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The Negotiations Leading to the Second Peace of Toruń

Author(s): Adam Szweda / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Od pierwszych miesięcy trwania wojny trzynastoletniej odbywały się rozmowy, których celem było znalezienie pokojowego rozwiązania. Ich przebieg był warunkowany z jednej strony rozwojem działań wojennych, z drugiej różnymi oczekiwaniami walczących stron. Zakon Krzyżacki od początku prezentował stanowisko legalistyczne, odmawiając ustępstw, co zmieniło się dopiero po kolejnych klęskach i stratach terytorialnych. Stany pruskie uznające władzę króla domagały się całkowitego usunięcia Zakonu z Prus, natomiast elity polskie przejawiały chęć kompromisu. Z szeregu negocjacji wyróżnić można rozmowy w Kobelgrubbe w 1465 r., prowadzone w dużej mierze między przedstawicielami stanów – podległych królowi i wielkiemu mistrzowi. Pokazały one niemożność wewnątrzpruskiego porozumienia na późnym etapie konfliktu. Ostateczne porozumienie zostało zaprzysiężone przez obu panujących, obecnych podczas finalnej fazy negocjacji, co nadało porozumieniu obowiązującą moc prawną, jeszcze przed wymianą głównych dokumentów traktatowych.

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Faktai, mintys, nuomonės, idėjos. Keli epizodai iš Stasio Lozoraičio Jaunesniojo diplomatinės biografijos

Author(s): Asta Petraitytė-Briedienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2019

In 1944 S. Lozoraitis Junior joined the Lithuanian diplomatic service (LDT). The LDT was recognized by the Free World, it was a continuation of Lithuania’s statehood. For many years, he worked in the Embassy of the Holy See. S. Lozoraitis Junior continued his diplomatic career in Washington. Several documents are in the funds of the Lithuanian Emigration Institute of Vytautas Magnus University (VMU): S. Lozoraitis Junior’s letters, pro memorias (the largest archival data on its diplomatic activities is found in the Lithuanian Central State Archives). The purpose of the text is not to reconstruct the activities of S. Lozoraitis Junior, or to follow his steps (which essentially coincide with the activities of the entire Lithuanian diplomatic service in 1940–1991), but to highlight the motives of his choices and decisions (according to documents from VMU). The chronological boundaries are shifted within the framework of LDT activities 1991. The text touches upon the Lithuanian-Polish relationship, the attitude of S. Lozoraitis Junior to the exile government, to other topicalities. As a conclusion, S. Lozoraitis Junior, like the whole LDT, did not change his fundamental positions. But he tried to stir up the stagnation. His ideas were an insightful.

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Lietuvos diplomato atsiminimai apie aktyvų, bet mažai žinomą JAV lietuvių veikėją Balį Praną Mastauską

Author(s): Juozas Skirius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2019

Randomly discovered memories of Julius J. Bielskis, former Honorary Consul General of Lithuania in Los Angeles, about the little-known American Lithuanian Balys Pranas Mastauskas/Frank Mast (1889–1961) enabled them to be published by brieﬂy presenting this active character. His greatest contribution was from 1918 to 1919, seeking recognition of the Lithuanian state in Washington and Paris, working in Switzerland. From 1919 to 1923 he assisted Lithuanian representatives in the USA. Has had extensive contacts in US political circles. Later, while living in Chicago, he was an active expatriate, attorney and lecturer at Loyola University. Belonging to the Lithuanian Catholic ideological group in the United States, he was close to the Lithuanian politicians for Christian democrats, and was more bold in criticizing the politicians of other currents, especially nationalists. J. J. Bielskis records, brieﬂy, the major achievements of B. P. Mastauskas in political-social activities, reveals his character, his personal traits, his talent for connecting with people in need, and points out that Mastauskas was honest, dutiful and hard-working. Mr. Bielskis did not question his patriotism.

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СИАМ ГЛАЗАМИ РУССКОГО ДИПЛОМАТА (по дневниковым записям Г. А. Плансона)

Author(s): Anna Mihailovna Kharitonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

The following paper is based on an investigation of the personal diary notes of a Russian diplomat Georgiy Planson (1859–?) that were taken during the period from 1910 to 1913. Planson served as Charge d’Affaires and Consul General in Siam between 1910 and 1916. The relevancy of the research arises from the fact that these diaries, as well as multiple other private information sources belonging to other members of the Russian diplomatic mission, have been scarcely if ever studied or analyzed so far. The contents of Planson’s diaries can be divided into four main topics: relationships between Siam and the Russian Empire, international life in Bangkok, leisure and recreation of the diplomatic mission members, and the incoming/outgoing correspondence registration. The performed analysis enabled to easily determine the overall impression the Kingdom of Siam made on a Russian diplomat, as well as to trace overall tendencies and attitudes within the diplomatic circles of Bangkok in the 1910s. Microhistorical research methodology was applied in the current paper.

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Politica externă a României în anii 1876-1877 oglindită în actele diplomatice ale Agenției italiene din București

Author(s): Dumitru Zaharia / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IX/1977

Articolul prezintă politica externă a României în anii 1876-1877 oglindită în actele diplomatice ale Agenției italiene din București.

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Valențe naționale și internaționale ale proclamării independenței de stat a României la 9 mai 1877

Author(s): Liviu Ștefănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IX/1977

Articolul prezintă valențele naționale și internaționale ale proclamării Independenței României.

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Alfonso Visconti, un diplomatico della Santa Sede alla corte di Zsigmond Báthory, Principe Transilvano

Author(s): Alessandro Boccolini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2019

This research focuses on the life of Cardinal Alfonso Visconti reconstructing the years of his religious formation until his arrival in Rome: from the activity carried out at the Congregation of the Oratory founded by San Filippo Neri, to the diplomatic career conducted in the service of the Holy See. After serving in Portugal and Prague, at the court of Rudolf II, between 1595 and 1598 he was sent on a diplomatic mission, as nuncio, to the Prince of Transylvania Zsigmond Báthory. His mission took place in a dramatic historical phase for Danubian-Balkan Europe, threatened by the power of the Turkish “infidel”. The article aims to reconstruct the main phases of Visconti's difficult mission, which had been sent to this peripheral part of the continent, but very important on a geopolitical level, with the aim of creating the anti-Turkish crusade so much desired by Pope Clement VIII

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ИНЦИДЕНТИ НА ГРАНИЦАМА ИЗМЕЂУ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ И ЗЕМАЉА ИНФОРМБИРОА (1948–1955)

Author(s): Marko B. Miletić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

Based on sources in the Archives of Yugoslavia and the Military Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia, as well as published sources and relevant historiographical literature, this paper aims to analyze the course of the border incidents between Yugoslavia and the Cominform countries. The paper attempts to answer a number of questions: What was the number of border incidents? When were they most common? How many Yugoslav soldiers lost their lives or were injured? What was the process of settling the situation at the borders?

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Међународна конференција Contemporary Challenges on Protection and Managing of Natural and Cultural Heritage, Охрид, 17–19. 1. 2020.

Author(s): Božica Slavković Mirić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

Божица СЛАВКОВИЋ МИРИЋ: Међународна конференција Contemporary Challenges on Protection and Managing of Natural and Cultural Heritage, Охрид, 17–19. 1. 2020.

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Aspecte privind rolul Concordatului România-Sfântul Scaun în relațiile lor diplomatice

Author(s): Ion Tudor Felezeu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LIX, 2/2020

The concordat - Treaty between the Holy See and a state - has the role of defining the status of the Catholic Church in the social life of that country, of ensuring, from a legal point of view, its freedom of action, of determining the matter of mutual interests and of providing the normative basis. of solving the problems in question. The Romania - Holy See Concordat was the instrument that supported the development of bilateral relations, the establishment of the legal status of the organization and hierarchy of the Catholic Church (Latin, Romanian and Hungarian rites, as well as Greek Catholic), of communication relations with the Holy See, the appointment of bishops and the determination of competencies, the support of the clergy, the administration of the patrimony, education, spiritual assistance in the armed forces and hospitals. Among the most significant achievements is the founding of the Pontifical College "Pio Romeno", the material and spiritual support provided by the Holy See to the Romanian people in the years of World War II. Although it was denounced by the communist authorities who interrupted relations with the Vatican in 1950, the Concordat allowed their resumption, following the fall of the communist regime and the development of new relations between the two sides. This led to the historic visits to Romania of Pope John Paul II in 1999 and Pope Francis in 2019.

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Sacrificing democratization for the sake of NEPAD. South Africa's relation with Zimbabwe in the early 2000's

Author(s): Dan Petrica / Language(s): English Issue: LIX, 2/2020

This article delves upon Zimbabwe’s 2002 suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations and the relentless efforts of South Africa and other peers to get that suspension lifted, in the context of continuous rebuttals from states such as the UK and Australia. The research piece touches primarily upon the underlying motives for the said suspension, as well as the reasoning behind the bandwagoning of nations on the ongoing issues plaguing Zimbabwe in the early 2000s. Furthermore, it tangentially covers themes such as: the balance within the Commonwealth, global North versus South interpretations of democracy – and the realities they produce, and the rationale of two-sided post-colonial narratives.

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ЦРНОГОРСКА ПОЛИТИЧКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У СЈЕДИЊЕНИМ АМЕРИЧКИМ ДРЖАВАМА (1922-1924)-АКТИВНОСТИ И ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ ОДГОВОРИ

Author(s): Vesna Đikanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2019

Presented paper focuses on the activities of Montenegrin emigration in the USA in the years following the end of First World War. New political solutions, disappearance of Montenegro and creation of new Yugoslav State, provoked activities of some Montenegrins in order to promote an idea of restoration of the independent Montenegro. Activities,ideas, impact, reaction of Yugoslav State and its representatives in America as well as results and outcomes are the object of analyses.

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Działalność Poselstwa RP w Oslo w latach 1946–1947

Author(s): Emilia Denkiewicz-Szczepaniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

The activity of the Polish Legation in Oslo in the years 1946–1947 is one of the most important and, at the same time, one of the most difficult periods in the history of Polish-Norwegian rela-tions. The introduction explains the reasons for such a late sending of a Polish representative, Mieczysław Rogalski, to Norway. Section I presents the biography of Rogalski as well as the ex-perience he gained while working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The next section describes the negative attitude that the Polish diplomat had during his contacts with the Norwegian Min-istry of Foreign Affairs (Utenriksdepartementet), especially in relation to further repatriation of Poles, which was started in autumn 1945 by the liaison officers of the Polish government in exile. Section III presents the diplomatic successes Rogalski had in his relations with Norwegian politicians and also indicates how good his orientation in Norway’s foreign policy was. Finally, the last section contains a description of Legation problems regarding mutual exchange of deco-rations and orders between Poland and Norway, including in particular political activities con-nected with the organization of celebrations commemorating the victory at Narvik.

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Transnistria in the Light of Classic Criteria for Statehood

Author(s): Dumitru Cazac / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2020

The question of the statehood of Transnistria is a part of a more complex phenomenon of the existence of the de facto regimes. As we all know, there are some ,,classic” criteria in order to become a state and be a part of the international community. This article intends to offer a specific vision on the elements of statehood in the case of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. It focuses, in particular, on the state power and population, but refers also to some new elements like the level of democracy and respect of the human rights.

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România și Marele Război: realism, balansare și aliniere. O perspectivă teoretică

Author(s): Hadrian Gorun / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 59/2020

This paper represents a short theoretical analysis of Romanian foreign policy during World War I, mainly in the period of Romanian neutrality. It could be a starting point for a book. We attempted to articulate and elaborate a solid theoretical framework concerning our approach. The Romanian political class aimed the achieving of the national interest. The national interest represents one of the key-concepts for the realist school of thought in international realations and for neorealism as well. We took also into account the game theory, belonging to the strategic realism. We have demonstrated that the Romanian state has performed as a rational actor of the international arena, deliberately delaying the intervention in the war. For a while Romania played the role of a balancer in the Balkan area. The president of the Romanian Council of Ministers, Ion I.C. Brătianu will adopt a bandwagoning behavior, deciding to enter World War I, alongside with the Entente at the moment he considered optimal. Usually, in their relations with Great Powers, the weaker states tend rather to bandwagoning than to balancing. In relations with actors with a similar power, these states will rather opt for balancing. Therefore regarding Bulgaria (a state with military capabilities quite similar to those of Romania) the officials of Bucharest preferred to opt for balancing. in its relations with Entente’s states, Romanian Kingdom naturally chose to adopt a bandwagong behavior. When a state actor or an alliance has the biggest chances to win in a conflict, the states tend to join the stronger camp than form coalitions. In these circumstances, the states will opt for bandwagoning.

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Magyar–nyugatnémet kapcsolatok 1989/1990-ben. A német egység mint kihívás Magyarország számára, 1989/90

Author(s): Andreas Schmidt-Schweizer / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2019

The unification of Germany on 3 October 1990 faced Hungary with a huge challenge: the country was in the necessity of strategically determining its future relations with a united Germany at the very time when Hungary itself was going through a deep political, economic and social transformation, involving a change of élite as well. The present paper briefly examines Hungarian-German relations between 1949 and 1989, and explores the reactions of the Hungarian media and politics in the period immediately preceding the unification of Germany. The paper focusses chiefly on the question of the challenge that the German unification process posed for Hungary, and the reactions that it elicited from Hungarian politicians and diplomats. The last section of the paper is devoted to the extremely intensive development of Hungarian-German relations after the unification.

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Franciaország és a Német-római Birodalom a 17. században. Francia diplomáciai és területszerző törekvések

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Hámori Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

The conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire in the early modern era cannot be grasped as an ‘ancient hostility’ (Erbfeindschaft) of the two ‘nations’ but rather in the framework of a dynastic struggle of French kings against the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. When considering the many-folded nature of their opposition, it is important to distinguish between French relations to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire and those with the Austrian Habsburgs who were its elected emperors. The article examines three aspects of the latter relations: 1. the attitude of French diplomacy towards the Austrian Habsburgs during the Thirty Years War, with special regard to the peace of Westphalia 2. territorial expansion of France in the 17th century in Alsace and Lorraine 3. French efforts to hinder the election of the members of the House of Habsburg as King of the Roman

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Considerații cu privire la sistarea pensiei excelenței sale ambasador Dănilă Papp în anul 1948

Author(s): Daniela-Stefania Curelea,Dragoş-Lucian Curelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Dănilă Papp was a senior Romanian officer who climbed all the ranks of the militaryhierarchy of the Austro-Hungarian imperial army. From 1 June 1948, the former senior officer,general, royal resident, ambassador was removed from the pension registers on the grounds that he hadlost that right, the communist regime in Romania installed with Soviet political and military support,not only turned its back on this high-ranking Romanian officer and ambassador, a county commissionbeing the one who took this deviation.

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Expanzió vagy önvédelem? Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia diplomáciai köreinek tervei Szerbiával kapcsolatban (1913–1915)

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2015

These two extremist ideologies clearly mark the diversity of opinions in Austria-Hungary regarding the Serbian problem. After 1903 Serbia was considered not only as a barrier to the Austro– Hungarian economic penetration into the peninsula, but as a growing threat to the existence of the Hungarian statehood. The attitude towards Serbia varied from conquering the state to temporary occupation, mutilation or total division of the country between her neighbours (including or excluding Austria–Hungary) and to the economic subjection as the least aggressive plan. The emergence of these plans was always a question of strength of different pressure groups and the changes in the situation on the battlefields in 1912–1915. This study focuses only on the activity of the ’Magyars’ including the imperialistic tendencies of press, and the attitude of a certain (conservative) group of decision-makers, Baron István Burián and Count István Tisza. Neither the idea of the above mentioned groups did coincide with each other, nor the latter was the only influential pressure group.

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CRNA GORA I ISTOČNO PITANJE NA KRAJU XIX VIJEKA

Author(s): Saša Knežević / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Issue: 3-4/2020

The Balkan states saw the Eastern Question as a creation of favourable opportunities for attaining positions in the European parts of Turkey, and even their potential redistribution. Montenegro also had its own aspirations, but it had to sense the mood and take position of the Great Powers. A new crisis was foreshadowed when the riots of the Greek population in Crete broke out in 1896. Open conflict between Greece and Turkey brought the issue of European Turkey back into the focus of the diplomacy of the Great Powers, but also of the Balkan states. Austria-Hungary and Russia agreed on maintaining peace and preserving the status quo in the Balkans, which greatly affected not only them but the Balkan states as well.This paper looks into the diplomatic activities of Montenegro and its international positions at the end of the XIX century.

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