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WAR FOR WATER

Author(s): Viorel ORDEANU,Benoni ANDRONIC,Lucia Elena Ionescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The role of water is so important in all practical aspects of life, then the need to control water resources is a mandatory condition for mankind, that has and will always lead to conflicts and even war, be it declared or not, for water. Conflicts have been a constant throughout history, as well as the regulations for water access, all these may be shortly named politics of water – hydropolitics. Fresh water is a limited natural resource, and the growing demand for this resources may be the cause of conflict escalation and wars, as it is the case for oil. The availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and insufficient on a global scale. The spread of water on the planet is not equal, considering geographical area, season and historical period, which poses a potential threat for the relations between people, nations, countries and alliances. The history of conflicts for water is old and when the political and diplomatic means fail, wars for water can emerge.

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THE SECURITY OF EUROPE: SAFEGUARDING FREEDOM IN THE CONTEXT OF CROSS-BORDER THREATS

Author(s): Ion Alexandru Manoliu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the recent years, security, freedom, especially the social, political, economic and religious sectors, with their set of individual and group rights have been undermined by the growing international terrorism as the number of victims scaled up. The measures taken to preserve the safety of the European continent, including the use of police and military force where impacted by the need to manage relations with a determined Russia trying to impose its geostrategic importance, the pressures exerted by migration and the influx of refugees, UK’s decision to leave the EU, and the separation of European states in main and second-hand actors. With the emerging challenges of the European security and their dynamics, the paper concentrates on the future agenda of the EU states. Special attention is given to the Copenhagen School with regard to security in politics, society, economy, and religion, with the hope that all incoming measures are to fulfill the defines and safeguarding requirements of the population.

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Analýza nabídky bankovních produktů pro subjekty veřejné správy v regionech

Author(s): Jan Krajíček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The financial sector is undoubtedly a major impact on the economic development of regions. It cannot forget the influence of the state, and particularly the state budget subsidies from the European Union, from which also financed numerous municipal projects, regional development, but the effect of the financial sector is indispensable. For support for regional development of the financial sector (especially banks) must be considered not only the provision of funds in the form of loans to municipalities directly, but also ensure that payments and other financial services to municipalities and last but not least, for the further development of business activities, which are then reflected in developing regions.

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Politicization of Civil Service in Slovakia: Case Study of Selected Ministries in 2004-2014

Author(s): Naďa Adamicová,Katarina Staronova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Politicization of top civil service in Central and Eastern Europe has been discussed among both academics and practitioners for some time now. It has been concluded that the politicization of civil servants has resurged since the accession into the EU, which has lead to a great deal of uncertainty among civil service. Nevertheless, the evidence on turnover is mostly stemming from interviews and expert survey since CEE countries lack basic data on HR functions. This paper wants to address this gap and looks into turnover data [both scope and depth) among top civil service officials at the six Slovak ministries between 2004 and 2014. During this period, the Slovak government was completely changed three times.

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Hungary’s central state administration 1990-2014

Author(s): Éva Kovács,György Hajnal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Currently there are no published attempts at giving an overarching overview of central governmental reforms of the past quarter century of post-transition development in Hungary. The study wishes to contribute to filling this gap by offering a systematic overview of central state administration reforms in the period between 1990 and 2014. The study relies overwhelmingly on a systematic review of existing literature describing individual reform measures and shorter time periods; an additional empirical basis is a selection of key pieces of legislation and policy documents relevant to central state administration reforms.

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Developments and Reforms in Public Administration in Slovak Republic (Critical assessment of selected implemented NPM tools)

Author(s): Jana Masárová,Eva Koišová,Beáta Mikušová Meričková,Mária Murray Svidroňová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Public administration in organizational terms of administrative structure can be understood as a set of public institutions. In terms of the definition of the competencies of public institutions, it can be understood as a set of processes that these public organizations carry out. If the public administration is to function effectively, then both organizational and procedural aspects of public administration must be in line. Public administration reform should mainly aim to achieve such compliance by changes in "the structure and procedural practices of public administration in order to streamline the activities of these organizations." (Pollitt - Bouckaert, 2000, p. 8). The major moments of changes in the organizational level of public administration in Slovakia are captured in the first two subsections of this chapter (1.1 Description of public administration prior transition in 1989 and 1.2 Development of Public Administration after transition).

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Public administration reforms in Visegrad countries: “two steps forward – one step back” processes (?)

Author(s): Juraj Nemec,David Špaček,Vladimír Tiutiuriukov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The starting point for all the countries in 1989 was similar – the need to create the foundations for a new democratic model of public administration in all four countries. Changes in this period were intended to overcome and eliminate the shortcomings of centralized control of state administration. This period was characterized by the creation of a new set of state institutions corresponding to the requirements of liberal democratic principles. The political, legislative, and economic changes also required transformation regarding the perception of its role, activities of executive apparatus and institutions, nature and quality of public administration employees, and effectiveness of their work. During certain period after first dramatic changes realized especially in 1990-1991 in all the countries the focus was on fine-tuning new structures and mechanisms, and new major changes came only significantly later – differently for each country. In the following text we describe country by country what happened in next phases of PARs.

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Ocena oddziaływania samorządu na rozwój funkcji turystycznej dużego miasta

Author(s): Grzegorz Gołembski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest określenie sposobu oceny oddziaływania władz miasta na rozwój turystyki, umożliwiającego wczesną diagnozę popełnionych błędów. Przy próbie osiągania tego celu musimy sformułować założenie: sposoby oddziaływania samorządu na rozwój turystyki uzależnione są od poziomu natężenia funkcji turystycznej miasta. Ponieważ jednostki samorządu terytorialnego zarządzają obszarami o różnym natężeniu i dynamice zmian poziomu natężenia funkcji turystycznej, nie pozostaje to bez wpływu na kształt prowadzonej przez nie lokalnej polityki turystycznej. Działania władz samorządowych skierowane na aktywizację lokalnej gospodarki turystycznej powinny być podejmowane w różnym zakresie i z różnym natężeniem w jednostkach o odmiennym stopniu ukształtowania funkcji turystycznej – zgodnie z różnymi potrzebami i celami w zakresie rozwijania turystyki na ich terenie. Oddziaływanie samorządu na rozwój turystyki dotyczy zarówno sfery popytu (oddziaływanie na klienta – wizerunek miasta, oferty „konsumpcyjne”), jak i sfery podaży (oddziaływanie na inwestorów i już funkcjonujące podmioty gospodarcze). Założenia te pozwolą określić pytanie badawcze, na które będziemy starali się odpowiedzieć, a mianowicie: znając poziom natężenia funkcji turystycznej miasta i tym samym fazę cyklu życia obszaru turystycznego, określić, w jaki sposób oceniać oddziaływanie samorządu na rozwój funkcji turystycznej dużego miasta. Innymi słowy, w jaki sposób władze samorządowe wykorzystują będące w ich dyspozycji instrumenty oddziaływania na turystykę. Możliwości oceny sposobu postępowania władz samorządowych dopatrujemy się w weryfikacji kompleksowej ankiety, która umożliwi zdiagnozowanie istniejącej rzeczywistości.

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Принос на политиката за сближаване за стабилност и иновативност на МСП

Author(s): Svetlana Aleksandrova-Zlatanska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

EU industry is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and it is a driver to the economic sustainability and competitiveness. The European priorities is to develop the economics sectors by technological and digital transformation and to increase competitiveness by internationalization and circular economy. The future cohesion policy (2021-2027) is aimed to boosting EU competitiveness through innovation, technological transformation, low-carbon economy and efficient use of natural resources. The growth of business activities is influenced by many factors, one of which is access for funding. The analysis focuses on the results of the Bulgarian program for innovation and competitiveness in terms of SMEs and industry development. The EU grant schemes have supported the technological modernization of the SMEs and start up innovative productions.

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Демократична отчетност на Съвета на Европейския съюз след влизане в сила на Договора от Лисабон

Author(s): Gergana Radoykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper explores the democratic accountability in the EU after the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. Research claims that democratic deficiencies are being observed and they trigger a discussion among academics and policymakers. Author refers to the theoretical concept about the social relation of accountability between actor – forum (Bovens, 2007) in which the actor has an obligation to explain and to justify their actions while the forum is empowered to challenge the actor and ask questions for justifications of the actions taken. Author presents main institutional and leadership functions of the EU and challenges as they conduct their assigned duties especially related to the Council, interaction with the European Parliament and the Rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU. In conclusion it is observed better information and transparency between the involved parties post-Lisbon Treaty. The author suggests, however, more dynamic and result-oriented forums for accountability on both EU and member states level.

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Understanding Policy in Immigration

Author(s): Simeon S. Magliveras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Policies have become a form of social institution and are tools which governments use to organize contemporary societies (Shore and Wright 1995) . The intensions and functions of organically formed institutions evolve as the social/biological environment changes through time but, policy in its genesis has specific intensions. Post-modernist thought avoid the nature of policy because it focuses of the individual and the individuals' ability to usurp power structures by avoiding categorization (Kirtsoglou 2004; Butler 2005). However, the nature and purpose of policy is to essentialize and categorize people and define subjects' access to power structures and determine individuals' roles and statuses in society (Shore and Wright 1995; Haines 2013). Thus, individuals are defined, enabled and limited by the categories policy imposes on them (as Citizen, refugee, legal/ illegal immigrant, etc). Thus, deeply embedded in policy are the cultural norms and ideologies, which help us understand power rhetorics and meanings of a society.

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Harmonisation of higher education system for the purposes of public administration efficiency improvement – some of the propositions for successful reform implementation

Author(s): Jelena Dujmović Bocka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper the author addresses the issue of recognition of the harmonization process as a significant part of higher education system reform in the Republic of Croatia. The first part of the paper emphasizes neo(institutionalism) as a theoretical approach, which has once been used in conducting empirical research, while at the same time confirming both the hypothesis that the national systems are more frequently being harmonized, as well as its sub-hypothesis, that the harmonization of national systems of higher education is mostly the result of Europeanisation process (along with its corresponding indicators – the Bologna process implementation, international collaboration – inter-institutional cooperation between institutions of higher education, project activities, European higher education politics, teaching and non-teaching staff mobilities). The basis for the paper refers to the Bologna process, that has been recognised as the key contributor for harmonization with the European system of higher education and has, as such, been implemented into the Croatian system of higher education. The necessity for applying the same and/or similar institutional propositions, that is, the necessity for approaching the common model is considered to be the centre of reform goals. The final part of the paper presents the results of a part of the mentioned research, which verify the aforementioned hypothesis and its sub-hypothesis and refer to specific propositions which should be taken into consideration for more successful reform implementation in one of the most significant public administration areas, public service, or better said, higher education system as part of public service.

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Dopłaty do oprocentowania kredytu restrukturyzacyjnego udzielane przez Agencję Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa jako jeden z trybów restrukturyzacji zadłużenia podmiotu prowadzącego gospodarstwo rolne

Author(s): Adrian Jaworski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to present one of the ways of restructuring the indebtedness of agricultural holdings by granting an interest subsidy on a restructuring loan by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. This is a new solution introduced to the Polish legal order by the Act of 9 November 2018 on debt restructuring of entities running an agricultural holding. The author first discusses general issues related to the constitutional foundations of the agricultural system and the system of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. Next, author moves on to assess the motives of the legislator, introducing the Act on Debt Restructuring of Farm Operators, and then discusses the legal problem of public aid granted by the ARMA. The work ends with a summary and conclusions de lege ferenda.

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Programy przebudowy miast wobec wyzwań społecznych, ekonomicznych i środowiskowych kształtowania terenów zurbanizowanych

Author(s): Anna Bernaciak,Alona Revko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The main aim of the study is to depict the characteristics of some of the most common concepts of urban reconstruction (compact city, sustainable city, smart city, as well as their hybrids), present practical aspects of the indicated urban policies and attempt to verify their implementation. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the presentation of selected theoretical concepts. In the empirical part, the authors use the method of case studies, presenting the effects of municipal investments and practical obstacles occurring during their implementation. They form assessments based on current media reports, articles in specialist press, as well as statements made by residents. Findings: Contemporary cities are spaces of various challenges that become sources of conflicts as well as places of unmet needs and unfulfilled ambitions. Although the decision-makers make their decisions in connection with these challenges, their interventions are not always effective. The concepts of a compact city, a smart city and a sustainable city serve as recipes for the problems of modern cities: both the short-term ones and those which require shaping a comprehensive policy for the development of cities and urban areas. However, cities are not always properly diagnosed, and local authorities often lack specialists who could consciously and skilfully propose an optimal therapy. Originality and value: The study presents an original analysis of selected case studies which relate to the shaping of the space of Polish cities. The study focuses on the challenges of shaping urban areas in relation to contemporary trends in city planning and design determined by the importance of such issues as the quality of life of residents, the quality of space, its democratisation and sustainability, the presence of art, closed circulation or the use of modern technology and creativity in the process of managing modern cities and their space.

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Javne nabavke i medijsko oglašavanje organa javne uprave

Author(s): Jovana Marović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Sistem javnih nabavki u Crnoj Gori je uspostavljen 2001. godine, ali je u normativnom i institucionalnom smislu unaprijeđen 2006.godine kada je usvojen drugi zakonski okvir. Potpuno razdvajanje nadležnosti i pozicioniranje institucija u sistemu postignuto je važećim Zakonom o javnim nabavkama koji je usvojen 2011. godine. Zakon uvodi bitne novine koje se odnose na povećanje transparentnosti objavljivanjem svih planova, kao i poziva i ugovora na portalu javnih nabavki. Ipak, ovaj Zakon uključuje i manjkave odredbe o antikorupcijskim pravilima i sukobu interesa i ne usklađuje u potpunosti postupke s acquisjem, u prvom redu šoping metodu. Institucionalni okvir obuhvata Upravu za javne nabavke koja vrši monitoring nad primjenom Zakona, kao i upravne i stručne poslove u oblasti javnih nabavki, dok Državna komisija za kontrolu postupaka javnih nabavki odlučuje po žalbama učesnika u postupku.

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Bank w działalności jednostek samorządowych

Author(s): Janina Kotlińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Adequate financial resources are needed to enable local government units to carryout their tasks effectively. An important partner of the local government units is therefore the Bank, which has a corresponding offer. The aim of the study is to diagnose the extent of cooperation between self-governing units and banks over 30 years of activity of local authorities in Poland, on the basis of financial data that illustrate the extent of their demand for the services provided by banks in the context of their growing range of tasks, including chronologically: the emergence of new levels and self-governing units in 1999; Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, the JST’s obligation to produce a multiannual financial forecast from 2010 onwards; introduction of an individual debt ceiling for JST from 2014

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POLITIKA PREMA BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKIM OPŠTINAMA I OPŠTINE PREMA POLITICI U KRALJEVINI SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA

Author(s): Seka Brkljača / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U svom prilogu autorica prikazuje kakvu je politiku prema lokalnim organima uprave (općinama-općinskim vijećima) vodila vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije i kakve im je ovlasti davala. Ukazuje na činjenicu da općine nisu bile organi lokalne vlasti nego jednostavna dopuna za upravne organe države sa veoma malim ovlastima, malim teritorijama i brojem stanovnika i nedovoljnim sredstvima za rad. Takva politika je imala odraza i na stajališta građana prema vladajućim snagama države.

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SOCIOEKONOMICKÉ BARIÉRY ROZVOJE CESTOVNÍHO RUCHU V REGIONECH

Author(s): Jan Holeček,Iva Galvasová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article will present partial results from the first two phases of working on a project called "Research socioeconomic potential tourism" (TB010MMR030). This project is funded by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic for the purpose of carrying out their program of public procurement in research, experimental development and innovation for the government (BETA). The aim of the project is to identify the main barriers endogenous tourism development and design of tools and mechanisms that will lead to more efficient processes in the tourist destination regions. The project focuses on the following topics: 1. Socio-economic structure of the local population and its impact on the activities and processes within the region. 2. Business activity within the region - the structure, the intensity of cooperation. 3. Destination management and activities of the public sector - a tool implementation of state and regional tourism policy.

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Tools for Official Relations in Public Activity - Disparities in Good Administrative Behaviour

Author(s): Camelia Daciana Stoian,Cristian Măduța / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present research aims at the need to take up the example of the provisions of the European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour at the level of public administration of the member countries. In fact, the activities performed by civil servants or contractual staff in the public power regime, more precisely in the segment of law enforcement, in the segment of public service provision, have the same legal regime seen through the angle of interest of the citizen of the same member state as the citizen of the Union, or of any legal person. Any communication at official level has as its central point certain principles and limits imposed for reasons of private interest and categorical public interest. However, employees of the national public administration, viewed individually in conjunction with their own duties, have not implemented the procedural principles set out in the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union with regard to 'limits' and do not have a methodology to follow in identifying a balance between the permitted degree of transparency of their work in relation to citizens' requests. At the same time, the way of decent expression of the justified impartial attitude in the legal and efficient solution of requests in the daily work with the public, has not implemented the standards of good administrative conduct aimed at guaranteeing the efficiency of the work and the quality of public service at the same time. The implications of this study aim to outline the essence of the obligation to adopt a Code of Good Administrative Behaviour at the level of each Member State, based on the citizen's right to good administration, on the case law of national and European courts and on the practical explanation of convergent coordinating lines such as, for example: legality and proportionality or the clear absence of abuse of power and honesty.

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Digital Economy Law a Reality Manifested in Legal Reports of Production, Commerce, Services and Public Administration

Author(s): Manole Decebal Bogdan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Online transactions are a certainty of the moment in all social and economic fields. Digital economy has been part of everyday normality for a long time. The legislation that regulates legal relations is not updated and there is no clear perspective by which to confirm the imposition of "digital economy law" in society. The acts of commerce, services, and production in which the digital society participates (hard, software, networks and augmented reality) develop, in themselves, a number of legal subjects and a large palette of contractual or tortious civil responsibilities that do not have a clear regulation. Through this research, we are trying to launch a current and forward-looking topic to the public professional debate to lay the foundations for the "Digital Economy Right". The research methods used are observation of flows and case studies of "artificial intelligence" used through software in the private and public economy; reporting of legal subjects involved in legal relations to the legal norm. The implications of the study are relevant for the whole society, but also for legal professionals. The results constitute benchmarks for the debate and drafting of the future legal norms necessary to harmonize the international legislation of classical law with the law of artificial intelligence.

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