Posjedi benediktinskoga samostana sv. Mihovila na trogirskom području prema starom mletačkom katastru

Author(s): Fani Celio Cega / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 48/2015

The Benedictine monastery of St Michael in the western part of Trogir, known as Pasike and once inhabited by the commoners, was completed in 1612, but founded as early as 1595 at the initiative of the Confraternity of St Michael the Archangel. It was intended for the commoner women of Trogir and during the early modern period, when the revenues of noble nuns were rather modest regarding their status and origin, it was considered financially secure, though never rich (around the middle of the 18th century, it housed ca. 12 nuns), which is confirmed by the data in the Venetian cadastre books. Nuns regularly brought in a dowry, including money and landed property. The dowry in money amounted to 200 ducats and the monastery of St Michael lived for centuries from the revenues it gained from its land or from the alms. It also engaged in fabric production until its dissolution in 1806, when it was joined to the monastery of St Lazarus on the island of Čiovo for the purpose of maintaining the Collegium or Licaeum of St Lazarus. When it was dissolved as well, the revenues were reassigned to the maintenance of an agricultural school in Trogir. It should be noted that both Venice and Austria needed an ordered cadastre in order to elaborate a proper taxation system. Venice produced a cadastre book of the lands owned by the monastery of St Michael in 1760 (later revised) – Catastico delle terre del monastero di San Michele di Traù. The Venetian cadastre indicates the boundaries and owners of the neighbouring land plots, as well as fruit trees, churches, and water sources in the vicinity, while the surface area is indicated in measurements such as vreteno or pertika. In comparison, the later Austrian cadastre lacks all these details and indicates the surface area in acres and square klafters. These data offer an insight into the landed property of the monastery of St Michael (92 land plots in total) and the plants they cultivated (primarily fruit trees), as well as the revenues they gained and the names of those who worked the land. In most cases, the monastery retained a third of the harvest, fewer halfs and quarters, which was supposedly enough for the nuns and the maintenance of the monastery.

FROM THE BACKSTAGE OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ROMANIA AND AFGHANISTAN (1958–1973)

Author(s): ANDREEA CRISTINA PELELUNGĂ / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2/2015

Having different historical evolutions, Romania and Afghanistan are two states that, during the Cold War, enjoyed a reputation on the world political arena: Afghanistan known by its internal situation and Romania because of its foreign policy. The next period of the Second World War laid the foundation for strengthening relations between the socialist countries and led to the foundation of new ones, between countries with different social and political systems. It is the case of Romania that had established as a priority the extension of diplomatic relations with the countries of South East Asia, especially with Afghanistan. Established on the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and national independence, non-interference in internal affairs and equality of rights, the diplomatic relations between Romania and Afghanistan have entailed a number of benefits: the wealth of the Afghan territory (coal, salt, gold and precious stones, copper, zinc, tin, nickel, natural gas and oil) have been exploited successfully by Romanian specialists; Resolution submitted by Romania in 1965 on the ideals of peace and understanding between people in the United Nations or the 1969 Romanian proposal on codification treaties were supported strongly by the Afghan state, etc. From a diplomatic point of view, the two countries, Romania and Afghanistan, have a long historical connection, relations between them stretching over a period of more than 50 years. Romania, as a major player in the arena's international relations saw in Afghanistan a country with great strategic importance. The Romanian state established diplomatic, cultural, social relations with Afghanistan and exploited them to its full potential.

Një punim me Rëndësi për Hulumtimin e Diplomacisë Evropiane

Author(s): Anton Panchev / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

Review of: Dr. Esilda Luku, Diplomacia evropiane ndaj Shqipërisë ndërmjet dy Konferencave të Paqes (1919-1946). Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës. Prishtinë, 2015, 470 f. Review of: Dr. Esilda Luku, European diplomacy towards Albania between two Peace Conferences (1919-1946). Albanological Institute. Pristina, 2015, 470 p.

SRBIJA I RUSIJA U PARLAMENTARNOJ SKUPŠTINI SAVETA EVROPE NA KRAJU 20. VEKA

Author(s): Ratomir Milikić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The paper reviews relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR/Russia on one hand, and the Council of Europe (CoE) on the other. During the Cold War, the ties with the CoE were quite different for Yugoslavia and the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Yugoslavia wanted to develop the relationship, even though it was not a foreign policy priority for the state. On the other hand, as the reason to create the Council was precisely to respond to the spread of „people’s democracies“ behind the Iron Curtain, cooperation with the USSR was quite an unlikely prospect. The changes introduced by perestroika brought Moscow and the CoE closer, but they also accelerated the disintegration of the USSR. Neither Yugoslavia nor the USSR ever joined the CoE; it was their successor states that did. During the NATO aggression against Yugoslavia, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) largely supported the aggression, opposition by a considerable number of PACE members notwithstanding. In line with Kremlin’s official policy towards Serbia and the prevailing public sentiment at home, the most fervent opposition came from members of the Russian Duma.

Egy magyar diplomata Borisz Godunov országában: Zalánkeményi Kakas István és Georg Tectander Moszkóviája

Author(s): Zsolt Kőszeghy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Заједничка повеља браће Бранковић и канцеларија крупне властеле у држави Немањића

Author(s): Stanoje Bojanin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2016

A recent discovery shows that the documents Chilandar №58 and №59 are a compilation of two documents issued by the members of the Branković family. For the most part, it is the joint charter issued by Grgur and Vuk in 1364/1365. This paper investigates an unexamined formulary of the Branković brothers‘ joint charter and considers it as a type of a formulary that could be characteristic to the magnate chancery in medieval Serbia. A diplomatics analysis shows us how the vassal-suzerain relationships were represented in the documents of a nobleman’s chancery during the reign of Stephan Uroš, the Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks (1355‒1371) and probably earlier in the Nemanjić state.

RELATIONS BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND SWEDEN

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1969

For some time now, and especially during the last few fears, Yugoslavia and Sweden have successfully developed bilateral relations. These have primarily found expression in a series of intensive contacts between ministers of the two countries, and in the expansion of economic cooperation and cultural exchanges. During visits to each other’s countries the Yugoslav and Swedish foreign ministers exchanged views on the most important international issues, noting that there were many questions in which cooperation between the two countries was both necessary and possible. In a communique issued after the visit to Yugoslavia by the Swedish Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson (in October 1965) it was stated, inter alia: “The two Ministers note with satisfaction that bilateral relations between Yugoslavia and Sweden are developing in a spirit of friendship and mutual respect, and that there are very great possibilities for expanding cooperation in culture, science and technology.”

RELATIONS BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1972

Two years ago, after ten years of abnormal stagnation, Yugoslav—Chinese relations entered a phase of gradual normalization and increasing inter-state cooperation. The present relations between the two countries are based on the principles of coexistence, equal rights, equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and recognition of differences of view both with regard to foreign policy issues and matters concerning internal development. The normalization of inter-state relations between Yugoslavia and the People’s Republic of China has been accompanied by an expansion of trade and exchanges of commercial and political delegations, journalists, sportsmen, etc. Recently, cultural and scientific-technical cooperation and exchanges of tourists have begun. The experience of the last few years has shown that existing differences in foreign and internal policy are not an obstacle to the successful development of inter-state relations and mutually beneficial cooperation between Yugoslavia and China.

Политиката на Ейбрахам Линкълн в пограничните щати, 1861-1865 г. Част 1: реконструкция на щатското управление

Author(s): Maria Lazarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

April 12, 1861 marks the beginning of the bloodiest conflict in American history – the Civil war. The Union, on the one hand, and the Confederacy, on the other hand, are trying to attract as many states and territories as possible. Most valuable for the governments in Washington DC and Richmond are the so-called “border states” – Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. The importance of these states results in various facts: 1) their vast population, which is extremely important during war; 2) their abounding sources, and 3) but not least, their strategic geographical position. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis resort to many actions to win the border states. In the end, the winner in that competition is Lincoln with his course in three of these states coinciding with the President’s reconstruction policy.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES TOWARDS THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE LIGHT OF THE REFORM TREATIES

Author(s): Florentina Trif / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The European project embodied in the European Union (EU) today is in a continuous process of development, a process that has lasted over six decades. Throughout this period, the development of the European Communities has been marked by two main directions: on the one hand, the enlargement by the accession of new Member States and, on the other, by the adoption of reform treaties to ensure the good functioning of the European Communities. Based on these premises, the importance of this study lies in identifying and highlighting the reforms implemented by each treaty. In this regard, the objectives are to analyze the post-war situation on the European continent and the historical context in which the European Communities have been established, as well as to analyze the complex evolution of the Community system, with a focus on clarifying aspects related to the establishment of the European Union by analyzing the provisions of the Modifying Treaties

"Завоят" на английската политика спрямо България в периода (1885-1887)

Author(s): Slavi Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The present article explores the position of the United Kingdom of Great Britain towards its Straits and its rivalry with Russia in this Region. The change in the attitude of the United Kingdom towards Bulgaria is followed, that from a Russian satellite it becomes an ally. The role of England and its support for the union between East Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria. There is also place for Stambolov as a subjective factor in the Bulgarian-British relations.

Международните отношения, Балканите и българо-югославският пакт от 24.01.1937 г. (Първа част)

Author(s): Todorka Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Bulgarian-Yugoslav pact is a significant event in international relations in the Balkans in the late 30s. He was born in terms of increased foreign activity in Germany and Italy dropped sharply confidence of the Balkan peoples to France and the League of Nations. Concluded on January 24, 1937 Pact "eternal friendship" contains: an introduction and two articles - "There will be indestructible peace and sincere and perpetual friendship between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia." That's it and no other clauses, protocols and applications.

Посолският приказ и неговата дейност при администрирането на посещенията на представители на православния изток в Русия през XVII век

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

In its first part, this publication presents general information about the ambassadorial prikaz. It is а part of the so-called Prikaz System in Russia, whose nascency date back to the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century, and has existed for more than 200 years. During its existence, the ambassadorial prikaz carried out various tasks, the main one being the conduct of the foreign affairs of the Russian state. It was closed with the liquidation of the Prikaz System in the early 18th century.The second and main part of the publication discusses the activities of the ambassadorial prikaz in the managing the visits from the Orthodox East to the Russian lands. For this purpose, a document is used, which is stored in the RSААА (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts). The document is from the middle of the 17th century. It is written in Russian and in essence is a file that provides information about the visitation in Russia of a delegation from the Monastery "Transfiguration of Jesus" of the Greven Diocese. The delegation is led by Archimandrite Gavril (Gabriel). In its composition are also the butler of the monastery David, Hieromonk Joseph and a translator whose name in Russian is written as Mihailo Ostafiev. The contents of the file provide detailed information on the activities of the Russian authorities and, in particular, on the ambassadorial prikaz on the managing the visits from the Orthodox East in Russian lands.

Международните отношения, Балканите и българо–югославският пакт от 24.01.1937 г. (Втора част)

Author(s): Todorka Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Bulgarian-Yugoslav pact is a significant event in international relations in the Balkans in the late 30s. It was born in terms of increased foreign activity in Germany and Italy dropped sharply confidence of the Balkan peoples to France and the League of Nations. Concluded on January 24, 1937 Pact "eternal friendship" contains: an introduction and two articles "There will be indestructible peace and sincere and perpetual friendship between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia." That's it and noother clauses, protocols and applications.

Nuncjusz w Wiedniu arcybiskup Antonio Eugenio Visconti a Polska w dobie pierwszego rozbioru

Author(s): Wojciech Kęder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

W okresie pierwszego rozbioru Rzeczypospolitej, któremu bezskutecznie usiłowała zapobiec dyplomacja papieska, istotną rolę w zabiegach Rzymu ratowania sytuacji – zarówno suwerenności Polski, jak i Kościoła polskiego przypadła nuncjaturze wiedeńskiej. Jakkolwiek Austria w ostatnim momencie zrywając dotychczasowy sojusz z państwami katolickimi przeszła na stronę państw akatolickich, to wśród trzech mocarstw zaborczych jedynie Wiedeń był skłonny uwzględniać niektóre postulaty Stolicy Apostolskiej. Zarazem odgrywająca kluczową rolę na scenie politycznej caryca Katarzyna II o ile nie liczyła się ze Stanisławem Augustem, to musiała liczyć się z cesarzową Maria Teresą. Z tych to względów wynikało duże znaczenie nuncjatury wiedeńskiej w zabiegach Rzymu o obronę Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, zwłaszcza pod zaborem austriackim i ważna rola papieskich dyplomatów prowadzących rokowania w tych sprawach: arcybiskupów Viscontiego i Garampiego. Jakkolwiek nie osiągnęli oni z oczywistych powodów głównego celu zabiegów, czyli wsparcia przez cesarzowa Marie Teresę działań Stolicy Apostolskiej występującej w obronie Polski, to udało im się skłonić Marie Teresę do wystąpienia w obronie Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce.

POZIȚIA MARII BRITANII PRIVIND EVENIMENTELE LEGATE DE MAREA UNIRE DE LA 1918, A TUTUROR ROMÂNILOR, REFLECTATE ÎN DOCUMENTE DE ARHIVĂ

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2019

here are many historical, diplomatic documents reflecting the support Romanians received from Great Britain, during the complicate process of realizing their national unity. Great Britain officials depicted promptly and largely in their reports sent to Foreign Office, the reality of discrimination and abuses Romanians were facing within the borders of Transylvania, as Austro-Hungarian province. With 1918 and general national movements of peoples to affirm themselves as free entities and to create independent national states, Romanians were supported by Great Britain government in their fight for independence and political union in a single state. Romania was treated for its heroic sacrifices in battle field, as ally at Paris peace conference, inclusively due to diplomatic efforts and position adopted by Great Britain, guaranteed by king George V. Many historical documents from archives are showing the appreciation and support constantly manifested by Great Brittan officials for organisms representing Romanians from aboard, for the Romanian government and also, for Romanians from historical provinces, in their efforts to create a single national state.

De la correspondance privée de George Cretzianu, secrétaire général des Affaires Étrangères (1911–1913)

Author(s): Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu / Language(s): French Issue: 58/2019

Some of the personal files of the Romanian diplomats which are found at the Archive of the Foreign Ministry of Romania contain also pieces of their private correspondence. The file of the Romanian diplomat George Cretzianu came into possession of the institution as a donation made by the diplomat’s son, Radu, in June 1973. In this text, we have published some of this letters, from the time when Cretzianu was the secretary general of the Foreign Ministry, service he held during 1911–1913. We also outlined some biographical data: the diplomatic career, the evolution within it, family and the closer relation with some of the conservative leaders, which influenced its professional development.

„Великото хуманно дело“ (Българският въпрос в руската източна политика)

Author(s): Zhoro Tsvetkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

When speaking about “The great human cause” the governing circles in Russia mean creation of a big Slavic state in front of the gates of Tsarigrad and the Adriatic sea, that will serve as a means of control over the Straits and the coast of the the Mediterranean Sea. After losing the war with Turkey (1876) Serbia begins to comply its politics with Austria-Hungary for the great disappointment of Russia. The Bulgarians become the only ally, interested in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Russia estimates the creation of a state in the ethnic Bulgarian borders as a keystone of the All-Slavic Building, from where the energy of the Slavic unity will spring out. This is a leading idea during the Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878, it draws the borders of the Bulgarian state in the Preliminary grounds for the end of the war, and is achieved in The San Stefano Peace Treaty.

Diplomatski sporovi oko transbalkanskih željezničkih projekata od 1900. do 1912. u kontekstu albanskoga pitanja

Author(s): Gazmend Rizaj / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 3/2019

This article offers a view from a diplomatic standpoint on the rivalry and disputes between the great powers and the newly-established Balkan states regarding the trans-Balkan railway projects in the 1900–1912 period. It is based mostly on archival material of a diplomatic provenance. Economic and geostrategic issues have always been closely linked. In the context of the Balkans, these issues became more important in the early 20th century, when a clash of economic, political, and strategic interests took place between the great powers and the new Balkan states. The ideas and projects of building trans-Balkan railways were created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mostly within the frame of Austria-Hungary, Italy, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece, but the Ottoman Empire and other European powers also became involved in the matter. Although these states cited economic interests, the Sublime Porte, which was responsible for issuing building concessions, was convinced that political and strategic goals stood behind these railway projects, and therefore hesitated for several years. A diplomatic discourse on the Balkan railways developed in the 1906–1912 period, primarily between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. However, these projects remained only on paper due to sudden political upheavals in the Balkans in the 1908–1912 period, and particularly due to the diplomatic crisis that took place between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, related to Serbia’s attempts to secure access to the Adriatic via the Albanian littoral.

Zagrożenie aktami terrorystycznymi a strategie realizowania działalności antyterrorystycznej na przykładzie Federacji Rosyjskiej

Author(s): Natasza Duraj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8.3/2015

The main goal of this paper is to present the principles of state counterterrorism policy in the Russian Federation. The primary objective of counterrorist activity in the Russian Federation is the protection of individual citizens, the society and the state against terrorist attacks and other terrorism-related incidents.