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Wybór formy hasłowej jako problem opisu w {Elektronicznym słowniku języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku} (na tle tradycji leksykograficznej)

Author(s): Renata Bronikowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The article is devoted to problems with choosing the form that would represent a particular lexeme in an entry, as faced by lexicographers working on {The electronic dictionary of Polish language of the 17th and 18th century}. A number of cases are discussed which deal with creating ultiple-headword entries (e.g. for nouns with unstable gender), interpreting some forms usually placed in sub-entries (e.g. adjectives used redicatively), and also with negative forms. The authors make an attempt to answer some questions – faced by the lexicographers of the historical dictionary – as to when two variant-forms can be included in the same paradigm, when the lexeme can be represented by a form not found in the sources, when the rules of contemporary spelling can be bypassed in the process of making an entry of negative forms, etc.

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Dialekty i języki obce w Słowniku języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego – zestawienie na podstawie wydania drugiego

Author(s): Joanna Bilińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The dictionary entries in Linde’s dictionary contain huge amounts of foreign equivalents for comparison purposes, presented especially for users and researchers of Polish but also potentially interesting for others. Those examples are usually provided with special abbreviations; a majority of them, however, are not defined in the dictionary, and not used in a consistent way. In the paper, a classification of the languages and dialectspresented in the dictionary is proposed, full with the lists of their abbreviations. Some questions of digitalisation of the Linde’s dictionary are also taken up.

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O ekwiwalencji porównań frazematycznych na przykładzie języka niemieckiego i języka polskiego

Author(s): Hanna Burkhardt,Alina Jurasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

Over the past twenty years, collocations have become one of the most frequently discussed phraseological items in German linguistics. The research in this field appears to be focused on two lines of research inquiry: lexicographic perspective and comparative perspective. These two perspectives dominate in academic publications addressing collocation structures as well as in bilingual or multilingual research projects. The analysis of materials collected through empirical research focuses primarily on differences between selected German and Polish similes. These differences are demonstrated on morphosyntactic, lexical semantic and pragmatic levels.

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O początkach polskiej frazeografii. Porównanie czterech wydań pierwszego polskiego słownika frazeologicznego

Author(s): Gabriela Dziamska-Lenart / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The article refers to the history of Polish lexicography and presents the first Polish phraseological dictionary, by Antoni Krasnowolski, which was published for the first time in Warsaw in 1899, and then corrected and amended in the next three editions (1907, 1928, 1934) from Michal Arct's publishing house. The author describes the concept of the dictionary, its organization and entry layout, how collocation meanings aredefined, and the extent of the etymology and pragmatic information provided therein. She notes a quantitative increase in Polish collocations in the first half of the 20th century, as described in the dictionary, which contains a rich linguistic material of considerable value for research into Polish language history.

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Różnice pokoleniowe i regionalne w wymowie samogłosek i oraz y na Mazowszu bliższym i Kurpiach

Author(s): Justyna Garczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The aim of the article is to give the phonetic specification of stressed vowels i and y in hard consonants contexts, as pronounced by ten women from Mazowsze bliższe and Kurpie. The material was analyzed based on the methodology of acoustic phonetics, and the respondents’ dialectal vowel pronunciation was shown against vowels of standard Polish language. The vowels were excised from continuous speech. The analysis took intoaccount the target frequency of the first (F1) and second (F2) formants, and the measurements were carried out using Praat program. As demonstrated by the research, the dialectal vowel i is pronounced as in standard Polish language but vowel y tends to more front pronunciation than it is in the standard equivalent in the oldest group.

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Kilka uwag o doborze tekstów źródłowych do tworzenia {Polsko-rosyjskiego słownika leksyki dyplomatycznej}

Author(s): Swietłana Gaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

This paper presents sources used in the Polish-Russian Dictionary of Diplomacy (unpublished). Collecting material for the subsequently created word-list is one of the first steps in the dictionary making process. An analysis of previously published dictionaries of diplomacy can be helpful, as can be defining the target group. At all stages, the user’s perspective should be taken into consideration. The Polish-Russian Dictionary of Diplomacy is based on the vocabulary used in bilateral agreements, and contents of the foreign ministry websites of the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation.

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Jeszcze raz o produktywności formantów przymiotnikowych

Author(s): Rafał L. Górski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

Productivity is a central concept of word formation. There is a general agreement that it can be defined as a degree to which a given word formation rule is able to coin new words; however when it comes to a more detailed elaboration of this definition there is no more room for unanimity. For the purpose of this presentation we adopt the hapaxconditioned measure of the degree of productivity (Baayen 1993).The paper examines Polish derived adjectives. The data are drawn from the National Corpus of Polish. We discuss and extend modifications proposed by Gaeta & Ricca (2005) which aim at overcoming some drawbacks of Baayen’s approach. Finally we compare derived adjectives attested in the National Corpus of Polish with an unabridged dictionary.

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Podejście onomazjologiczne w dwujęzycznym słowniku frazeologicznym dla tłumaczy

Author(s): Małgorzata Guławska-Gawkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The article is a plea for the recognition of bilingual onomasiological lexicography, which may be especially helpful for translators. A description is provided of German and Polish dictionaries which are at least partially onomasiological. The author argues that the onomasiological approach to phraseological units in dictionaries for translators has its reasons in the actual translation process. A technique known as clustering – whosebasic idea is to rearrange the phraseological units according to the key notions – is presented in the closing part, illustrated by the example of the stupidity concept.

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Grzecznie inaczej. Wyrażenia ironiczne o kształcie form grzecznościowych

Author(s): Celina Heliasz,Celina Heliasz-Nowosielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2016

The point of interest in this article are politeness forms that in contemporary Polishtexts are used ironically, for example: szanowny pan, być tak uprzejmym, or are goingout of use as politeness forms and begin to function as exponents of ironic content, forexample: raczyć [coś zrobić], z łaski swojej, łaskawie. The language data from NKJP, as wellas blogs, chats, online forums and e-mails, demonstrates that the politeness forms tendto lexicalize in new meanings and functions. What is distinctive for the units extracted inthis way is that they may not be actualized with the so-called neutral prosody, typical forpurely declarative sentences.

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Władztwo rady i gmina w reprezentacji dużych miast pruskich w średniowieczu

Author(s): Roman Czaja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The purpose of the article has been to analyse the way the big Prussian towns presented their own political organisation and especially the form they exercised their power. The author attempts to answer the question to which extent the presented image took into consideration the contribution of the citizens’ community in the control over the town and in the creation of the governing bodies, and to which extent the town was presented as a community under the control of the Council. The basis for the conclusions were written sources. The author has proved that until the beginning of the 16th century the town was represented as a community of its citizens, acting directly in corpore and through its administrative and judicial bodies. The fact that at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries the regime in big Prussian towns became soviet in its character caused that also in the representation of the town the control of the council over the commune was started to be emphasised. In spite of the monopolising of power by the merchant oligarchy and in spite of the regime reality the town was presented as a community whose citizens participated in making laws and decisions in the interests of the common good. That was the model of communal power that was especially emphasised in times of internal conflict and external threats. Yet, unlike the homogenous community of commune civitatis or dy bürger algemeyne that appeared in the sources from the 13th century and the first half of 14th century the late Middle Ages commune seems to have been a diversified community created by various professional groups (merchants, artisans) and it acted through different bodies: a council, courts of law, guilds.

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Miód w gospodarce komturstwa malborskiego

Author(s): Wiesław Długokęcki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The objective of the article is to provide information on the production of honey and its significance in the economy of the Malbork Commandry. Honey had been collected inPrussia before the Teutonic Order appeared there according to some sources, which arenot too numerous but quite reliable. In Prussia the Teutonic Order reserved itself the rightto give consent to bee collecting. At the Malbork Castle honey was mainly used to producemead and added to local wine to make it sweeter

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Rytm pracy w kancelarii księcia wschodniopomorskiego, Mściwoja II (1266-1294)

Author(s): Agnieszka Gut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The article analyses all the documents issued by the 13th-century chancellery of Mestwin II. an East Pomeranian Duke, year by year, as well as in particular months and days. These data have been processed statistically in order to obtain cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in the rhythm of work in the Chancellery. The results of the analysis prove that Mestwin's Chancellery, like all the Medieval Chancelleries, generally functioned on a permanent basis. Yet. some cyclical and seasonal fluctuations may be detected, which shows the uniqueness of chancellery work at the court of the last of the Samborides (German: Samboriden. Polish: dynastia Sobieławiców). What was noticed in the case of the annual cycles was an increase of documents issued each year after 1273. which might be associated with a process, speeded up under Mestwin. of strengthening the legal role of documents as evidential proof or a way to realise political objectives. Yet. that steady process was disrupted in the years in which the number of diplomas issued was decisively higher. Those increases resulted from the current needs of external and internal policies. The analysis of the rhythm of work in particular years indicates some seasonal fluctuations caused by the year's seasons, because fewer documents were issued in autumn and winter. Seasonal fluctuations were also caused by the liturgical calendar, because the dating of documents were cumulated during some ecclesiastical holidays, like Lent or Christmas. It is also probable that the liturgical calendar influenced the chancellery's activity during the week, as the most documents were dated on Monday: it may result from the fact that the legal activities made public during the Sunday's Mass were put down on paper on that day. Many documents were also dated on Sunday, as well as on Friday, which ma)' be connected with the ceremony of diploma handing in on dies Dominicus.

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Mllites Novi w otoczeniu Księcia Wołogoskiego Warcisława IV (1309-1326)

Author(s): Krzysztof Guzikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The objective of the article has been to verify whether around Vartislav IV, the Wolgast Duke, appeared new knights and under what circumstances. The significance of that question is essential in the context of research on the migrations of knights in the Middle Ages in West Pomerania. Thomas Kantzow, a 16th-century chronicler indicated that the most important knight families at the close of the Middle Ages, came from their ancestors who had appeared in West Pomeranian under the reign of Barnim I (1233-1278).The question is whether the chronicler was right or not. That is why the knights who had been witnesses in the documents issued by Vartislav IV were distinguished as a separate group: it was a group of 181 knights. 105 of them came from the families whose representatives had already served under the previous duke. Boguslaw IV, Vartislav's father.The other 76 were milites novi; i.e. they constituted a significant number. Yet. a thorough analysis of the circumstances under which the)' appeared around Vartislav IV proves that at that time an inflow of foreign knights into the Wolgast Duchy was nearly stopped.It turned out that almost everybody who had been qualified as a new knight was a witness only in a document issued by the Duke outside the Wolgast Duchy. There were just two cases (Eckhard Buddo and Eckhard Dewitz) who had actually migrated into the Wolgast Duchy.

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Sąsiedztwo polsko-czeskie w końcu średniowiecza

Author(s): Wojciech Iwańczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The author discusses the Polish-Czech relations, mainly during the late Middle Ages.In the article there are examples of positive images of the Poles, which have been takenfrom the voluminous Czech writing from the 14th century. In the 15th century the mainquestion in the mutual relations was the Hussite cause. Yet. it did not end in breaking thepolitical relations in spite of the fact that the Kingdom of Bohemia was isolated in Europeat that time. Just the reverse, it was just then that a project of a union with the Czechs wascreated. Finally, it was not implemented, but a representative of the Jagiellonian dynastyascended the Czech throne (Vladislaus Jagiellon. Czech: Vladislav Jagellonsky, Polish:Władysław Jagiellończyk). In the 19th century, when the two nations did not have theirown states, the idea of the union between them was often evoked and their ancestorswere being criticised for not taking advantage of the chance to build a political power ofthe Western Slavs, which - it was believed - could have saved the two nations from thesubsequent political catastrophe.

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W trosce o zbawienie – testamenty kupców Gdańska i Elbląga z drugiej połowy XV i początku XVI wieku

Author(s): Rafał Kubicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The author analyses the instructions included in the testaments of the burghers fromDanzig and Elbing, written in the second half of the 15th and at the beginning of the 16thcenturies. After going through the pious legacies made by merchants and members of thetown’s elite it may be claimed that the instructions in the testaments are quite similar asfar as the numbers and amounts of the legacies are concerned; the legacies are made tolocal parish churches, monastic orders, towns’ hospitals and the poor. It was also quitecommon to give legacies to church institutions situated outside the towns where the benefactors lived; for example, the monastic complex of the Carthusian Order called Mary’s Paradise (Polish: Raj Maryi) in Kartuzy (German: Karthaus) and mendicant orders inthe State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (merchants from Danzig and Elbing) and inRoyal Prussia (merchants from Elbing alone), which – in exchange for that – offered thebenefactors a prayer and Masses for their souls and the ones of their families. Such obligations were consciously published in many places simultaneously, in an attempt to additionally secure prayers needed to be redeemed. The richest also financed pilgrims whowould visit pilgrimage centres for them. The sums for that purpose were in both townsequal, which probably resulted from actual costs and accepted norms. Generally speaking,pious legacies constituted an insignificant part of the merchants’ property, unless thebenefactor had any inheritors. In part of the testaments there are no instructions for piousbequests; however, it does not mean that the burghers did not give part of their propertyad pias causas. The pressure both of the existing norms and the religious conceptions ofthe way that might lead to redemption made it indispensable to make that last contract.

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Pielgrzymki pomorskie w średniowieczu. Stan i perspektywy badań.

Author(s): Marcin Majewski,Marian Rębkowski,Rafał Simiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The cult of the saints and their relics in the Middle Ages took form – among other things–of the pilgrimage movement. The authors of this article discuss the sources – both archaeological and written – and the state of research on pilgrimages of the Medieval inhabitants of Pomerania the Duchy of Szczecin (Stettin), the Duchy of Słupsk (Stolp) and the dominium of the bishops of Kamień (Kammin), excluding the Duchy of Wołogoszcz (Wolgast). The analysis focus on the shrines situated both in Pomerania and beyond theregion. The future progress of the research is expected specially in connection with the archaeological excavations conducted in towns founded according to the German law.

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Znaczenie koronacji królewskiej w późnośredniowiecznej Francji

Author(s): Anna Michałek-Simińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

In the late-Medieval French Monarchy the royal coronation played a significant role in the process of appointing a new king. In its visual sphere a certain reinforcement of the ceremonial character may be noted, which was result of a need for a strong manifestation of the continuity of the royal power, indispensable in the times of the dynastic crisis caused by the death of the king. The symbols of the dynastic power became stronger.In the ideology of the royal power it was important where the coronation took place. In the case of France it was Reims. The coronation was organised according to a strict pattern. The coronation ceremony was a manifestation of the fact that the dynasty had been put on a pedestal and had acquired some new rights. In the period in question the role of the blood right became more important, and the royal son was the rightful heir to the throne. But to legitimise the power to the fullest he needed the royal anointment, which in the symbolic sphere created a sense of continuity.

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Jak słowiańscy przodkowie Pomorzan stali się Germanami

Author(s): Paweł Migdalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The article shows the development of the ethnogenetic legend of the Pomeranian Duchy starting from the reign of Bolesław (Bogislaw) X the Great to the mid-17th century.The basis of that legend was the 14th-century oral tradition created by Augustyn'Augustine. a Stargard monk, according to which (the tradition) the original Pomeranian people had been Slavs. When Pomerania was being united under the reign of Boguslaw X that oral tradition was extended and adjusted to meet the current political need^. But m the 16th century Thomas Kantzow analysing some ancient sources came to the conclusion that the area in question had been inhabited by Germanic tribes, and the subsequent Slavic period was short and insignificant. That picture was later extended by historiographers. The author of the article also seeks the answers to the questions concerning thesources of the Pomeranian legend, the main topics and motives that were supposed to authenticate the legend, who the texts were created by and addressed to. and what political meaning those myths had.

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Przejawy kultu św. Marcina w Polsce – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Waldemar Rozynkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The objective of the article is to present some selected symptoms of the cult and memory in Poland of St. Martin, one of the most popular saints in the Church sometimes referred to as the thirteenth apostle. The saint is depicted through his presence in the liturgy, in his patronage over the temples, streets and brotherhoods, in the popularity of his name, in the names of places, pilgrimages, arts, in connection with bells, in his presence in hagiographic legends and sermons, and in relation of the saint with economic cycle, i.e.with the dates of paying tributes. The recalled places of cult and memory are a specific research questionnaire which may be applied while analysing the figure of Saint Martin. Undoubtedly, the picture is not complete. Saint Martin is one of the most popular saints. And it is worth mentioning that the cult of Saint Martin is one of the oldest in Poland; it was especially dynamic in the Middle Ages, from the 13th to 15th centuries. In the subsequent centuries it was still alive. A distinctive feature of the cult has always been its relation with liturgy andeconomy.

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„O chłopskich wojnach nie śpiewa się pieśni”. Wizerunek chłopa w szwedzkich źródłach narracyjnych XIV i XV stulecia. Zarys problemu

Author(s): Anna Waśko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2016

The image of the peasant in the Medieval literature was decisively critical and ratherstereotypical: the peasant was Ham’s descendant (Ham was one of the Noah’s sons), andhe was animal, primitive and lazy in his character. The theory of the functional divisioninto three social groups (estates) mitigated that image a bit presenting peasants as partof the society that was necessary for the whole to function properly. The situation of theSwedish peasants was actually different from the position of peasants in ‘continental’Europe: they possessed land and political rights. But d id a better situation of Swedishpeasants influence their image in the Swedish narrative sources of the 14th and 15thcenturies? The analysis of the 14th-century texts proves that the creation of a societybased on estates in Sweden and a closer contact with the European culture were the reasonswhy Swedish peasants lost their social prestige, which they had enjoyed in the 13thcentury, and, as a consequence, their image in the Swedish 14th century literature doesnot differ much from European model. On the other hand, in the 15th-century sourcesSwedish peasants are presented as a social group that played a significant political andmilitary role, with their own ethos, national consciousness, and as part of the body politic.The sources do not describe them explicitly in a positive way, but they bear testimony thatthe previous – rather negative – image was changed, and they show a significant role ofSwedish peasants in the fights with the kings of the Kalmar Union.

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