity in Lithuania was initiated by Jesuit Order, to which we should also be grateful for the development of scholastic logic. The article also concludes that scholastic Logic in Lithuania was an inseparable part of European scholasticism. In all scholastic Logic dealt basically with the same problems as well as applied the same method. The main features of the mentioned method are: authoritarianism, indifference to the facts of reality and excessive attention to details. On the other hand, this method is characterized by probabilism as well as by five-step argument technique that resulted in the scientific fairness of the researcher.
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The authors attempt to expand the view of the well-known argument from Master and Slave through the prism of comparing the method of analysis of causality in Plato and Hume. We try to demonstrate a certain similarity of the logic of the proof adopted by two philosophers, as well as the research prospects that such a comparison opens up. In particular, it shows the grounds on which a skeptical tendency arises in the Academy.
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Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of transcendentals is here presented with regard to its inherent epistemic character. The doctrine will be analyzed with respect to the general problem of the possibility of the transcendental concepts’ development. The analysis results with the primacy of the secondary three transcendentals (aliquid, verum, bonum) as the key for the interpretation of the doctrine in general, as well as with the conclusion that the doctrine has a metaphysical, not theological character. Finally, the meaning of the doctrine of transcendentals is presented in the view of the development of the new Thomistic interpretation of metaphysics.
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The article associates Husserl’s analytics of the living body (Leiblichkeit) and the division of the body into organic and physical body (Leib-Körper) in the Life-World, with the problem of the so-called “non-genuine localization” of experience (a problem that can be seen as inheriting the problem of indexicality from the time of Logical Investigation). At stake is not so much the reconstruction of Husserl’s intensive work on this topic throughout the 1920s and the 1930s as the outlining of the field of a differential phenomenology of incorporatedness, inspired by this heritage. The bodily dimension is conceived here as a process – as being flesh (leiben – an analogue of living itself, leben) that creates its own forms of spatiality, temporality, and living-with. Different configurations of incorporatedness stem from here, which can be analyzed as bodily modalizations since they concern the alterability of the being-so-and-so on the level of kinesthesis; the bodily modalizations are precisely kinesthetic, and the privileged modus is that of the “absolute here” of the body of experience. In the first section I present a case of everyday life bodily dissociation and I analyze the kinesthetic modality of “as if I’m there.” In the second section I offer an outline of the structure of the originary differential field in which the poles of kinesthetic habitualization and of reified corporality are formed. In the third section I discuss Husserl’s ideas regarding the doubling of space into physical and kinesthetical as well as the constitution of the so-called phantom body. In the fourth section I reinterpret Husserl’s conception of the incorporated ego through the ego’s division into a coenaesthetic and a habitual ego. Just like the Leib-Körper, the incorporated ego is constantly faced with the possibility her constitutive non-coincidence to be fractalized and turn into a partial or complete dissociation.
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The anonymous treatise De sex inconvenientibus was written by an author who presumably belonged to the group of Oxford Calculators. This text is important in the history of the development of mathematical physics in the Late Middle Ages, as it can be considered a link between the achievements of the older Calculators and the compendium of knowledge of the whole group, i.e. the work of John Dumbleton. The four questions discussed in this text concern the speed in the process of generation (De generatione), motion of alteration (De motu alterationis), motion of augmentation (De motu augmentationis) and in the local motion (De motu locali). The paper presents the sources of the work and explains what are — according to the author of this work — the most adequate methods used in considerations on measuring speed in movements. It also demonstrates the profound dependence of the author on his predecessors who had earlier dealt with the issues concerning movements.
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This paper tries to explore possible relations and differences between three kinds of contemporary theories about cognition and language: the approaches supporting the idea that there is a mental logic, the mental models theory, and the frameworks based upon probability logic. That exploration is made here by means of the analytic sentences and the revision of the way each of those types of theories can deal with them. The conclusions seem to show that the three kinds of theories address such sentences in a similar manner, which can mean that there can be more links between them than thought. Thus, it is argued, as a possibility, that the three theories can be accepted at the same time, and that it can be assumed that their differences refer just to the fact that they deal with dif¬ferent aspects of language and cognition. From other points of view, this has already been raised in the literature with regard to the three mentioned theories (especially, with regard to the approaches supporting a mental logic and the mental models theory). However, the point here is double: on the one hand, the link between these theories is now presented from another perspective (the one of the analytic sentences). On the other hand, the paper provides relations between the three frameworks at once from that very perspective and in a systematic way.
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In this study, the effect of an experimental intervention about non-routine problem solving on ninth grade students’ strategy use and success in solving these kinds of problems were examined. One group pretestposttest experimental design was used in the study. Pretest and posttest consisted of eight open-ended non-routine problems. Students solved 60 non-routine problems during the intervention that lasted 12 class periods. Problems requiring to use of guess and check, make a systematic list, work backward, look for a pattern, simplify the problem, logical reasoning, write an equation, and make a drawing strategies were used in the study. For the analysis of data, descriptive statistics, normality tests, and paired sample t-test were used. Findings highlight two important points: i) Ninth graders were quite successful in solving non-routine problems without any intervention, ii) given intervention increased students’ success in this respect.
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