Людський потенціал як об’єкт економічних досліджень: еволюційний аспект
The article examines the process of becoming human potential as the object of economic research in the mid XVII to XXI century.
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The article examines the process of becoming human potential as the object of economic research in the mid XVII to XXI century.
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The primary focus of this paper is to explore the manner in which cultural memory was reconstructed during the Great Exhibition in two British colonies, New Zealand and Mauritius. The main argument is that, as a result of the propagandistic aspect of cultural memory, the British officials tasked with putting together these two exhibits overwrote the cultural memory of the communities they were representing. Furthermore, as one of the main purposes of the Great Exhibition was to showcase the power of the British Empire over its colonies, these particular reconstructions of cultural memory strip the colonized of their own identity and memory.
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The article an attempt was made to trace the historical path of cooperation between Ukraine and the International Monetary Fund from the early 1990s, when Ukraine gained independence, to the present. The purpose of the International Monetary Fund's activity has been defined in Article I of the Fund's Statute and is to promote: international monetary cooperation; expansion and balanced growth of international trade;exchange rate stability, maintenance of proper exchange between participants; the creation of a multilateral system of payments for current transactions between members and the elimination of currency restrictions that impede the growth of world trade; reduction of terms and degree of imbalance of participants' balance of payments. The main task of Ukraine's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund is financial support and development of the economy as a whole, as well as its restructuring from a planned administrative type to a market one. In addition, Ukraine has been experiencing a difficult period since 2014 in the context of military conflict with the Russian Federation, as well as the loss of part of its territories that played an appropriate economic role in the country's life. The International Monetary Fund has become a major donor in such a difficult environment.The International Monetary Fund is a unique organization in the world in the number and diversity of member countries, while maintaining the status of a lender of last resort in the event of financial crises.The International Monetary Fund provides foreign currency loans to Member States for two purposes: to cover the balance of payments deficit (actually to replenish official foreign exchange reserves) and to support macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustment of the economy (lending to government budget expenditures). As a result of the study, the authors concluded that Ukraine's cooperation with the IMF had several historical stages, characterized by its specificity and peculiarities. Also, cooperation between Ukraine and the International Monetary Fund has both positive and negative points. At the same time, without such cooperation, it is difficult, and often impossible, for Ukraine to maintain its balance of payments, forcing the country to continue working together with this reputable world institution.
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Planning and socialist ideas were popular until the middle of 20th century. Policy makers put forward that government intervene the economy for the good or interest of certain groups as the results are unfair under the market conditions. However, planners and their supporters were not aware of the fact that human reason and knowledge had limits. Hayek drew up many works that criticize planning and socialist ideas. In this study, Hayek’s writings related to limitations of factual knowledge, coercion and its limits, rules and rule of law, and redistribution are evaluated with the scope of taxation and tax policies. The fact that human reason and knowledge have limits, the information is dispersed, and the policymakers cannot possess the whole knowledge brings about tax policies to be uncertain and unpredictable. In addition, the use of progressive taxation as a means of redistribution engenders discrimination and conflicts with the principle of equality before the law.
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The port of Dubrovnik, situated in Dalmatian shores, links Balkans with Adriatic Sea. Throughout history, it also established a connection between Italian and other Mediterranean ports. The Republic of Dubrovnik had become a tributary state for the Ottoman Empire in 1459. Moreover, Ragusan traders took on the most supported traders during the wars against Venice, so that the importance of the city port increased. The Port of Dubrovnik had maintained its monopoly until the establishment of the port of Split as a international port in 1590. This study is to aim to deal with economic, social and strategic effects that negatively hit the port of Dubronik with the emergence of Split port, and its reflection to the Dubrovnik port, problems arisen from the commercial activities over Split port. During this study, the material sources have been obtained from Ottoman and Dubrovnik archives and modern studies.
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An excerpt from a Diary kept by the director of the gymnasium, Jan Doroziński, in which the professor noted the events of 1920. In his Diary, the teacher reported not only the events of the Polish-Bolshevik war, but also the difficult situation of the inhabitants of Wadowice at that time.
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In the 1980s Brian Arthur and Paul David proposed methods which made it possible to grasp the phenomenon of path dependency on the ground of economic theory. Their proposal opened still ongoing discussion on that phenomenon as well as on the concepts presented by respected scholars. One of the most interesting and frequently commented on questions is the problem of the consequences of path dependency for the market. Arthur and David led the attention of economists on the marginalized or even unrealized possibility of dissemination of worse, less effective solutions (technologies) in a free market economy. The classical example of such a situation is the common use of the QWERTY keyboard. The existence of such cases was seen as a failure of the market, so that concept made a challenge for the economists and the politicians being supporters of market economy.
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The article synthetically presents the economic situation in Poland as well as in the whole world during the crisis from 2007 to 2009. It also describes the condition of the Polish banking sector and points to its main problems, which accompany the occurrence of the credit crunch. The paper shows changes in the Central Banks’ actions during the actual crisis. Then it presents and evaluates actions taken up by NBP from the beginning of the crisis (October 2008) to today.
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An objective of this paper is to compare views of liberal economy and interventionism to a labour market and labour market policy. It is a ground for discussing the concept of the labour market in a transition economy. Based on the literature, the main divergences and arguments for intervention in the labour market are presented, with an emhasis put on liberalism, ordoliberalism and the Keynesian doctrine. The Polish labour market and labour market policy were analyzed in 1990–2008.
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In recent years, especially after the recent economic downturn, household debt has increased in importance, due to its influence on the economy in general and on households’ wellbeing in particular. Therefore, the study of household debt turns out to be necessary in order to know what leads to its demand, and thus to avoid situations of over-indebtedness. In this regard, previous research has analysed debt decisions from different approaches, however, the effect of individuals’ sociability has been neglected in literature. To this end, the aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of sociability on the Europeans’ decision to incur non-mortgage debt. The study sample, taken from the sixth wave (year 2015) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, consists of 68,231 people from 18 European countries and also Israel. After applying probit binomial models, empirical evidence confirms the non-negligible effect of sociability on households’ non-mortgage debts. However, this effect depends on the underlying mechanisms through which sociability operates. Thus, when the sociability variable reflects learning based on the transmission of information (or 'word of mouth'), its influence over non-mortgage debt is positive, whereas when sociability reflects learning based on observation, the effect is negative.
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The article presents the results of processing of the archaeozoological collection from the excavations of the Ashna-Pando hillfort (Surskiy district of the Ulyanovsk region), carried out by P. D. Stepanov in 1949. The collection (2,760 bone fragments) belongs to three cultural layers identified at the site: the Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture of the Bronze Age, a specific local cultural group of the Early Iron Age and the Imenkovo culture of the late period of the Migrations era. It is the materials of the Migration period that are of the greatest interest. During that time, Ashna-Pando, in all likelihood, played the role of a local communal center — a place for meetings of the community. The collection of bones from the Imenkovo assemblage seems to reflect periodic joint meals rather than daily consumption. In general, the meat diet of the Imenkovo population, especially for the last period of the occupation of Ashna-Pando, was characterized by the increasing role of hunting for forest fauna, which, in combination with the finds of agricultural tools in Ashna-Pando as well as in other settlements of the Imenkovo in the Sura region, reflects the decisive role of slash-and-burn farming in the economic system.
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The records kept in the 826 numbered Ayniyat book in the year of 1293/1876 were evaluated in this study. The records in the book are mainly related to administrative, economic, military, social, legal, agricultural, commercial and immigrant issues. Almost all the documents in the Ayniyat book were written in response to the provincial requests to the government and related to the issues we mentioned above. In these responses, the articles of the requests coming from provinces are summarized and what the administrators have to do is stated. Thus, it is understood that these books also provide data on how relations between the public and the authorities are carried out. Documents that were recorded in the book during the writing the article were sometimes summarized to provide more detailed data to the researchers. Sometimes only the subject matter of the document was mentioned, sometimes the entire document was included. In the course of this study, the documents in the Ayniyat book were classified according to their subjects and tried to establish integrity between them. The detailed content and evaluation of the book were presented under the titles ordered by this classification.
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Over the last 7 years a series of discoveries were made at Banjsko Polje near the city of Bor, the largest copper exploitation center in south-eastern Serbia, which prove that in the Bronze Age copper metallurgy intensified on this territory. Besides the remains of two metallurgical kilns, a large quantity of ceramics and slag was discovered from the same context. The types of slag indicate a complex process of extracting copper from sulfide ore of the Timok eruptive basin, where the first absolute date established for the Bronze Age on this territory contributed to a change in the archeological framework and genesis of prehistoric culture in the Timok Region.
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John Dunmore Lang, the Scottish Presbyterian clergyman who settled in Sydney in 1823, until his death in 1878 played an important role in the religious, political and cultural life of New South Wales and helped to create two new colonies: Victoria and Queensland. His writings as much as his political and educational activities significantly contributed to the rise of early Australian nationalism. Lang envisaged a great future of a federal Australian republic – the United Provinces of Australia. Drawing on Lang’s books, pamphlets and his articles and speeches published in the colonial and metropolitan press, this paper analyses the religious, ideological, political and economic ideas that led him to present and espouse the cause of the future America of the Southern Hemisphere. The focus is on the fundamental political and social principles on which Lang wanted to establish the independent Australian nation. The paper also discusses planned political institutions, as well as expected or desired social and economic characteristics.
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The study offers a review of the urban development of the settlement below Bratislava Castle from the mid 12th century. It analyses the oldest tax register for the town of Bratislava (1378), which includes only taxpayers from the suburbs and provides data about the social, employment and topographic structure of the surroundings of the town. On the basis of comparison with the tax registers from 1434and 1453/4, the study shows the development of the inner town and suburbs.
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The subject of the article is the process of intensifying economic integration in the European Union in the years 2010‑2019, which is to lead to the creation of a real Economic and Monetary Union. The article is based on the theory of new intergovernmentalism, through which the eurozone system reform has been analyzed. The first part presents the main assumptions of the theory of new intergovernmentalism in relation to two models of European integration: intergovernmental and supranational. The second part was devoted to four projects included in the future Economic and Monetary Union: Financial Union, Economic Union, Fiscal Union and Political Union.
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The author of this article has undertaken an evaluation of the amended provisions of the Bankruptcy and Restructuring law in Poland from the perspective of the economic analysis of law. The conclusions of the article allow for formulating the statement that the applied solutions have eliminated the ineffectiveness of the provisions prior to the amendment. They have reduced the reaction time to entrepreneurs' financial problems, increased the restructuring proceedings primacy over the liquidation proceedings in case of economic downturn. The new provisions have not only contributed to the increase in transparency of regulations but also to the stabilisation of the legal system. Undoubtedly, the major factors which have influenced this situation are the greater transparency of the proposed restructuring solutions of the restructuring law, as well as the decrease in the attractiveness of the liquidation proceedings of the bankruptcy law for public law creditors by eliminating the primacy in satisfying public law claims in the distribution of the bankruptcy estate funds, thus making the creditors more willing to take part in the restructuring proceedings. As a result of the introduced amendment of the law there have been devised the instruments of a quick reaction to financial problems, whose effectiveness has been proven by the reduction of reaction time to such problems.
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The article presents a concise analysis of the development of the concept of political economy from the moment it appeared in the 17th century to the present day. The purpose of this analysis is to indicate the need to return to broader research on the relationship between politics and economics. Thanks to such research, it would be possible to understand better the nature of political and economic crises, such as, i.e. the financial crisis in 2008. According to the author, research on the political economy should be related to the concept of the common good. This approach enables a holistic understanding of reality.
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Ante Šimić, an ironworker from Zenica, had a distinguished speech as a delegate at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina held in 1982. In his presentation, he cited irregularities that occurred in the society at the time, with the greatest criticism being given to officials who enjoyed the benefits of fancy cottages in Neum and Vlašić, as well as the use of official vehicles and even helicopters, while the daily life of the workers was completely different. Due to his stated views, Šimić went through a huge personal and professional torture, which remained unknown to the general public until the outbreak of the „Agrocomerc“ affair and then the „Neum“ affair. Thanks to three years of pressure from numerous media outlets and some trade union organizations, Ante Šimić has been rehabilitated, and the League of Communists in Zenica has been completely discredited, which is one of the major causes of poor results in the first democratic elections in December 1990.
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In this period it was much more difficult to follow the activities of the Senian Chamber than earlier, because respective reports were not printed each year as until 1890. So, this was done according to fragmentary preserved minutes. Yet, it can be concluded that the Senian Commercial Chamber of Trade was at that time a respectable institution and the opinions of its secretary Sebald Cihlar were treated with consideration and respect either in Osijek, Zagreb or Budapest. Those were very hard times, but Senians persistently struggled for the maintenance of their economic life. Their traffic isolation without the railway or good roads made them losers in respect to Rijeka. Their badly arranged port was a poor stimulation for berthing of ships there and certainly additionally influenced decrease in their trade. Fortunately, the inauguration of Senian tabacco factory in 1896 stopped the outflow of its inhabitants and brought to a metamorphosis of the city, which started to be the industrial one. The management of Senian Commercial Chamber of Trade kept a vigilant eye on all decisions, made by the Ministry of Trade at Budapest to which they were directly subordinated. Namely, the Croatian Land government, according to the respective agreement, was not entitled to bring decisions regarding the questions from the trades or industry. So, Cihlar tried twice to apply for the establishment of a subdivision within the Land government, which would be in charge of such guestions. It is interesting that all the three Croatioan Chambers tried to come forward the Ministry at Budapest unitedly with their requests, but it was perhaps possible only before ban Pejačević exercized the government.
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