Nasilje kao popularna kultura. Čemu dijalektičko vaspitanje?

Author(s): Želimir Vukašinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2018

The paper points to the historically obvious fact that the origin of violence is ignorance or a common belief (doxa) which, based on the basic human instincts, lacks the power to establish a life in peace as the greatest human value. The dominance of violence in history indicates the absence of dialectical education which, by the drive of popular culture, religion and science, continually establishes a beyond-metaphysical reality of the region. Implicitly, the question what is dialectics for? is unavoidably and repeatedly imposed to us.

YAŞAM HAKKINA SAYGI VE SANATTA ETİK SORUNU

Author(s): Bora Özen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2019

In the creation of an artwork, the artist will set forth the predictions for considering ethical values in a sense or for getting the heading, while determining the limiting limits of the artwork. Whilst determining which values the framework will create, it will have to determine the existence and importance of ethical values within these values. The works that are put forward by ignoring the ethical values and put forward by "free creation" or "original creation" may possibly reflect the limited intellectual values of the artist, but in such works, the absence or lack of ethical values will emerge as a problem for the viewer. Art has universal values and immunity, but this does not mean that they can ignore some ethical values or be in action to deter the right to life. There is no recourse as to whether or not an animal that is exhibited in a performance or tattooed as an art object, injured, or implied in his life, wants to be involved in this artistic act because it is seen as very natural and rightful by people to do so. We need to be aware that we have serious mistakes about having some rights on animals. In the name of art, no one has the right to take the right to life of a creature.

Czy zdrada narodowa może być dopuszczalna w imię wartości wyższych?

Author(s): Jacek Breczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXX/2018

In this article, I try to consider whether national treason can be morally (not legally) permissible. If there are values higher than the nation and homeland (the nation is not an absolute) and there is - in some case - conflict between them, to stand on the side of these higher values seems to be ethically and logically justified. I am considering various cases, taking into account the values from the highest Hegelian triad: art, religions, philosophy. I stress the questions, I do not give definitive answers, because I touch the real "moral dilemmas" connected with fidelity to the homeland and the national community. In the case of real moral dilemmas, there are no simple answers.

Czy praktyka transplantacyjna ex mortuo jest współczesną formą kanibalizmu?

Author(s): Joanna Picewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXX/2018

Transplantation is defined by the opponents of this practice as neo-cannibalism, medical cannibalism or modern cannibalism due to the strictly utilitarian treatment of human corpses. It is claimed that the human body is brought into the role of a resource, raw material for further processing. The capabilities offered by medicine have contributed to changing the system of human values: the perception and understanding of human corporality. After death, the human body should be surrounded by a special piety, but it is treated in a purely utilitarian way in order to retrieve its pieces for a transplant. Some even see in transplantation practice a connection with cannibalism. The purpose and motivation of both practices is the same: a person, to save their life, assimilates a particular element of the human body by means of a medical transplant, whereas a person who is forced to consume the human body also does so to save their life.

THE FREE WILL DEFENSE REVISITED: THE INSTRUMENTAL VALUE OF SIGNIFICANT FREE WILL

Author(s): Frederick Choo,Esther Goh / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Alvin Plantinga has famously responded to the logical problem of evil by appealingto the intrinsic value of significant free will. A problem, however, arises becausetraditional theists believe that both God and the redeemed who go to heaven cannotdo wrong acts. This entails that both God and the redeemed in heaven lacksignificant freedom. If significant freedom is indeed valuable, then God and theredeemed in heaven would lack something intrinsically valuable. However, ifsignificant freedom is not intrinsically valuable, then Plantinga’s reply to the logicalproblem of evil fails. In this paper, we assess three contemporary solutions to thedilemma above. The first is the love solution, which proposes that significant freedomis necessary for agents to love, and loving others is intrinsically good. The second isthe soul-making solution, which argues that significant freedom is necessary for selfdeveloping one’s moral character, and having a self-developed moral character isintrinsically good. The third is the derivative free will solution, which argues thatsignificant freedom is necessary for derivative free will in heaven, and derivative freewill is intrinsically good. We raise problems against all three solutions and insteaddefend a fourth solution – the ultimate responsibility solution. That is, SF isinstrumentally valuable as it gives agents ultimate responsibility with regards tomorally significant acts. Finally, we defend the ultimate responsibility solutionagainst two major objections

AN APPROACH TO JOHN WITTE ON THE REFORMATION OF RIGHTS AND RELIGION

Author(s): Alexander Kokobili / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This article focuses on the insight of Professor John Witte Jr., (b. 1959) in relationto human rights and religion. Witte has a distinctive theological path with vastscholarly works in connection to ethics, law and human rights at the EmoryUniversity in Atlanta. Although the origin of human rights has been interpreteddifferently by many authors in the past. However, Witte's exposure to theemergence of modern human rights gives attention to its religious roots and theestablishment of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The concept ofreligious freedom and individual rights was paramount in Calvinism, while thePapacy also tried in the reformation of its Canon Law. The 1948 United NationsHuman Rights Charter came at a time when the project of human rights becameinevitable after the mass atrocities caused by World War II. This article will,therefore, give a unique understanding of the emergence of modern human rightsthrough a religious dialogue.

Rajský, A. – Wiesenganger, M. et al.: Pomoc druhému na ceste cnosti. K filozoficko-etickým aspektom prosociálnosti

Author(s): Andrea Blaščíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2018

Review of: Rajský, A. – Wiesenganger, M. et al.: Pomoc druhému na ceste cnosti. K filozoficko-etickým aspektom prosociálnosti. Trnava : Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, 2018. 200 strán. ISBN 978-80-568-0103-1

Recenzja

Author(s): Konrad Glombik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Review of: Konrad Glombik - James F. Keenan, University Ethics. How Colleges Can Build and Benefit from a Culture of Ethics, Wyd. Rowmann & Littelefield, Lanham – Boulder ‒ New York – London 2015, s. 282, ISBN 978-1-4422-2372-1.

İHVAN-I SAFA DÜŞÜNCESİNDE SİYASET

Author(s): Semra Tüfenkci / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2008

This essay aims to present Ikhwan’s classification of politics and examine in details prive and personal politics. This will be done with special reference to their treatise on Politics. On the basis of this treatise, the article examines mainly the governance of body and soul. Under these main titles it examines Ihkwan’s understanding of man, man’s relation with God, himself, his family and his friends. The article concludes that Ikhwan consider every activity that has any contribution to man’s happiness within the concept of politics.

DESPRE DREPTURI, RECUNOAȘTEREA ȘI EXERCITAREA LOR

Author(s): Marian George Panait / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 4/2019

The classical liberal stance thatthe state is an incompentent manager prone to corruption generates the claim forminimal state and private management. My point is that many inconveniences canarise when a right is not exerted by his owner, no matter the private or public propertyand management. The technical answer to the inconveniences through accountabilityand principal – agent theories is insufficient. I discuss on rights, their legitimacy andexercise and I argue that the universal morality can contribute to tackle the problems.

CODUL ETIC BAZAT PE PRINCIPII MORALE UNIVERSALE

Author(s): Lucian Andrei / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 4/2019

In this article I willbe presenting some definitions of the ethical code given by specialists in appliedethics. I will also be presenting the reasons why I find one of these definitions to be moreconvincing than the others and I will also be pleading for the consolidation of theethical codes on basic moral principles of universal character for different professions.With the purpose of highlighting the fact that the lack of consolidation of ethicalcodes based on moral principles of general understanding makes it difficult to definethe specific rules of a profession leading in the end to a mixture of the types of norms,I will be analyzing the way in which ,,The Ethical and Professional Conduct Code” ofThe Ministry of Work, Family, Social Protection and the Elderly was consolidated. In theend I will draw attention on the necessity for the Romanian organizations to have notonly ethical codes, but especially to have ,,ethical infrastructures” because this is theonly context for an ethical code to function properly.

Od Redakcji

Author(s): Andrzej M. Kaniowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

Gradualizm etyczny – poza antropocentryzmem i biocentryzmem?

Author(s): Gunnar Skirbekk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

The realm of ethics is most often restricted to man and the human world: only humans can act morally or immorally, only humans can be morally praised or blamed, only humans can be moral agents and only humans can be moral subjects. To which extent is this ethical anthropocentrism tenable? In the light of contemporary biological knowledge and its recognition of biological continuities and gradual distribution of properties characteristic for living creatures, how can such strict division and the notion of the privileged position of man be still valid? Should not we reduce or overcome human speciesism? In this paper I shall consider arguments in favour of such a paradigmatically unique ethical standing for humans, and I shall look into arguments in favour of an ethical gradualism between humans and other mammals and between man and nature. // Obszar etyki jest najczęściej ograniczany do człowieka i świata ludzkiego: tylko ludzie mogą działać moralnie lub niemoralnie, tylko ludzie mogą być z moralnego punktu widzenia godni pochwały lub nagany; tylko ludziom przypisuje się status podmiotów moralnego działania i podmiotów moralnych praw. W jakim stopniu ten antropocentryzm etyczny daje się utrzymać? Czy współczesna wiedza biologiczna, uwydatniająca ciągłość i stopniowalność cech właściwych dla istot żywych, nie podważa takiego mocnego rozgraniczenia i założenia o uprzywilejowanej pozycji człowieka? Czy nie powinniśmy wyjść poza gatunkowy egoizm, a przynajmniej go ograniczyć? W niniejszym artykule rozważę argumenty na rzecz stanowiącej osobny paradygmat, wyjątkowej pozycji etycznej człowieka oraz zbadam argumenty na rzecz etycznego gradualizmu [czyli stopniowalnych różnic] między istotami ludzkimi (humans) a pozostałymi ssakami oraz między człowiekiem a przyrodą.

Jak podstawa programowa kształcenia ogólnego w polskiej szkole podstawowej ujmuje umiejętność oceniania jako kompetencję ucznia?

Author(s): Artur Starnowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

In this article, I analyze a legally established core curriculum for basic education in Poland. This analysis aims to draw attention to the risk that in Polish primary school the student’s ability to make such evaluations that can be intersubjectively valid is limited to verification in relation to the principles or values imposed on her. As I suggest, this limitation is an obstacle to possible development of student’s ability to evaluate. // W artykule tym analizuję obowiązującą w Polsce podstawę programową kształcenia ogólnego w szkole podstawowej. Analiza ta ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na ryzyko, że w polskiej szkole podstawowej umiejętność dokonywania przez ucznia takich ocen, które mogą być intersubiektywnie prawomocne, ograniczana jest do weryfikacji względem narzuconych mu zasad lub wartości. Ograniczenie to, jak sugeruję, stanowi przeszkodę dla możliwego rozwoju umiejętności oceniania u ucznia.

Treści kształcenia a uczenie się, aby żyć wspólnie. Przykłady z podstawy programowej kształcenia ogólnego z przedmiotu etyka

Author(s): Joanna Leek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to analyze the different understandings of the content in Polish general education core curriculum and then to produce a reliable model for practitioners, mainly ethics teachers how to teach about living in peace with others. The first part contains a general introduction to the concept of core content, its principles and theories of selection in school curricula. In the second part there has been suggested a new structure of the content of core curricula, taking into account the idea of learning terms and presented on the example how to teach about peace. The proposed solution includes several practical recommendations for teachers. // W artykule podjęta zostaje kwestia treści kształcenia, jakie zawarte są w podstawie programowej kształcenia ogólnego, realizowanej od 2009 do 2016 roku, a także przedstawione są propozycje ich wykorzystania na rzecz uczenia się na lekcjach etyki, by żyć wspólnie z innymi. W pierwszej części artykułu dokonano przybliżenia znaczenia pojęcia „treści kształcenia” oraz przedstawiono ich układ, a także omówiono zasady i teorie doboru treści w programach szkolnych. W drugiej części, na podstawie analizy podstaw programowych kształcenia ogólnego z przedmiotu etyka, ukazano treści kształcenia, w których eksponowane są wyzwania współczesnego świata. Zaproponowano ponadto ich przebudowę, uwzględniającą ideę uczenia się pojęć, na przykładzie zagadnienia pokoju na świecie. Zaproponowane rozwiązania zawierają wskazania praktyczne dla nauczyciela, planującego lekcję.

Komentarz do opublikowanego projektu podstaw programowych nauczania etyki w szkole podstawowej

Author(s): Wiktor Figiel,Andrzej Krajna,Katarzyna Kuczyńska,Elżbieta Małkiewicz,Wojciech Ostrowski,Krystian Piątek,Aldona Pobojewska,Maria Reut,Sebastian Wachowiak,Paweł Wróblewski,Jolanta Zwiernik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

The text is a commentary on the project of core curricula in ethics, which was published by the Polish Ministry of Education in 2016 in connection with the reform of education in Poland. The authors draw attention to the shortcomings of the project: narrowing of the subject of ethics to learned norms of behaviour, excessive emphasis on conceptual knowledge instead of training students’ reflecting skills by means of discussion and problem solving. They also point to the programs’ maladjustment to the level of psycho-emotional development of students at this stage, and lack of consistency between particular assumptions of the project. // Tekst jest komentarzem do projektu podstaw programowych nauczania etyki, opublikowanego przez MEN w 2016 roku w związku z reformą szkolnictwa. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na mankamenty projektu: zawężanie przedmiotu etyki do wyuczonych norm zachowania, nadmierny nacisk położony na przyswajanie wiedzy pojęciowej, brak miejsca na praktyczne rozwijanie zdolności refleksji poprzez dyskusje i sytuacje problemowe. Wskazują na niedostosowanie programu do psychoemocjonalnego poziomu rozwoju uczniów na tym etapie kształcenia, a także brak spójności między poszczególnymi punktami projektu.

Komentarz do projektu podstawy programowej nauczania filozofii w zakresie podstawowym w szkole średniej

Author(s): Wiktor Figiel,Katarzyna Kuczyńska,Wojciech Ostrowski,Aldona Pobojewska,Sebastian Wachowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

The text is a critical commentary on the project of the curriculum of philosophical education in secondary schools. The authors – an interdisciplinary team of school and academic teachers – analyse the goals of the project and the programmed content of teaching. The conclusion of these analyses is that the new curriculum – overloaded with encyclopedic knowledge and based on inconsistent methodology of teaching – is maladjusted to the goals of introducing philosophy as a new subject in secondary schools. // Tekst jest komentarzem do projektu podstawy programowej nauczania filozofii w szkołach ponadpodstawowych, opracowanym przez interdyscyplinarny zespół nauczycieli szkolnych i akademickich. Autorzy analizują cele projektu oraz zakładane w nim treści kształcenia. Konkluzją tych analiz jest teza o niedostosowaniu programu kształcenia – przeciążonego wiedzą encyklopedyczną i opartego na niespójnych podstawach metodycznych – do celów związanych z wprowadzeniem filozofii jako nowego przedmiotu nauczania w szkole średniej.

Pokazać niedające się pokazać. Wieloznaczność i wytwarzanie (obrazów) wspólnoty

Author(s): Karolina Sikorska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

In the article I discuss the strategies of visualizing the community in the video of Anna Okrasko Next to you I remember I am (2016). The images of the communities artist proposes are based on politician’s speech and scenes from religious processions. Analyzing the values that organize these stories, I consider the reality they refer to as well as I try to give an account of the role played by ambiguity in constructing/dismantling the communities (following Zygmunt Bauman ambiguity is understood here as a specifically modern practice which manifests itself in constant clash with the need for order). // W artykule przyglądam się strategiom wizualizowania wspólnoty zawartym w wideo Anny Okrasko Next to you I remember I am (2016). Elementy konstrukcji wyobrażeń wspólnot oparte są na przemówieniu polityka i scenach z procesji religijnych. Analizując wartości, organizujące te opowieści, zastanawiam się nie tylko nad rzeczywistością, do której się odnoszą, ale próbuję również zdać sprawę z roli, jaką w konstruowaniu lub/i demontowaniu wywołanych wspólnot odgrywa wieloznaczność (traktowana za Zygmuntem Baumanem jako praktyka specyficznie nowoczesna i ujawniająca się w nieustannym starciu z potrzebą ładu).

ВИЛХЕЛМ РЕПКЕ: ЕКОНОМСКИ ХУМАНИЗАМ

Author(s): Božo Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2007

The paper presents the basic ideas of the great German thinker Wilhelm Roepke advocated a free market acting in a particular social context (comprising of market institutions, and a particular system of values created within the society and not by the market itself). He substantiated why free market economy has to be supplemented with a particular social ethics. He argued in favour of a society that defends and advances human liberty.

Krytyki genealogiczne i autonomia przekonań moralnych

Author(s): Adrian Kuźniar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

The Darwinian argument in metaethics can have its memetic counterparts based on the assumption that our moral beliefs were formed in the process of cultural evolution by means of memetic natural selection. Is there any difference with respect to the debunking force of these two kinds of genealogical critiques? In this paper, I argue that there might be such difference. Therefore, it is not true that any possible naturalistically respectable causal mechanism is equally undermining for our moral beliefs. Yet, there is a more profound question to be asked: should we leave the rationality of our deepest moral beliefs at the mercy of the results of empirical investigations into their causal origin? This paper argues that we should not. However, if this approach is to be justified, the autonomy of moral beliefs must be defended in a principal manner. Only then may a different account of knowledge as well as different standards of objective propositional rationality be legitimately adopted for moral beliefs — i.e. different from those proper to non-normative beliefs. It turns out that only expressivists are in a position to claim that the property in virtue of which moral beliefs perform their distinctive practical function confers autonomy on moral discourse.