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The purpose of the article is to study the role and value of created by Mykola Levitskyi in Elysavethrad region grain-growing farms in distributing of cooperative idea in the late XIX - early XX century and retrieval of mechanisms of resolving the current actual problems in the agricultural sector of economy of Ukraine.Based on the analysis of published and manuscript sources, the role of Mykola Levitsky in the creation of the first co-operatives in Ukraine and directly in Yelysavethrad have been investigated. The conditions of formation of Mykola Levitsky as a co-operative leader have been considered. The main reasons for his craft activities have been analyzed. Different views of researchers on the importance of theoretical and practical developments of Mykola Levitsky have been characterized. It has been proved that the ideas of M.V. Levitskyi didn`t lost their importance in our time and in difficult economic conditions, during the search for ways of development, in the process of building a new, effective Ukrainian state, they can become the reference point that will lead to economic growth. Accordingly prospects for future researches are the concrete definition and systematization of benefits and shortcomings of the cooperative movement at different stages of historical development.
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The article presents the history of a public transport company in Koszalin in the years 1945–1989. After the Second World War the German means of public transport were completely destroyed. It was not until 1948 that the City Council of Koszalin made up 12 motions concerning the inclusion of municipal investments into the State Investment Plan for 1949. There were four million zlotys allotted to the Koszalin public transport. It was decided to buy three buses. The funds were supposed to come from a four-million credit taken out from the Communal Credit Bank. In 1949 two buses (needing a repair) were bought: one Büssing, and the other Chevrolet. In August 1949 the City Council appointed Jerzy Czechowicz to the organisation of the Public Road Transport in Koszalin. The Public Road Transport in Koszalin was put into motion on October 15, 1949. In 1954 the Urban Road Transport (MKS) received from the Ministry of Municipal Economy three ‘Mavag’ buses, which were destroyed in 50%. The company was financed with a state subsidy, and its fleet came from the Transport Department of the Ministry of Communal Economy. In 1955 for the first time three new buses (Star 52) appeared; also a new service station was created, with six service bays. The working conditions of the mechanics were rather poor. Koszalin, the capital of the region since 1950, was developing rapidly; and the urban transport company did not keep up with the growing transport needs of the inhabitants. In the subsequent years the number of new buses (San and Autosan) was increasing, but they kept breaking and there were too few of them. A big change took place in the 1970s, after the central harvest festival in Koszalin, among other things, thanks to Cezary Stankiewicz, manager of the Koszalin urban transport. In the years 1970–1977 the number of passengers was doubled. In the morning rush hours the buses carried 22,000 passengers. New bus lines were created, for example to Mielno. In 1977 a new company was born, the Urban Transport Company of the Koszalin Voivodeship; since 1975 it has been one of the biggest companies of that type in the country. In 1989 the rules of its functioning were changed, its fleet was modernised, but in spite of the state subsidies, the prices of the tickets were not low.
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Financial literacy which can be defined as the ability of evaluating income, savings and investments and managing the budgets of individuals, has a vital importance for either local and global economy in the light of the knowledge about the complex financial decision making process and the impacts of this decisions to the economic system. Financial awareness in decisions about investment and savings underlie the concept of financial literacy. Financial literacy is needed for many areas that financial actions, complex financial tool and applications and a range of shopping to credit use. Rising financial literacy level is depended to individuals who use basic banking services, credits, saving and investing and information technology based financial services.
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During the war Yugoslavia was divided into seven monetary areas with as many kinds of currency in circulation, notably: the Serbian dinar, the Croatian kuna, the Hungarian pengo, the Bulgarian lev, the Italian lira, the Albanian franc, and the German mark. Because of this, immediately after the war it was necessary first to withdraw from circulation the occupation moneys and exchange them for a new national currency, and then to build up a new monetary and banking system.
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The article describes the issues related to the economic reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Based on a large number of previously unused archive materials, as well as on published Russian and foreign diplomatic and economic documents, the processes of the creation and implementation of the Secretary of State of USA, John Kerry Marshall’s plan to aid to the European countries are reconstructed and analyzed. The author analyzes Moscow’s attitude to the Marshall plan and to the possibility of the Soviet Union’s participation in it and using Italy as an example, shows its ambiguous impact on the economies of the European countries. A comprehensive analysis of the data about the conditions and the aid USA provides Italy with reflects the nature of the economic impact on various industries, on the agriculture of the country, and on Rome’s political orientation. Special attention is paid to the study of the effect of Plan Marshall’s implementation on the acceleration of the split between the Soviet Union and its Western allies from World War II.
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The article examines the common revolt of Albanians and Bulgarians in September 1913 against the Serbian, respectively Montenegro oppression, in Macedonia, Kosovo and Northern Albania.
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Problems associated with the development of handicraft production in a destructive period, are always in the focus of attention of historians. Fate of ancient russian blacksmith’s craft considered on the basis of objective data arhaeometallographical analysis. It was found that the ancient craft of blacksmithing in the 13th—14th centuries under the Mongol yoke suffers no adverse changes. The current pre-Mongol period in the stable structure of ancient craft allowed to keep even in the destruction of many political structures and economic relations stability and the continuity of traditions.
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In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the recovery in economic activity has been weak and much of the academic and policy discussions seek to explain this sluggish growth. This literature review presents how the secular stagnation hypothesis re-emerged in 2013 and evolved over time. It identifies its key tenets, its most contentious points and its most important critiques. Secular stagnation has different interpretations, which complicates the debate, and the objective of this paper is to clarify the demarcation lines between various theories and to show how some of them amalgamated over time. The secular stagnation hypothesis links weak growth to a decline in natural interest rates. Most observers agree that natural interest rates have indeed declined over the past decade and may be in negative territory. However, there are diverging views about the factors which led to negative interest rates and how lasting their impact is likely to be. The secular stagnation hypothesis points to various fundamental factors and suggests a long-term effect, while the global savings glut and debt super-cycle concepts assume only a temporary impact and anticipate that global economic growth and real interest rates will eventually rebound.
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Punimi është i bazuar në intervista kualitative me shqiptarë nga Kosova, artarë (katolikë nga Prizreni) dhe furrtarë (myslimanë nga rajoni i Hasit), të cilët jetojnë në Zagreb. Informatorët dhe paraardhësit e tyre janë migrantë ekonomikë, të cilët gjatë bashkëjetesës në Jugosllavi kanë ardhur në territorin e Republikës së Kroacisë për të punuar, kryesisht në vendet turistike të bregdetit adriatik. Shumica e migrimeve sezonale të meshkujve janë shndërruar në shpërngulje të përhershme në qytetin e Zagrebit, ndërsa me shpërbërjen e Jugosllavisë, këta migrantë janë bërë pjesëtarë të minoritetit kombëtar në Republikën e Kroacisë. Duke përdorur etnografinë personale, bazuar në teoritë e sistemeve të migrimeve, teoritë e integrimit social e kulturor dhe teorinë e transnacionalizmit, qëllimi i punimit ka qenë hulumtimi i përvojave të jetuara të migrantëve. Përveç paraqitjes së shkaqeve të migrimeve dhe rimigrimeve, arsyeve dhe intensitetit të (jo)shndërrimit të migrimeve sezonale në ato të përhershme, qëllimi i punimit ka qenë që të hulumtohet edhe mësimi i zanateve dhe sipërmarrja etnike. Sot, shumica e furrave dhe artarive në Zagreb janë në pronësi të sipërmarrësve shqiptarë. Të dyja zanatet përcillen te pasardhësit. Familja e gjerë dhe/ose rrethi i gjerë i kushërinjve ua siguron punën, pastaj iu ndihmon financiarisht të hapin punëtorinë, ku ata punësojnë gjeneratat e ardhshme e kështu përsëri. Artarët katolikë janë të lindur ose me dekada jetojnë në Zagreb, martohen me kroate, në Kosovë nuk kanë prona, praktikat e tyre transnacionale janë të vogla dhe mirë janë të integruar në shoqërinë kroate. Furrtarët myslimanë u takojnë valëve më të reja të të shpërngulurve, të gjithë janë të lindur në Kosovë, kanë zgjedhur bashkëshortë nga vendi i origjinës dhe ngushtë janë të lidhur me vendlindjen. Dallimet më të mëdha vërehen në jetët private të zanatlive.
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This study analyses the expenditures made during Sultan Murat IV’s (1623-1640) Bagdad campaign. Bagdad was under the rule of the Safevi state during that period. The Ottomans lost Bagdad as a result of Bekir Suba-i’s revolt. Sultan Murat’s Bagdad campaign started on April 8, 1638 and lasted 191 days. There are a lot of documents concerning the campaign in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul. Data in the register of expenditures number 169 were evaluated in this study. It is known that during such campaigns the taxpaying population had to deliver food to the Ottoman army in the form of nüzül and sürsat. Among these, barley, flour, bread, peksimet, butter, and honey take the first place. They cost 2,824,523 akçe in 1638, this being only a part of all expenditures.
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Financial crisis is defined as sharp fluctuations of prices and quantities, occurring in financial markets reflecting as drastic economic problems with payments defaults in the banking sector, which in no way is impendent from each other. Crisis in one sector contaminates other sectors within small time intervals, which initially seems to be in periods. Many financial crises have occurred in the world since the 1970s. Although, a turning point like 1990‟s affected most countries leading to economic instability. Like in the past, most developing countries are not similar in terms of their socio-economic structure, on the other hand financial crises witnessed show several similarities. These financial crises, enlarged with the panic observed in the international investment markets, complemented with speculative attacks has diverged the financial capital flow among countries. Unemployment figures of the world have risen at the point of crisis in the end of 2008. As a result of the contraction in the foreign trade due to the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product of our country has been declining in great proportions. The effect of the crises on our country's economy has been examined in the study.
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Various recent and past studies provide extensive in-depth information about the artisanal production in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman period (15–19 c.). The existing literature delves into the distinctive features of the numerous types of crafts, looking into their regional distribution, the specific organization of the artisanal production, but also analyzes the contacts between producers and traders, and touches upon many other related issues. However, further aspects of the artisanal production in the Bulgarian lands during this period are worth to be outlined in order to provide better understanding of the topic.An excellent opportunity to gain further in-sights into the artisanal production in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman period is to explore thearchive of the brothers Pulievi, which is kept in the National Library-BIA (fund 183). The preserved copies of letters and commercial notebooks reflect not only the entrepreneurial activity of the brothers Pulievi, but also shed light on various other perspectives of the artisanal production in the Bulgarian lands during the period of 1830s – 1860s.Intriguing is not only the information about the zoning of certain areas and settlements in the production of certain types of items, but also the data about events otherwise briefly mentioned in literature – for instance the fire in the carsi (bazaar) in Stara Zagora during the summer of 1853.Additionally, the archive allows us to gain an appreciation not only of the purely commercial relations between producers and Karlovo contractors inrelation to their trade dealings, but also to enrich our knowledge related to the overall entrepreneurial mindset and spirit during the Revival period. Another peculiarity is that the Pulievi brothers abide by postulates of the “Commercial Code of Ethics”.
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Archaeological data. The Romanian archeologists recently discovered artefacts of the Viking presence from the second half of the 10th century in the fortress next to Nufaru village, Tulcha district. The settlement is situated on the river bank called St. George of the Danube. Some scholars located mediaeval Pereyaslavets or Little Preslav on the very same place. Numismatical data. Probably in that trade zone the coins were used. The question is what type of coins? Mainly Byzantine because they are of a first rate standard. The Russian coins had not come yet. We have a large list of Byzantine coins from the 10th – 11th centuries – stray finds and deposits from the territory of Lower Danube. At the same time there are circulated imitative Byzantine coins produced by Bulgarians for example. Sigillographical data. Till now the seals of two kommerkiarioi are known in the area of Lower Danube – from Dristra and Preslavitsa. They were established after ca. 1000 when the Danube became a north imperial border. The kommerkiarioi of Preslavitsa could be localized with Pereyaslavets na Dunai from the Russian primary chronicle.
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After the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 1991, it began to implement its own sovereign laws and to implement independent policy in the economic field. The main aspects of this policy are the transition to the market economy and integration into the world economy. In the gate economy, income tax revenues which constitute part of budget revenues and budget revenues, and how GDP changes are the subject of this study. At the same time, after achieving political and economic independence in 1991, reform measures were taken regarding the improvement of the tax system, as in all areas. These measures are the establishment of the tax law, the measures related to the establishment of the structural content of the tax system. The main purpose of the study is to reveal the way in which income tax is applied in Azerbaijan and to clarify the impact of the economy on budget revenues, GDP and income taxes, as well as to investigate the effect of income tax policies directly or indirectly on business decisions.
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Evaluating an indicator has always been the first step needed in order to assure the improvement of that certain indicator. Having this principle in mind, the current paper aims to analyse the evolution of performance within Romanian small and medium-sized enterprises, between 2011 and 2015. In order to assure a relevant and correct evaluation, the analysis was carried taking into account multiple key performance indicators: number of employees, volume of receivables, volume of provider liabilities, volume of sales and amount of profit. The most significant result of the analysis refers to a general improvement of the performance of Romanian SMEs in the five years of analysis, with a peak of performance in 2015. The synergy of positive results registered in the multiple areas that were analysed resulted in a positive evolution of the most important KPI of an economic organization: its profit.
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The overall objective of logistics is to ensure the right subject at the right place at the right time, at the best price in order to fufill the mision according to the principle of public procurement. This paper aims to show how to perform public procurement in the last two decades with the transition from planned economy to market economy. The main objective of this study is to describe and analyze the public procurement system in public institutions after the fall of communism. The originality and value of the study comes from the suggestions which are made regarding the concepts and methods that could contribute to efficient public acquisitions.
More...Ioan-Aurel Pop, Ioan Bolovan, Dejiny Sedmohradska, Anapres, Bratislava, 2018, 374 p.
Ioan-Aurel Pop, Ioan Bolovan, Dejiny Sedmohradska, Anapres, Bratislava, 2018, 374 p.
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