STRANI KAPITAL U PRIVREDI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE (1918–1941)

Author(s): Salkan Užičanin / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2015

Foreign capital has played an important role in the economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic modernization was made with its help, large-scale industry was raised, and the modern way of doing business was introduced. By entering Bosnia and Herzegovina in the composition of the Yugoslav state, the tough period for foreign capital has come into existence. Enterprises and banks in its property were placed under sequestration of the state, after which their nationalization was completed. That procedure created, for a certain period of time, the suspension of production in the most productive economic undertakings.In addition, nationalization has created bad business environment and great distrust among the foreign investors. Poor business environment reduced the inflow of fresh capital from abroad. The lack of foreign investment had far-reaching consequences for the economic activity of the country. The state instead of trying to eliminate and reduce to a minimum foreign investment, should have sought protection of its interests through the legislation, and should have made possible unimpeded influx of foreign capital into the country. By doing so, it could carry out the reclamation of economic opportunities on two fronts, that is, in foreign currency terms through improving the balance of payments, as well as by the means of increasing production on the other hand. These measures could improve the purchasing power of the domestic currency, increase cash circulation and provide necessary working capital for economy, which could create new jobs and raise living standard.

Izgradnja željezničkog saobraćaja u Socijalističkoj Republici Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Alen Zečević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 41/2016

In several chapters dedicated to the construction of certain railway roads, this paper treats the question of the dynamics and results of the processes of industrial reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the World War II. Aiming to enlighten the role of the railway transport on the postwar period soil of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which starts to build up itself as a socialist society after the liberation from the  occupying forces, the author pays a special attention to the history of the construction of the railway Brčko-Banovići, which this year celebrates seventy years of its existence; railways Šamac-Sarajevo and Doboj-Banja Luka, as well as their position in the overall socio-economic transformation of Bosnian-Herzegovinian society in the Socialistic Yugoslavia.

Investments of Foreign Capital in the Romanian Economy at the Beginning of the XXth Century

Author(s): Daniela Buşă / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

Taking its stand on statistic data, the study analyses the type, the amount and the economic impact of the investments of foreign capital in Romania, at the beginning of the XXth century. Foreign capital played an important role in the development of the modern economical relations in Romania, but, since the major objective pursued by the investors was their own profit, the area of the these investments was drastically limited to those fields engendering a certain and fast profit. The exploitation of the mineral resources (especially oil) and the projects of development of the infrastructure, having the Romanian state as a partner, were particularly preferred. On the other side, the industry lacked noticeable investments and, therefore, it remained at a backward stage of development. The analysis of the flow of foreign capital to Romania also represents an aid to a proper understanding of the geopolitical interests involving Romania around the time of the WWI.

Të Dhëna për Transportin e Mallrave në Pejë e Rrethinë

Author(s): Bashkim Lajçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 44/2014

This paper deals with the way the transport of merchandise and the means used for transporting merchandise in Peja and its surroundings. The methods and the means which were in use until 80`s of the 20th century are considered. The main forms of transportation described include transportation by hand, transportation by shoulders, transportation by backpack, transportation by hand supporting means, transportation by animals, transportation by bicycle, transportation by wheelchair, transportation by sleigh, transportation by water etc.

Letters by John Maynard Keynes from Hungary and Vienna

Author(s): George Gömöri / Language(s): English Issue: 06/2015

When in the Michaelmas Term of 1911–12 Ferenc Békássy began his studies at King’s College, Cambridge, he was not long in earning the attention of John Maynard Keynes, a Fellow of the College. Keynes was bisexual, before World War I heavily engaging in homosexual affairs, for many years a lover of the painter Duncan Grant, and also having casual affairs with many others. It seems that his interest in young Békássy was at first rather platonic. He described him in his letters to Duncan Grant as “the Hun” but over time became a self-appointed mentor and friend of the younger man, eventually promoting his rapid election to the exclusive debating society known as “The Apostles”. Békássy, who came from a family of landed nobility in western Hungary, had impressed Keynes not just with his looks, but also his intelligence, and near-perfect English thanks to his education in Bedales School, Hampshire.

Industrija Bosne i Hercegovine u vrijeme Velike ekonomske krize (1930.–1934.)

Author(s): Salkan Užičanin / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 16/2013

The world economy late in 1929. was straddled is a big crisis, prompting bank breakdowns, strikes, shortage of working capital, increased confidence in the financial market and the gradual impoverishment of the population. Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina was engulfed in the crisis with some delay (1931.). The earliest it felt was in agriculture expanding soon to other economic sectors. Particularly negative impact of the crisis on the industry had the introduction of trade restrictions in the international market. Inability to exports and weakening purchasing power of the rural population has narrowed the circle of consumers of industrial goods. The crisis has had a particular impact in wood, metal and chemical industry, ie With export industries, prisiliviši them to adjust production volume weak internal market that could absorb their entire production. This has led to a reduction in production, release of a large number of workers and ultimately the suspension of a large number of companies, which is why the industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered great losses.

Csabai Zoltán – Földi Zsombor – Grüll Tibor – Vér Ádám (szerk.): Ökonómia és ökológia. Tanulmányok az ókori gazdaságtörténet és történeti földrajz köréből

Author(s): László Vilmos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 63/2016

Germuska Pál: A magyar középgépipar. Hadiipar és haditechnikai termelés Magyarországon 1945 és 1980 között

Author(s): Balázs Wencz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 64/2016

Razgovor sa Ivanom Ercegom

Author(s): Ivan Erceg,Hrvoje Pavić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 10/2014

Interview with Ivan Erceg by Hrvoje Pavić

Instytucje giełdowe miasta Poznania w perspektywie historycznej

Author(s): Wojciech Szymon Kowalski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 02/2016

The article is an attempt to trace the evolution of the Poznań stock exchange and market institutions in a historical perspective. The highly regarded tradition of medieval St. John’s Fairs is one of the sources of the city’s exchange, but the actual origins of this form of trade must be seen in the Posener Börse, which was launched in mid-19th century. The institutional heritage of the 19th century significantly contributed in the next century to the “golden era” of the Agricultural Goods Exchange in Poznań, established in reborn Poland. In the interwar period Poznań was the seat of two exchanges: besides the foremost agricultural exchange there also functioned a stock exchange, much smaller than the one in Warsaw but with a leading position among the regional exchanges of the Second Republic of Poland located in Lwów, Łódź, Kraków, Wilno and Katowice. After the end of the Second World War attempts were made to reactivate commodities exchanges in Poland, among other cities also in Poznań. Soon it turned out that altered political circumstances thwarted the functioning of an institution which was a symbol of market economy, perceived as hostile to the system of socialist market economy. The systemic transformation of 1989/1990 led in 1991 to the reemergence, after over four decades of absence, of the commodities exchange in Poznań’s economic landscape. However, it did not return to its last pre-war and post-war headquarters at 3, Marcikowski Ave., but chose for its location an office block in the district of Winogrady at 3, Gronowa St. After a decade of promising development of the Poznań Stock Exchange Ltd., which was among others a pioneer in deposit stock transactions in Poland, its activity was terminated in controversial circumstances.

The problem of the application of the term second serfdom in the history of Central Eastern Europe

Author(s): Darius Žiemelis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In the 16th-19th centuries (until 1861) the term second serfdom is not applied in the investigations of the economic organization of Lithuania. However, the theory of the neo-Marxist capitalist world system (CWS) of the most famous and influential American comparative historical sociology representative I. Wallerstein offers to look at the phenomenon of the second serfdom from a global perspective emphasizing external causes and to consider it a manifestation of peripheral capitalism in Central Eastern Europe. In his fundamental work The Modern World System, the Polish and Lithuanian social economic order in the 16th-18th centuries is treated as the periphery of the CWS at that time. The goal of this article is using the access of modern comparative historical sociology to answer the question of whether the term second serfdom is applicable (and if so, when) to describe the economic organization of Lithuania in 1557–1861. The article states that in view of the economic development of Lithuania in 1557–1861 considering an essential component of the CWS theory – the concept of peripheral capitalism, the features of the second serfdom are most distinctly seen in Lithuania not in the 16th-18th centuries (as I. Wallerstein stated), but in the second half of the 18th century – 1861.

Razvoj naftno-plinskega gospodarstva v Sloveniji

Author(s): Aleksander Lorenčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2013

In the following article the author presents oil and gas economy, the position and role of this energy industry in Slovenia. Slovenia does not produce crude oil and gas and imports all of the required quantities. Production in the northeast of Slovenia, where the Lendava rafinery operated until the year 2000, is symbolic. Slovenia only produces methanol from the imported natural gas, and two oil pipelines are relevant for this country. Even though crude oil production and research in this area has a tradition in Slovenia, lasting for several decades, these fields had been developed especially until 1963, when the federal fund for research in the field of crude oil and gas production was abolished. Among other issues the article also focuses on the structure of final energy consumption, where liquid fuels represent the largest percentage, followed by natural gas. The Slovenian market for liquid fuels and natural gas is relatively small. However, one of the characteristics of the Slovenian liquid fuels market is a sufficient number of modern and ecologically-aware filling stations.

A magyar és a román pénzügyi bürokrácia ütközéspontja. Sóexport a Balkánra a 19. század utolsó negyedében

Author(s): Botond Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2008

Salt export, salt market in the Balkans, Hungarian and Rumanian rivalries, the role of the banks on the salt market presented by the author using Hungarian archival sources.

Почеци привредног планирања у Југославији 1946. године – идеје, организација и институционализација

Author(s): Aleksandar Rakonjac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

This paper shows the transition of the Yugoslav economic system towards a planned economy during 1946. The restoration of the economy and the establishment of a new economic order, occupied the primary position among the complex issues whose solutions awaited the new people in power in Yugoslavia after the liberation of the country. After the takeover, the Yugoslav communists, did not have thought-out plans for the transformation of the economic system, but they adopted the Soviet model and implemented the practice that was used in the USSR for the reconstruction of the economy. Sovietization of the Yugoslav economy marked a radical break from the pre-war economic practice, while the state sector of the economy was supposed to, through planning, become a decisive force behind economic development.

Sjećanje na Vladu Smoljana

Author(s): Frano Ljubić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 91/2016

O pokojnom Vladi Smoljanu, diplomiranom inženjeru građevinarstva i magistru ekonomskih znanosti, znam ono što sam čuo od drugih; mogu svjedočiti kako su ga doživljavali njegovi suvremenici i iznijeti svoja osobna stajališta o njemu i nekim njegovim djelima. Za prezime Smoljan čuo sam u pričama za vrijeme zimskih večernjih sijela uz ognjište, u kući mojih roditelja, ranih 50-ih godina prošloga stoljeća i zaboravio ga, kao i razloge zbog kojih su ga spominjali okupljeni uz vatru, sve dok me na to nije podsjetio jedan događaj iz studentskih dana, koji ću ukratko opisati.

Надчеканки на медных монетах боспорского архонта Асандра

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2015

The paper presents a study of countermarks on coins of Asander, a Bosporus archon. We believe that the countermarks when stamped at the time of Polemon I. We have discovered that the countermark with a mace, or a fighting stick different was stamped at the Dioscurias strategy mint. We date the countermark back to 14 BC, which was the time when the Bosporians confronted Polemon I for the first time. A star-like countermark was used at the mint of Aspurgians and appeared as a result of the uprising against Polemon I in the Asian side of Bosporus as a reaction to Polemon I’s marriage to Pifodorida. This countermark had been stamped starting from 12 BC and used until the death of the Roman appointee. We have analyzed the monogram containing the symbols of “A”, “E” and “T”, on the newly identified countermark and we also date it back to 12 BC. We believe that these symbols stand for the first letters of the name and indicate the position of the nobleman who was the rebel leader and had ruled Tanais and the neighbouring towns before the Roman appointee.We believe that at the time of Polemon I there were regional power centers emerging in the eastern part of the Bosporan Kingdom beyond the control of the official Panticapaeum, and such centers could authorize countermarking. Judging by the countermarks, most of them lasted for a relatively short time. For example, coins with a mace countermark were extremely rare, as were bronze coins with a monogram. At the same time, there was a star-like countermark on the set of obols circulating in the time of Asander. In our opinion, this fact testifies to the duration of the emission center and the power body authorizing the countermarks on coins.We believe that the countermarks on coins indicate how severe the crisis in the Bosporan Kingdom was in terms of the state’s reaction towards the Roman interference in kingdom’s internal affairs at the turn of the new age.

The History of Development of Land Registration and Ownership Rights in Kosovo, Legal Challenges During the Years 1912-2014

Author(s): Blerta Rudi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Knowing that the registration of ownership rights is very important institute for legal and economic system of Kosovo, for its constitutive effect in gaining of ownership rights, protection of property rights of the owner and which enables effective management of the land, in order to understand its development, is necessary to turn back to history. Regarding to this, Kosovo is not known for an early origin and consolidated system of land registration until Twentieth Century; even afterwards, its development was influenced by many socio-economic and political factors. The review of the historical development of land records deserves a detailed study in Kosovo due to its complexity through the years, so in order to understand more accurately the footsteps of regimes, it is necessary to examine periods until 1912, 1912-1999 and 1999 till now days, because the elaboration of normative acts that arranged registration over the years, enable the readers to create a clear overview related to advances and characteristics of each stage of its development,therefore the differences and similiarities can be noticed clearly through descriptive and comparison method. Especially postwar period is characterized by major advances and essential changes as: Approval of Constitution and abrogation of old system. These changes contained fairly LL

Die ökonomische Elite der Siebenbürger Sachsen in der Zwischenkriegszeit

Author(s): Vasile Ciobanu / Language(s): German Issue: 59/2016

237,000 Germans were registered in the census of 1930. They formed 8,3% of the Transylvanian population and were the core of the German minority in Romania after 1918. The Transylvanian Saxons’ economic force was greater than their percentage within the total of the Transylvanian population. In 1919, the Transylvanian Saxons were already an economic elite with a long-lasting tradition. In the Middle Ages, the wealthiest craftsmen and merchants were those who exercised the leadership of the entire community. In modern times, the guilds were abolished. These were replaced in time by manufactures, factories and banks. Some of their owners imposed themselves in the leadership of the economic life. Oftentimes, they sent their sons to study in Germany and soon after these became part of the economic elite. Members of the economic elite also arose from the ranks of Transylvanian Saxon farmers. There were about 15,000 homesteads, each having 10 hectares of land. The sons of these farmers were attending the four Saxon peasant schools. Afterwards, some of them attended colleges for agriculture in Germany and Romania. They made an important contribution to the success of this economic branch. Fritz Connert was one of the most prominent figures of the agricultural economic elite. He was the leader of the Saxon Association for Agriculture, editor of the association’s newspaper, member of Parliament. The winegrower Michael Ambrosi was also a member of Parliament and of the association’s leadership. The teachers giving lessons at the agricultural schools were also part of the elite of this field. Members of the industry and commerce elite came from real dynasties of these economic branches: Scherg, Rieger, Schiel, Czell, Jickeli, Misselbacher et al. These branches were represented in Parliament by: Arthur Polony, Otto Herzog, Carl Schiel. The best known representative of the banking elite was Gustav Adolf Klein, the director of the most important Saxon bank. The Saxon economic elite contributed to new directions in the country’s modernization and economic development. It also brought important contributions to this process, and held a special position in Romania’s economic elite. Its characteristics were: high-level expertise, solidarity with the Saxon community, business relations and cultural ties with the mother country Germany. During the interwar period, this elite was constantly renewing itself with new young members, trained at Romanian and German schools. However, many of them came back with Nazi ideas.

Die Eisenbahn Belgrad‒Bar 1952‒1976 Eine Geschichte der Finanzierung des größten Eisenbahnprojektes Jugoslawiens

Author(s): Danijel Kežić / Language(s): German Issue: 71/2012

The railroad Belgrade‒Bar was the biggest and most expensive infrastructural project in socialistic Yugoslavia. The railroad’s construction lasted 25 years (1951‒1976) during which period Yugoslavia’s political and economic systems underwent multiple major reforms. These reforms influenced the construction of the railroad, particularly in regards to its financing, which had been a central concern from the beginning of the project. As of the end of the 1960s the question of financing the railroad Belgrade‒Bar became a public issue and has been the topic of discussions and disagreements between Yugoslav Republics ever since. The memory of the railroad’s construction as well as conflicts regarding its financing continues to be a subject of contention between the ex-Yugoslav Republics as questions remain unanswered regarding the real cost of construction and who its investors (federal state / republics) were. By examining the history of the railroad and its financing, this paper attempts to shed light on these questions.

Einleitung: Die Geschichte der Arbeit in Südosteuropa – eine offene Forschungsagenda

Author(s): Ulf Brunnbauer / Language(s): German Issue: 72/2013

Nicht bloß die Industriearbeiter gehören zu den Verlierern der postsozialistischen Transformation in Südosteuropa, sondern auch die Geschichte der Arbeit(er). Stellte die Erforschung der Arbeiterbewegung eines der Leitthemen der kommunistischen Geschichtsschreibung dar, so generiert das Thema Arbeit heute nur wenig Interesse unter den Historikern Südosteuropas.