Vývoj v Československu v prvej polovici roka 1968 na stránkach publikovaných francúzskych diplomatických dokumentov v korelácii s vývinom československo-francúzskych vzťahov od vzniku ČSR do prelomu rokov 1967/1968

Author(s): Pavol Petruf / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

The study is materially based mainly on the published French diplomatic documents relating to the first half of 19681, when the renewal process known as the Czechoslovak Spring was developing in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The first part of the study briefly mentions the main features of Czechoslovak – French relations from the origin of the Czechoslovak Republic in autumn 1918 to the beginning of the renewal process in January 1968. The brief recapitulation of the key events in Czechoslovak – French relations in this period is intended to give the reader a better understanding of the generally restrained attitude of Paris to Prague during the first six months of 1968. In brief, it is possible to say that French government circles looked with sympathy at the developing reform process in Czecho-slovakia, but it was not in the centre of their attention. Paris was considering mainly the global framework of international development, in which the reduction of tension between East and West had one of the key roles. Since Moscow played a key part in this process, neglect of its interests appeared to be counter-productive. This largely decided the cautious attitude to developments in Czechoslovakia in the first half of 1968.

PAS CU PAS SPRE MAREA UNIRE. FERDINAND I ŞI MARIA, REGII ROMÂNIEI MARI

Author(s): Gheorghe MINCULETE / Language(s): Romanian Issue: OMAGIAL/2018

Romania’s entry into World War I was based on the great ideal of the Romanians of National and Territorial Unity,because until then their predecessors founded the Romanian State through the Unification of the two Principalities, and thenconsolidated it by winning the country’s independence from the Ottoman Empire.The unification of all Romanian territories which once belonged to Ancient Dacia, on both sides of the Carpathians,involved the participation of all Romanians in a terrible war that caused unimaginable suffering.The two outstanding personalities in the realization of this century-old endeavor, the Great Union of the Romanians,were King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria.In this article we present the importance of the Romanians’ effort and their faith in achieving the objectives of Romaniannational unity. Furthermore, we highlight aspects that reveal the personalities of the King and Queen who made GreaterRomania, as well as the essence of their major contribution to the realization and consecration of the Great Union of theRomanians.

STEP BY STEP TOWARDS THE GREAT UNION. FERDINAND AND MARIA, THE KING AND QUEEN OF GREATER ROM

Author(s): Gheorghe MINCULETE / Language(s): English Issue: OMAGIAL/2018

Romania’s entry into World War I was based on the great ideal of the Romanians of National and Territorial Unity,because until then their predecessors founded the Romanian State through the Unification of the two Principalities, and thenconsolidated it by winning the country’s independence from the Ottoman Empire.The unification of all Romanian territories which once belonged to Ancient Dacia, on both sides of the Carpathians,involved the participation of all Romanians in a terrible war that caused unimaginable suffering.The two outstanding personalities in the realization of this century-old endeavor, the Great Union of the Romanians,were King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria.In this article we present the importance of the Romanians’ effort and their faith in achieving the objectives of Romaniannational unity. Furthermore, we highlight aspects that reveal the personalities of the King and Queen who made GreaterRomania, as well as the essence of their major contribution to the realization and consecration of the Great Union of theRomanians.

DUPĂ ȘI DINCOLO DE O SUTĂ DE ANI: ROMÂNIA ȘI IDEEA DE STAT

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: OMAGIAL/2018

The Great Union Centennial provides an opportunity for considering the idea of state peculiar to Romania and thus toapproach this event from a security studies perspective. To this purpose, the idea of state as conceived by Barry Buzan, aprominent representative of the Copenhagen School, is presented and his views about the condition of this idea in Romaniais described. Based on the meaning attributed by Buzan to the idea of state, the paper investigates the content of the idea ofstate corresponding to Romania by first reflecting on the possibility of reconstructing it through the writings of foreignerswho visited or stayed in Romania and, secondly, by attempting to identify some of its constituents based on the memoriespublished by James O. Noyes, who traveled through Romanian Principalities during the Crimean War, and by the count ofSaint-Aulaire who, as plenipotentiary minister of France to Romania, witnessed the sacrifices and the sufferance experiencedby Romanians during World War I.

AFTER AND BEYOND ONE HUNDREAD YEARS. ROMANIA AND THE IDEA OF STATE

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Issue: OMAGIAL/2018

The Great Union Centennial provides an opportunity for considering the idea of state peculiar to Romania and thus toapproach this event from a security studies perspective. To this purpose, the idea of state as conceived by Barry Buzan, aprominent representative of the Copenhagen School, is presented and his views about the condition of this idea in Romaniais described. Based on the meaning attributed by Buzan to the idea of state, the paper investigates the content of the idea ofstate corresponding to Romania by first reflecting on the possibility of reconstructing it through the writings of foreignerswho visited or stayed in Romania and, secondly, by attempting to identify some of its constituents based on the memoriespublished by James O. Noyes, who traveled through Romanian Principalities during the Crimean War, and by the count ofSaint-Aulaire who, as plenipotentiary minister of France to Romania, witnessed the sacrifices and the sufferance experiencedby Romanians during World War I.

ROMANIAN CURRENCY FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE GREAT UNION OF 1918

Author(s): Petrișor Pătrașcu / Language(s): English Issue: OMAGIAL/2018

According to archaeological findings and historic documents, many coins have been circulated as a form of exchangeon Romanian territory, since ancient times. Thus, the Romanian numismatic heritage shows Romanian national identityand unity. Throughout time, famous personalities brought significant contributions to the realization and development of anational monetary system, taking into account the events that occurred in the past. The circumstances under which the leubecame the national currency of Romania are very complex and interesting, considering that, over time, the Romanians useda lot of different coins. Among the most important historical events that led up to the leu becoming the national currency ofRomania, we should mention the Union of the Romanian Principalities, the Reign of Carol I, the Romanian Constitution of1866 and the 1867 Romanian monetary law. Furthermore, Romania fought for independence and a unified nation and theGreat Union of 1918 was a great challenge for the entire Romanian monetary system.

François de Tott (1733 – 1793). Život a dielo jedného osvieteného diplomata

Author(s): Zsolt Horbulák,Ferenc Tóth / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2019

This study deals with François Baron de Tott (1733–1793), a French diplomat, general and writer. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first, we present the life of the baron, summarizing his positions, diplomatic missions and service to France, as well as his destiny as a representative of the second generation of exiles in France from the Rakoczi revolt who returned to the land of his ancestors. The following part is devoted to the origin of the baronʼs family. This research was done in Slovak archives to prove his Hungarian and Slovak roots. Finally, we analyse de Tottʼs Memoirs, which made the personality of the baron immortal, from the literary, historical, political and personal points of view.

Предавање проф. др Мари-Жанин Чалић. Тито и немачко питање, онлајн, 26. 11. 2020.

Author(s): Natalija Dimić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Dyplomacja PRL wobec kryzysu karaibskiego w 1962 roku

Author(s): Konrad Kieć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 106/2020

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the head of Polish diplomacy at that time, Adam Rapacki, considered the Caribbean Crisis to be extremely dangerous for Poland. It was due to the fact that Warsaw maintained good economic relations with Washington. Since establishing diplomatic relations with Havana, relations between the Polish People’s Republic (PPR) and Cuba had developed slowly. From 1960, PPR was forced to help Cuba, while not drawing any benefits from exchange trade. Larger commitment to improve relations with Castro’s regimes was forced by Moscow. Poland was the last member of Eastern Bloc to establish relations with Havana. The United States of America reacted to these events in an extremely nervous manner. The administration of President John Kennedy threatened to cancel economic cessions granted to Poland. In this context, Adam Rapacki’s visit to Havana in June 1961 seemed provocative from the USA point of view. British diplomacy, however, interpreted the Polish minister’s speech at the University of Havana differently and maintained that Rapacki was careful not to offend the United States of America. Moreover, the Foreign Office believed that he was forced to make this foreign visit. When the Cuban Missile Crisis began, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs tried to avoid any actions that could be seen as provocative by U.S. Navy forces, conducting a naval blockade of the island. The USSR did not inform its allies about the plan of placing the missiles on Cuba, which testified to the lack of sovereignty of the PPR and other Eastern Bloc states. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not make any active moves regarding the crisis, but still tried to obtain the most reliable information on the events. The most informed person was PPR’s ambassador in Washington, while those in Havana and Moscow had incomplete data. In addition, after the biggest threat of the outbreak of thermonuclear war has passed, it was the PPR that provided information about Fidel Castro’s critique of Moscow’s position towards the crisis.

Casimiro Granzow de la Cerda duque de Parcent. Entre Polonia y España

Author(s): Małgorzata Nalewajko / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 31/2020

The article discusses the life and work of Casimiro Florencio Granzow, the duke of Parcent. The diplomat and businessman born in Polish-Spanish family is the author of press articles about Poland revived as an independent state in 1918, published in Spain in 1919-1921, the handbook of Polish history, also published in Spain, diplomatic reports sent to the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Poland during World War II, and the personal accounts of life in Warsaw under the German occupation, where he resided as the only foreign diplomat in 1939- 1944. His testimony played a crucial role in shaping the image of Poland in Spain. The rich and varied sources created by the duke of Parcent over the period of 25 years need further analysis; the present article aims at presenting only the main aspects of his career and outlining his interpretation of Polish past and present.

ФИЛХЕЛЕН И СОЈУЗОТ: АЛЕКСАНДАР I, АТИНА И ПРВИТЕ ИСКРИ НА СЕВЕРОТ

Author(s): Voјislav Sarakinski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

Simultaneously with the siege of Thasos, ten thousand Athenian and allied colonists went on their way to establish a settlement at Ennea Hodoi, a crossing controlled by the Edonians. This attempt came to a grievous end, as – their alleged hostility notwithstanding – the Edonians and Alexander the Philhellene most probably had common interests in the area. It would be very reasonable, in 479 BC, to keep an active military force and try to implement some sort of administrative overview over Edonia; fifteen years later, however, after all immediate external threats became a thing of the past, Alexander withdrew the formal border of the kingdom to the west in order to alleviate the cost of keeping soldiers and administrators that far from the capital at Aegae. This, however, did not mean that Edonia left the Macedonian sphere of interest and/or influence. Ruled by a local basileus, they obviously remained ξύμμαχοι καὶ ὑπήκοοι (“allies and subjects”), following the pattern of certain tribes in western Upper Macedonia. Accordingly, in fighting the colonists sent by Athens, they seem to have acted in cooperation with the Argeadai – a fact that took the Athenians by surprise.

ТЕРИТОРИЈАЛНОТО ПРОШИРУВАЊЕ НА КРАЛСТВОТО СРБИЈА НИЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА АЛЕКСАНДАР БЕЛИЌ: СРБИТЕ И БУГАРИТЕ ВО БАЛКАНСКИОТ СОЈУЗ И ВО МЕЃУСЕБНАТА ВОЈНА

Author(s): Makedonka Mitrova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

Aleksandar Belic (Belgrade, 1/13 August 1876 – Belgrade, 26 February 1960) was a renowned Serbian linguist and Slavist. In his entire linguistic scientific opus, his scientificpopular book titled: “Serbians and Bulgarians in the Balkan Alliance and in War against Each Other”, published in Belgrade in 1913, stands out. This Belic’s popular study differs from his other publications, because it does not belong to his subspecialist scientific domain of interest, but focuses on historical-political issues.

КОНЦЕПЦИИ ЗА РЕШАВАЊЕ НА МАКЕДОНСКОТО ПРАШАЊЕ НА СТРАНИТЕ НА ВЕСНИКОТ ПИРИНСКО ДЕЛО (1945 – 1947)

Author(s): Stojko Stojkov / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

The article deals with different concepts for solving the Macedonian question after The second World war, which were represented among the Macedonians in Bulgaria and Bulgarian society. It is made through published materials in the only regional newspaper in Pirin Macedonia “Pirinsko delo” (“Pirin cause”). Materials in newspaper are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Attention is paid to used terminology, changes in it, amplitude and frequency of publishing of text about Macedonian question. This article explores the evolution of conceptions, ideas and opinions, their connection with the events in the Balkans, and try to define the different groups that stood behind each concept.

ЈОВАН ХАЏИ ВАСИЉЕВИЌ И ОПРЕДЕЛУВАЊЕТО НА ЈУЖНАТА ГРАНИЦА НА „СРПСТВОТО“

Author(s): Makedonka Mitrova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2015

Jovan Hadzi Vasiljevic (Vranje, 18.10.1866 – Belgrade, 29.03.1948) was a Serbian historian, ethnographer and publicist. Between 1904 and 1940 he worked as a Secretary at the “St. Sava Society”. At the same time J. H. Vasiljevic was also editor-in-chief of the newsletter of the “Brotherhood” of the Association. In the focus of his historical research were the territories of Old Serbia and Macedonia. Consequently in the course of his life he produced numerous papers dealing with these two historical areas. In this occasion we are going to look into J. H. Vasiljevic’s publication titled: “Old Serbia and Macedonia (from geographical, historical and political stand point)” written in 1905, and published in “Brotherhood” in 1906. The scientific focus is aimed at this specific publication of his because of its comprehensive approach to its topical issue unlike his other papers that are limited to territorial-ethnographic topics. In addition in this publication the fundamental postulates that he also used as the basis for his numerous ethno-geographic publications on Macedonia could be reviewed.

ПРАШАЊЕТО НА ДРЖАВНИТЕ ГРАНИЦИ НА АЛБАНИЈА (1913 – 1926 ГОДИНА)

Author(s): Isamedin Azizi / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2015

After declaring independence, Albenia faced a serious problem, with the borders issue, due to the claims of Serbia and Greece. Even despite the determination at the wide border lines of Albania, there were two contentious points, the Vermosh’s and St. Naum’s, that forced the Kingdoms of SKS and Albania to turn to international institutions. For Albania’s borders was discussed in the Paris Peace Conference, while for its resolution were involved the most important international institutions such as: Ambassador’s Conference, Association of Nations, International Court of Justice etc. After many discussions and debates the issue of the borders of Albania was finally closed in 1926 with the signing of the agreement between the governments of Albania and Yugoslavia.

The diplomatic relationship between South Korea and Hungary from 1948 to 1982

Author(s): Bogook Kim / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This thesis examines the process by which the Republic of Korea (hereafter, ROK or South Korea) and Hungary established diplomatic relations. Given the complexity of the process, the subject was be divided into two papers, the first of which concerns the period 1948 to 1982 and the second that of 1982–1988, the last year being that in which the diplomatic relationship was officially declared. Moreover, it employs the two countries' confidential diplomatic documents as primary sources. This article focused on the first part of the above period.

АРПАД ХОРНИЈАК: УНГАРСКО-ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ ДИПЛОМАТСКИ ОДНОСИ, 1918 – 1927 Њу Џерси: Центар за унгарски студии и публикации, 2013, 430.

Author(s): Teon Džingo / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2015

ТРОЈНИОТ СОЈУЗ НА МАКЕДОНСКОТО КРАЛСТВО, ОДРИСКОТО КРАЛСТВО И АТИНА (431 ГОД. ПР. Н.Е.)

Author(s): Katerina Mladenovska-Ristovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2011

In the reign of King Perdiccas II (454-413 BC), the Macedonian Kingdom was faced with rapid tightening of the relations with the Odrysian Kingdom and Athens as major regional Balkan forces. In the interest of preserving the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of his kingdom, Perdiccas II initiated diplomatic negotiations and conclusion of an alliance agreement with the Odrysian King Sitalces and Athens. At the same time an Odrysian-Athenian alliance agreement has been concluded, which encircled the triple diplomatic alliance crossing the Macedonian, Athenian and the Thracian relationship with mutual claims, conditions, threats and commitments. In the diplomatic negotiations with Sitalces, the Macedonian Kingdom had a few clearly defined goals: establishing good neighborly relations with the Odrysian Kingdom; utilizing the mediation of King Sitalces and his Abderian kinship for reconciliation with Athens; giving up the Odrysian support for the pretender to the Macedonian throne - Prince Philip, which would put a definitive end to the long civil war. But for researchers it still remains contentious, what was offered in return from the Macedonian king? More explanations are apparently acceptable, but fully unprovable with open space for further research discussions. According to the concluded Odrysian-Athenian alliance agreement: Sitalces’ son – Sadocus received Athenian citizenship; Sitalces undertook an obligation to help putting an end to the war on the coast of Thrace and to send Thracian army to help the Athenians against the riotous Chalcidic polises. However, according to the concluded Macedonian-Athenian alliance agreement: Athens accepted to regain the occupied city of Therme within the Macedonian Kingdom; Perdiccas agreed to immediately raise an invasion against the Chalcidians, along with the army of the Athenian general Formion and committed to put an end to the Chalcidic war on the coast of Thrace. The triple alliance of the Macedonian Kingdom, Odrysian Kingdom and Athens was just a temporary lull and review of the situation, mutual aspirations and opportunities. Soon after, the allied relations deteriorated rapidly, with the dramatic expansion and invasion of Sitalces against the Macedonian Kingdom and Chalcidice (October-December 429 BC), reportedly at the request and as an ally of Athens.

THE TRADE EXCHANGE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WITH THE EUROPEAN PART OF TURKEY DURING THE TURKISHITALIAN WAR AND THE FIRST BALKAN WAR

Author(s): Vera Goseva,Natasha Kotlar-Trajkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2011

The Turkish-Italian War and the Balkan Wars caused major changes in the political, economic, social and cultural conditions of the Ottoman Empire. They aroused the interest of those European countries that traditionally maintained trade relations with the Empire. One of them was Austria-Hungary, which tried to build a strategy to neutralize the negative effects of these wars. In that context, it is currently analyzing all aspects of trade with the European part of Turkey. Following the original documentation, we conclude that the exchange between these two countries, above all, consisted in the export of Austrian goods in the form of semi-finished and finished products. The interest of the Dual Monarchy was especially great for the industries that would be attractive to it: the food, textile and chemical industries. In the conditions of a shattered economic whole, many of the economic centers in the Ottoman Empire lost their significance and new ones began to rise. The archival material on which the work is based, treats most of the data for the period of the mentioned wars, so that we can get a better idea of ​​the mutual economic relations of the two empires.

МАКЕДОНСКИТЕ СОСТОЈБИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НИЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА РАЗГОВОРИТЕ НА ЈОСИП БРОЗ ТИТО СО МАКЕДОНСКОТО РАКОВОДСТВО ВО 1972 ГОДИНА

Author(s): Neven Radičeski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2011

The meeting of Josip Broz Tito with the Macedonian political leadership, held on November 10th, 1972 in Skopje, led into complex circumstances, which largely determined the further development of the Macedonian political scene. They presented a reflection of each deepening crisis in the Yugoslav Federation and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as its integral part. Such crisis we concequences of deteriorated relations and inter-republic relationships, as well as political clashes. The content of the conversation, led on the meeting, offers an immediate look into the social, political and economic situation in Macedonia in the early 70s of last century.