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This study, based on new documents, will present and clarify some less known aspects of the support offered by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Romania during their first years, concentrated around their two main directions – emergency relief and constructive work. The history of the JDC has been divided into several phases, which are reflected by the JDC New York Archives – it comprises of several collections of documents for the respective periods, organized chronologically. While this article also refers to documents in the Collection: 1914-1918 (World War I aid) regarding the JDC activity in Romania, the main emphasis is on the Collection: 1919-1921 (Post-War Emergency). This was the period of the establishment of JDC’s overseas organization, when several units of relief workers were sent abroad. The study goes up to 1921, when JDC decides to end the aid relief in Europe sets the date for the liquidation of emergency programs on 1 July 1921. Afterwards JDC’s focus shifted on activities and programs of rehabilitation and reconstruction. The operational system was reorganized around five functional departments which targeted different areas of need: medico-sanitary improvements, childcare, economic reconstruction, refugee care, and cultural and religious institutions.
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Title of vilicus was widely spread in Roman state. It was given to slaves and freed slaves in charge of many different jobs. What was the role of vilici in the area of current Bosnia and Herzegovina,what was their status, who did they belong to, these are the questions this paper is covering. Monuments where vilici are mentioned have been found in northeastern Bosnia, which clearly proves that they were directly connected to mining activities.
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The article is dedicated to the establishment and first steps of the work of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. After the declaration of independence and the creation of a democratic new Ukraine among other issues, the question arose of the formation in Ukraine of its own financial body that would provide retirees with retirement benefits. In early 1990, a special working group was set up under the USSR Council of Ministers, and the necessary legal framework was developed during the year. On December 21, 1990, the decision was made to establish the Ukrainian Republican Branch of the USSR Pension Fund. The resolution testified not only the emergence of a new financial institution in the state, but also the beginning of new revolutionary changes in the ideology of the functioning of the pension system, which now did not rely mainly on the state budget, but received targeted sources of replenishment, its own mechanisms for their accumulation and the distribution and, most importantly, the opportunity to involve other social partners — employers and employees — in financial participation in the resolution of retirement benefits.
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This article investigates the development over time of the automotive and textile industries post-1989 in four Central European countries in order to identify the key reasons behind sectoral growth or decline. The analysis demonstrates a divergent pattern of sectoral development, one that is in contrast to the perceived initial endowments of the countries and the structural positions of the sectors at the outset of the transition. Comparing the two sectors and individual success stories within them against a broader background of sectoral success and failure allows us to understand and isolate factors that lie behind the high status of the automotive sector by not only regional but also international standards. The article identifies three crucial factors that can be attributed to these outcomes: presence of foreign capital in the sector, active government support, and cooperative strategies among the firms in the sector and among the firms and other institutions in the countries.
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Article examines a problem of a monopoly pricing and its influence on the state of competitive environment. It analyses practice of applying current provisions and norms of the Ukrainian legislation on the abuse of a monopoly (dominant) position in the market. The specifics of methodological and legal approaches to the detection of signs of monopoly high prices in the EU and the world are described and the ways of improving the correspondence of national methods and norms are proposed. Measures to increase the effectiveness of state control over monopoly pricing have been proposed.
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Coin circulation in early Byzantine Dobrudja has always been correlated with events known from the written sources. The intepretation of coin hoards and single finds aimed to shed more light on the political and military events unfolded in the region during the age of the Avaro-Slavic invasions, which culminated with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier on the Lower Danube. Employing a different methodology, the present study evaluates the numismatic evidence in Dobrudja in the wider context of the Mediterranean world. By removing coin finds from the limited sphere of contemporary chronicles with their emphasis on barbaric incursions and transferring it to the realm of archaeological research, we are in a better position to reconstruct important socio-economic mechanisms during this age marked by dramatic cultural transformation. The gold and bronze coins found in dozens of settlements in Dobrudja reveal a high degree of standardization, which points to the fact that most coins arrived in the province as payment for the garrisons defending the frontier and for the mobile troops billeted in local towns. Low-value coins reflect the frequency of daily transactions both in towns and fortresses, while the presence of coins issued at mints like Carthage, Rome and Alexandria reflects the circulation of people and goods across the Mediterranean.
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Au lendemain de la conquete de la Bosnie-Herzegovine par les Turcs, des fondations de caractere principalement rehgieux y furent edifiees, telles que mosquees, mektebs, medresses, tekija, etc. Ces fondations recueillirent de nombreux biens meubles et immeubles qui leur furent legues. Pour gerer ces biens, des vakoufs furent crćes. En procedant a la creation de vakoufs, les Turcs voulaient poser des bases soliđes a leur pouvoir dans les pays conquis. Ce furent tout d’abord des hauts dignitaires turcs, vizirs, sandjakbeys, spahis, etc., qui edifirent des fondations et leur leguerent des biens considerables. Plus tard, lorsque l’expansion de l’islam dans la Bosnie-Herzegovine eut pris de Tampleur et qu’elle eut atteint son falte, Tinfluence des elements indigenes se fit de plus en plus sentir dans ce domaine, comme dans bien d’autres.
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During the time, the importance of growing fruit trees had increased, and their presence had expanded from the village household to the shelter-households from the village border, in the perimeter of some orchards in the village estate until shaping of some fruit-growing regions. The particularities of some traditional occupations are poorly studied within the ethnologic and ethnographic studies from the Republic of Moldova. There are no integral research paper works to solve a certain area in this ethnographic compartment, or even they miss at all, as is the case of fruit-growing, but also of fishing, beekeeping, and so on. Therefore, in this study we perform an interdisciplinary research, choosing to synthesize and reveal the traditional fruit-growing practices from the perspective of their understanding as a material culture elements (household shelters and buildings intervention, folk fruit-growing technique and equipment, etc.), intangible heritage and intellectual capital (knowledge, beliefs, ritual practices related to the growing of fruit trees), to highlight their value as a resource for contemporary communities in order to use traditional patterns in ensuring a healthy and nutritious diet, preserve the identity of fruit-growing regions and their ethnographic heritage.
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After the WWI, Bosnia-Herzegovina is becoming part of the new state union, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Expectations and hopes of poor B&H population, that the new monarchist state would bring prosperity soon were replaced by social resignation caused by relatively unsuccessful agrarian reform and huge world economic crisis, which rapidly decreased existential conditions of majority of population, both in towns and in villages.A rural resources redistribution through land reform was marked by the violent and unjust seizure of property by the Muslim population, leading to economic imbalance, conflicts, social tension, and different conditions and lifestyles in the countryside.The sharp exploitation of the peasants by the usurers, the constant weakening of the economic fundamentals of the country mediated by the interests of the ruling class, the change of ownership structure and small holdings that produced only to meet basic living needs, forced the peasants to find new additional sources of income. One part of the rural population migrates to towns searching for jobs in the industry, while the other part moves to European and overseas industrial centers. Although in this period there have not been mass migrations from villages to towns, the fact is that the time between wars is characterized by "rural logic", which caused tensions between villages and towns. During this historical period, with the spatial turmoil on the village-city relationship, some processes repeating in BiH reality have been observed which relate to the disposal of property belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina through violation of law perpetrated by the institutions of the Republika Srpska Entity. The short text provides an overview of the consequences of agrarian reform through a series of (un) legal solutions that leave no room for restitution.
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This article aims to outline some aspects pertaining to the economic and financial implications of the First World War, the mechanisms and means by which this conflict was financially supported. We will first look at how the war loans contributed financially to supporting the needs of the front, how the population was called upon to support this effort, and of course, the propaganda of the authorities in this regard. Given the economic situation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the context of international capital market, the only viable solution was to resort to domestic loans that became a tool used by the state to gather the financial resources needed to support the war effort from the population and the banks. Thus, following the example of Germany, Austria-Hungary launched a well-organized campaign to contract loans on the domestic market every six months. In total, eight loans were made. It was considered a patriotic duty of every citizen to support the cause of the war, all these efforts being considered part of a genuine “domestic front.”
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Slaves represent an important social group in medieval Bosnia with recognizable characteristics. They have been treated as such in a significant number of historical works. Apart from the usual reasons for becoming a slave, the specific religious features contributed that the population of medieval Bosnia, through buying and smuggling, became generally known throughout the Mediterranean as subjects of slave trade. This work treats the attempts of medieval Ragusans and Bosnians to stop the ilegal trade in free people. The purchasing and selling of free people was publicly condemned and harmed the reputation of both the Ragusan and Bosnian state. In that sense the intensive measures introduced in the beginning of the fifteenth century significantly decreased the trade in slaves and definitely prohibited the sale of free people.
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Preko jednog drvenog mosta, vjerovatno najdužeg na svijetu (755 m), prelazi željeznička pruga preko Save i mi smo u Bosni, a u isto vrijeme u jednom novom svijetu. Minareti u Brčkom, gradu koji je smješten na južnoj obali, pokazuju odmah da smo zagazili u islamsko područje.
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The importance of women's entrepreneurship in modern and contemporary societies has been growing very dynamically in recent decades. The aim of the paper is to explore the possibilities of applying good practices and experiences, as well as models of success of women entrepreneurship, taking into account the specificities of the Bosnian environment in the context of transitional and post-conflict dynamics. The research will test the perception of the transition and post-conflict environment with respect to the variation in individual factors affecting the performance of women's entrepreneurial-owned enterprises. The model of success of a company owned/co-owned by an woman entrepreneur which include individual characteristics of an entrepreneur (tradition of entrepreneurship in the family, education and business experience, social capital, motivation for entrepreneurship) and their impact on the success of enterprises in this paper is expanded by exploring the influence that social context has on motivation. The ways in which women entrepreneurs perceive social reality affect their motivation for entrepreneurship and the success of their enterprises, so that the perception of the environment as an opportunity has a positive effect on the motivation for entrepreneurship and indirectly increases the success of the enterprise, while the perception of the environment as a constraint has a negative impact on the motivation for entrepreneurship and reduces the indirect positive impacts on business performance.
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This paper explores the Ottoman government’s Gypsy poll tax policy in the frontier province of Bosnia in the period between 1690s and 1856 by using unpublished archival sources to deconstruct the dominant historiographic narratives on this matter, as well as to answer several important, but still unaddressed questions. After reassessing the principal historiographic ideas and conflicting narratives on the political and legal background of the Gypsy poll tax, this study investigates the hitherto unknown regional variations in the Gypsy poll tax policy, financial importance of the poll tax at the provincial and local level, tax farming arrangements as well as changes in tax collection strategies. Throughout, it argues that previous historiographic works on these questions did not a man taxation policy as they lacked the materials to provide us with a more detailed insight. On the other hand, this research reveals the nuances of these financial changes and variations, which occurred over time, tracks down the central government’s efforts to mobilise the necessary resources and improve the state capacity, while it explains the connection of these changes with the wider economic crises and transformation processes in the Ottoman Empire.
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The privatization program in the Czech Republic ambitiously seeks to transfer the bulk of the country's wealth from state to private ownership. As part of this transformation, the state hopes to design an efficient property rights structure that creates a predictable economic environment, provides incentives for the productive use of resources, and ensures an adequate tax base for the government. While the establishment of a liberal economic system constitutes the end goal of Czech privatization, the present government's means of achieving this goal diverge from liberal economic logic and prevailing property rights theories. In addition to economic considerations, moral and political imperatives drive the process of redefining property rights in the Czech Republic. [...]
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At the mid-1980s the Romanian leadership manifested increasing interest towards collaboration within CMEA. Two factors led to this approach: difficulty in Romanian exports on the Western market and the continuously increasing need for fuels and raw materials. Despite Nicolae Ceauşescu’s being keen to traditional cooperation methods, the difficult economic situation pressed him into agreeing on new forms of collaboration, such as joint enterprises seen in the past as a breach on national sovereignty.
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The economic dimension of the Holocaust in Wartheland has not been fully researched. In the looting of the property of the victims involved were, for instance, members of the personnel of the Kulmhof death center in Chełmno nad Nerem. Retracing various aspects of this issue has been possible owing to documents stored at the State Archive in Łódź. This article presents the operation of SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof in February and March 1942 in light of the operations on special account 12300, which was opened for the purpose of managing the financial assets looted from the Jews.
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