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History of classified balance sheets in Turkey by 1982

Author(s): Recep Pekdemir,Mehmet Kocakulah,Ümmühan Aslan,Melis Ercan / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Balance Sheet Classification; History of Balance Sheet; Financial Reporting;

Research Questions: As an output of double-entry bookkeeping practices, when were the balance sheets first seen in Ottoman Empire? What factors (people, legislation, internationalization, etc.) impacted the layout or format of the balance sheets until the Capital Markets Law was enacted in 1982 in Turkey? When were the classified balance sheets first seen in Turkey before 1982?Motivation: The study is inspired by country-specific financial reporting history studies.Idea: This study investigates the history of the classified balance sheets in Turkey before 1982 regarding changes, developments, and evolutions and aims to explore the development of classified balance sheets in the Ottoman and Turkey.Data: For the study, secondary sources such as accessible textbooks adopted by higher education institutions by 1982 in Turkey are scanned and examined.Findings: The study argues that classified balance sheets in Turkey before 1982 evolved by translating from French, German, and American sources. This could be observed in the accounting textbooks published by different authors with different educational backgrounds.Contribution: The findings may help interested researchers pursue comparative studies or explore such developments and evolutions in their jurisdictions.

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Risk-taking in the banking sector: Do cultural differences matter?

Author(s): Somya M. Eljilany,Ibrahim R. Hegazy,Ahmed F. Elbayoumi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: risk taking; individualism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance; masculinity; cushion hypothesis;

Research Question: Why the banking sector in some countries experienced more severe panic than the banking sector in other countries? And why some countries recovered faster than others?Motivation: In a response to the global financial crisis, research on the motivation risk-taking or risk-aversion has been increasingly grown to investigate whether culture differences among countries affect the behaviors of individuals inside societies to be risk-taking or risk-aversion?Idea: Test the effect of the four cultural dimensions of Hofstede (2001) i.e. (individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity) on risk-taking in the banking sector.Data: Our sample consists of 2620 bank-year observations of 262 banks from four countries covering the period from (2011 to 2020) collected from Refinitiv Eikon database.Tools: The statistical techniques used are descriptive analysis, correlation and OLS regression.Findings: We found the effect of national culture on risk-taking is significant for all dimensions. Individualism and masculinity are negatively related to risk-taking and uncertainty avoidance is positively related to risk-taking. For power distance dimension, we found power distance of Hofstede (2001) is significantly and negatively related to risk-taking, while power distance of House et al. (2004) is significantly and positively related to risk-taking. We confirmed our findings with robustness test.Contribution: Our results confirmed the “cushion hypothesis” formulated by Hsee & Weber (1999). We provide evidence on the significant effect of masculinity, long-term orientation and indulgence on bank risk-taking where most previous studies either excluded or found them insignificant. The impact of all cultural dimensions has been confirmed using a small sample of countries.

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Corporate financial reporting and taxes: How important is prior performance?

Author(s): Lukas Timbate,Dereje Asrat / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Analysts’ expectations; consensus estimates; earnings forecast; earnings management; financial performance; tax avoidance;

Research Question: How do firms behave after significantly missing or exceeding analysts’ earnings estimates in terms of managing earnings and avoiding taxes?Motivation: Prior research provides strong evidence suggesting that managers are motivated to perform at or above analysts' expectations and steer earnings higher to prevent unpleasant earnings surprises. Prior studies have also documented that firms are likely to manage their earnings when they are close to meeting or missing analysts’ expectations. However, little is known about how firms behave after either substantially missing or beating analyst earnings estimates.Idea: This study provides evidence on firms’ earnings management and tax avoidance activities subsequent to the year in which firms substantially fail or succeed meeting analysts’ earnings consensus forecasts. Data: The data were collected from a sample of South Korean firms listed on the Korean Composite Stock Price Index for the years between 2013 and 2020.Tools: Multiple panel data regressions and robustness tests were conducted. Propensity score matching is also used to minimize endogeneity related problems. Findings: Firms are more likely to manage their earnings upward subsequent to significantly missing analysts’ expectations. However, their tendency to avoid taxes is lower.Contribution: Little has been explored on how firms significantly missing analysts’ expectations could behave in the subsequent period. The findings reported in this study have important implications for regulators, investors, and auditors. This research is also different from most prior related studies in terms of its setting.

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A comparative analysis of Altman's Z-score and T. Jury's cash-based credit risk models with the application to the production company and the data for the years 2016-2022

Author(s): Alexey Litvinenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: cash-based analysis; accrual-based credit risk model; credit risk; probability of default; credit risk modelling;

Research Questions: In the present paper the author answers the following research questions: 1) What are the potential strengths of the credit risk model based on the cash flow principle? 2) What are the weaknesses of the accrual-based credit risk model? 3) What are the benefits of the combined use of both cash-based and accrual-based credit risk modeling methods when analyzing companies?Motivation: nowadays there are no researches comparing the accrual-based credit risk model to a cash-based credit risk model with the application to a production company trading its shares on Stock Exchange. However, for investors, auditors and financial institutions it is important to know if there is a difference between these two models in the interpretation of analysis results, and determination of prebankruptcy stage of the company and credit risk default.Idea: in this paper, the author has focused on the comparative analysis of the cash-based credit risk model and the accrual-based credit risk model. The author applies it to the case of a manufacturing company and compares the effectiveness of determining the probability of default using a cash-based credit risk model and an accrual-based credit risk model.Data: the data analysed is obtained from the annual reports, managerial reports and auditor’s reports of Linas Agro Group for the years 2016-2022. The company information is taken from Nasdaq Baltic where Linas Agro Group has its shares traded.Tools: mixed research methods were used, combining quantitative calculations with analysis based on qualitative information. The author elaborates on the cash-based credit risk model based on the improved Timothy Jury’s template. The accrual-based model chosen for comparison and analysis is Altman’s Z-Score model.Findings: The results of the study have shown that the cash-based model is more effective in determining credit risk and default probability. The cash-based model indicated a high-risk default for the manufacturing company in four years out of seven years, while Altman’s Z-Score showed the company to be in the moderate risk grey zone in five years out of seven, and the two last years the model indicated the company in the green zone. The author suggests to financial institutions, financial managers, and investors using a cash-based credit risk model or combination of it with the accrual-based model.Contribution: the paper contributes to the knowledge about the comparison of cash-based and accrual-based credit risk models and emphasizes their strengths and weaknesses. It helps investors, auditors, business owners, and finance professionals to make a decision about which credit risk model to use for the analysis to determine the pre-bankruptcy state of the company, avoid bad loans and improve investment decision-making. It also encourages the academic society for further research and comparison on the topics of accrual-based and cash-based credit risk models in the strive to develop the ultimate credit risk model capable to analyse the data as precisely as possible.

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Impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on economic growth: the moderating role of Covid-19 crisis in developing countries

Author(s): Azzouz Elhamma / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Mandatory IFRS adoption; Economic growth; Covid-19 crisis; developing countries; MENA region; Sub-Saharan Africa;

Research Question: Does Covid-19 crisis moderate significantly the relationship between mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption and economic growth in developing countries, especially in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region and SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa) countries? Motivation: Two sources of motivation are behind this study. First, research works on the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth are still scarce. Second, studying the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on economic growth before and during the Covid-19 crisis allows to better understand this relationship in times of crisis.Idea: This article aims to investigate the moderating role of Covid-19 crisis in the relationship between mandatory IFRS adoption and economic growth in developing countries. Tools: The study was conducted based on panel data from 30 developing countries (15 MENA countries and 15 SSA countries) during the period 2017–2020. Collected data were analysed by using the Generalized Least Squares (EGLS/weighted cross-section) with fixed effect estimation technique.Findings: The main results of the study show that mandatory IFRS adoption has a positive impact on economic growth of the full sample, and that this positive impact is reduced during Covid-19 crisis. Contribution: The study results are very useful to policymakers and regulators in developing countries, especially in crisis periods.

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Research and development capitalization, fair value, and earnings management: A study of French listed companies

Author(s): Yosr Hrichi,Feten Arfaoui / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Earning management; Research and Development; Fair value;

Research Question: This paper investigates the problem of the multitude of accounting choices allowed by international accounting in the French context.Motivation: The discretionary accounting choices of capitalization of development costs and the use of fair value in the French context of written law impact earning management.Idea: The choice of the French context is explained by the fact that France is a country of written law where accounting choices differ from countries of common law, especially in different requirements in terms of transparency.Data: We adopt two empirical models of earnings management based on linear regressions. Tools: The first is based on discretionary accruals and the second relies on the correlation between total accruals and operational cash flows.Findings: Based on a sample of 100 French companies belonging to the SBF 120 between 2000 and 2020 the linear regressions suggest that the capitalization of development costs increases earnings management by manipulating the amount of the expenses, the period of amortization, and the choice of the depreciation method. However, the choice of fair value decreases earnings management and signals the commitment to accounting transparency by improving the relevance and limiting the possibility of manipulation.Contribution: This study highlights the problem of accounting choices permitted for capitalization decisions regarding development costs and fair value.

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MULTISENSORIAL INTEGRATION IN ASD

Author(s): Florin Sebastian Piscociu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Multisensory Mismatch Negativity (MMN); Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); multisensory integration;

The present study delves into the intricate sensory processing mechanisms in adolescents and young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Through a comprehensive review of existing research and neurophysiological findings, the investigation explores sensory abnormalities, auditory and visual processing, as well as multisensory integration in individuals with ASD. There are profound impact of altered sensory perception on the core symptoms of ASD, shedding light on enhanced accuracy and precision in sensory recall, but also the potential trade-off of increased binding errors. The investigation emphasizes the significance of the McGurk effect as a neural marker for audiovisual deviance detection and the potential alteration of this marker in ASD individuals. By comparing the Multisensory Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses between ASD and typically developing individuals, the study reveals distinct differences, underscoring the evident multisensory integration challenges in the ASD population. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate neural mechanisms underpinning sensory processing differences in individuals with ASD, offering insights into the fundamental perceptual characteristics of the disorder.

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INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND DIGITAL SKILLS IN
PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

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INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND DIGITAL SKILLS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Author(s): Ramona L. CECIU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: interdisciplinarity; digital/ new media; psychology; health literacy; comparative studies; humanities;

The present paper explores some aspects related to interdisciplinarity, digital skills and media in relation to psychology and comparative studies research. Both interdisciplinarity and digitalization are realities that traditional disciplines need to accept and adapt to, with the scope of integrating as much as possible study approaches and methods towards the benefits of any discipline. As argued, the success of an interdisciplinary study relies foremost on the manner in which the paradigms, theories and methods are integrated and merge towards the generation of original insights and solid study results, but also on the skills and competences of the researcher or team of researchers. Thus, this article reviews paradigms and approaches to interdisciplinarity and the role of digital skills in contemporary research and comparative studies, drawing on illustrations from psychology, health media, comparative studies and digital humanities, while clarifying significant concepts often used interchangeably.

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RESILIENCE - A THEORETICAL APPROACH
A UNIQUE PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTERMATH OF THE HOLOCAUST

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RESILIENCE - A THEORETICAL APPROACH A UNIQUE PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTERMATH OF THE HOLOCAUST

Author(s): Andreea Nicolae,Beatrice MANU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: resilience; traumatic events; adaptive trait; creating meaning; adversities; Holocaust; logotherapy; existential vacuum; noölogical dimension; meaning of life;

Throughout his existence, the individual is confronted with an unpremeditated reality which brings him face to face to certain traumatic events. Resilience appears as an inner adaptive trait of individuals who are facing adversities, a characteristic that allows them to bounce back and surmount these kinds of experiences. This article aims to approach resilience from a theoretical perspective, with a focus on Victor Emil Frankl's findings, through his autobiographical insights, residing from his experience as a Holocaust survivor and reinforced by his scientific background, as a psychiatrist. Resilience is being theoretically approached from the perspective of logotherapy, a form of psychotherapy developed by Frankl, through which the individual is conjured to find his own meaning in life, in order to thrive in face of adversities. This scientific endeavour seeks to bring a humanistic standpoint based on several confessions of a few Holocaust survivors, as Edith Eva Eger, Gisella Pearl and Henry Krystal, who evoked their trauma through a complex emotional itinerary. Offering an updated perspective upon the psychological challenges of the 21st century, this article embeds ideas such as: existential vacuum, creating meaning and noölogical dimension, significant in dealing with the adversities of human existence. Resilience is, therefore, seen as a reservoir of life, which helps individuals to thrive among fundamental existential issues.

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EVALUATION OF ASPECTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

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EVALUATION OF ASPECTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Author(s): Gabriel Stan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: emotional intelligence; socialization; preschool children;

Emotional intelligence skills are important for individual development and functioning. There are many tools to measure emotional intelligence for children from 6-8 years, teenagers and adults. But for the preschool child, there are practically no direct measurement tools. In this study we used two scales of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) to measure two facets of emotional intelligence. It is important that psychological practice supports children's education, creates the conditions of suitable and useful experiences for the development of emotional expression and management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of emotional intelligence development workshops (intrapersonal - self-control, interpersonal - receptivity) in preschool children. The study participants (N=70) are preschool children aged between 4 and 6 years, 36 girls and 34 boys. The results show the positive impact of emotional intelligence development workshops on preschoolers.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN SCHOOLS

Author(s): Gabriela Niță / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: education; learning environment; psychological safety; school performance; trust culture;

In the recent years, we confront with major crisis situations (pandemic, war) that required us to have skills that education in Romania still does not emphasize, such as: resilience, problem solving, creativity or innovation. These skills are also needed in a context where technology is advancing exponentially, and today’s students will have yet unknown jobs. In this context, a necessary condition for these skills development is implementing a psychologically safe learning environment in schools. In this article we underline the importance and benefits of psychologically safe classrooms that allow students to create and investigate without fear of consequences if they make mistakes. We also outline the psychological safety’s impact on students performance and the steps teachers can take to create a safe learning environment. It is important for teachers to show confidence and gain their students trust by showing them that they are not perfect either actively listen and become facilitators in the learning process. The article represents a starting point for future research in the field, which will demonstrate the impact of a safe learning environment on students school performance. Also, a pilot program in which teachers build safe learning environments could be implemented in schools, and then this program could be nationally expanded.

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY UPON THE THERAPEUTICAL SPACE AS A CO-CREATIVE ACTIVITY.
LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDENTS PRACTICE.
„THE NEED ORGANISES THE FIELD” (DAVE MANN)

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY UPON THE THERAPEUTICAL SPACE AS A CO-CREATIVE ACTIVITY. LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDENTS PRACTICE. „THE NEED ORGANISES THE FIELD” (DAVE MANN)

Author(s): Corina Neguț / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: here and now; experiment; aesthetical relation; phenomenological field; cycle of experience; homeostasia;

The present observational study had developed during my practice with the students and it mostly illustrates the digital -mediated experience relational field. The HERE AND NOW EXPERIENCE, trademark for the Gestalt work, with classical physical coordinates in space and time becomes more of an abstract nature supported by the digital platform. The embodied empathy that is usually involved in the Gestalt work is more cerebral, shared by language-mediated messages. I focus my observation in the way the Aesthetical Relation at distance is built-up priory by tele-senses (as eye-site and listening), living the proximity senses (like touch and smell) a lesser spectrum of involvement. Note: I chose these terms ( eye-site and listening) to emphasize the attention phenomena for seeing and hearing, due to the stream of conscious that we were involved during exercises.In what may concern the Phenomenological field, my practice was to identify Resistantial Mechanisms in coping with Cycle of Experience (the way we meet or fail in fulfilling our needs). Homeostasia vs. Dysfunctional background. Collected data are also presented in the study.

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Euphemisms – Sweet Talking and Face Saving in Business Relations

Author(s): Cristina Mihaela Zamfir / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: business relations; colloquial language; euphemisms; linguistic polishing; verbal taboos;

The paper concentrates on the role of mastering linguistic variations through the practice of vocabulary repertoires. It attempts to provide a careful analysis of the linguistic communication focused on contextual business factors. By using widespread sources of informal language, the article offers a powerful working companion to all those interested in touching base with specialized language communities with a threefold purpose: the first part discusses the essential aspects of informal/’colloquial’ language (euphemisms, slang, jargon, colloquialisms) which crop up in corporate communication. The second part highlights the technique of creating euphemisms and inventing a vocabulary of euphemistic verbs and idioms. The third part examines the linguistic concepts of doublespeak, or doubletalk, and doublethink. The findings show that euphemisms are the ace we have up our sleeve to fight against verbal taboos, a form of linguistic polishing/whitewashing language.

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A Case for Critical Pedagogy in Medical Education

Author(s): Daniel Clinci / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: critical pedagogy; medical education; Medical English; critical thinking; social accountability;

In 1978, the Declaration of Alma-Ata defined health as “complete physical, mental, and social well-being.” Almost half a century later, medical education is still largely based on what Paulo Freire described as a “banking” model, where the students are mere containers to be filled with information in order to achieve some degree of success in their future careers. However, since education is never politically and ideologically neutral, this approach reinforces the deepening social inequalities in healthcare. In contrast, Freire’s critical pedagogy proposes that education should focus on developing democracy and ending oppression. This paper deals with why and how to introduce critical pedagogy in medical education, arguing for a complete return to the Alma-Ata definition and for an adaptation of the classroom tools provided by critical pedagogy to the current social context.

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Official Language Certifications and the Celtic Languages: An Overview of Relevant Offerings

Author(s): Antony Hoyte-West / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: language testing; minority languages; Breton; Irish; Welsh; Cornish; Manx; Scottish Gaelic;

The six extant members of the Celtic family of languages (Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh) can be found in the British Isles and the north-western coast of France. Once widely spoken, centuries of marginalisation and minoritisation have meant that these languages presently enjoy varying degrees of linguistic vitality. Of the modern Celtic languages, only Irish is an official language of an independent nation-state and since 2007 it has also received supranational recognition as an official language of the European Union. In developing the researcher’s previous work on qualifications available for minority and minoritized languages, the main focus of this contribution is on analysing the official language certifications available for the six Celtic languages, centring on those qualifications targeted at adult candidates. Initially, after briefly defining the historical and sociocultural context relating to each of the six languages, this exploratory literature-based study highlights current certifications by detailing the awarding body and organisational structure for each qualification, before presenting information about accreditation and recognition. Lastly, the scope and availability of each language certification at the national and international level will be discussed, before the findings will be analysed to explore any similarities and differences between the various qualifications on offer.

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The language and communicative practices of international students in medical training in Romania during a clinical internship in a hospital

Les pratiques langagières et communicatives des étudiants internationaux en formation médicale en roumanie en situation de stage clinique à l’hôpital

Author(s): Anamaria IONITĂ,Monica Vlad / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: migration; lingua franca; medical communication; language barrier; patient; strategy;

For three years, from their third until their sixth year of studies, the students in general medicine carry out internships in a hospital environment, within different medical fields, in rotation (internal medicine, general surgery, orthopedics, endocrinology, dermatology, psychiatry, etc.). Hence, the students fulfilling the internships interact with the medical staff and with the local patients and/or migrants. Therefore, the communication between the students and the patients is a key element in the process of clinical learning. This paper focuses on a group of twenty international students who, in the context of temporary academic migration in Romania, study general medicine in English. This research aims to study the representations that these students form about the linguistic practices they use during the interaction and the communication with the Romanian patients. For so doing, this study is based on a qualitative method consisting in individual semi structured interviews exploring the communication modes and strategies as well as the communication challenges during the clinical examinations of the hospitalized Romanian patients. Concentrating on the international students who study general medicine in English, the conclusions of this article will highlight not only the importance of the knowledge of the representations of the linguistic practices used during a clinical hospital internship, but also of the communication stakes and challenges, especially at present, when Romania becomes one of the new host countries for foreign doctors, in the broader context of the recent economical polarizations based on knowledge.

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How to Encourage Your Students to Speak When Teaching ESP Online

Author(s): IONELA IONITIU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: ESP (English for Specific Purposes); low-tech tools; breakout room; chat box; in-class speaking activities; audio recordings; out-of-class speaking activities;

This paper examines the students’ exposure to online teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to determine which computer-mediated learning methods, exercises, and practices were considered useful and should continue to be integrated into traditional face-to-face teaching. Since ESP is widely acknowledged to evaluate the needs and interests of students, focusing on combining motivation, subject matter, and content for the teaching of appropriate skills, such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking, the role of the teacher would be to design productive and efficient classroom communication skills to encourage them to get actively involved in various communicative tasks even when the teaching process takes place online. When students are given the chance to grasp and master a language within a certain context which is strikingly interesting, relevant, and appealing to them and which can be used and practiced upon in their professional career or future studies, they will be eventually enlarging their vocabulary, becoming increasingly fluent and coherent in their fields, and adapting their linguistic practices to new circumstances or additional roles. In this article, we will explore some relatively low-tech tools and a wide range of straightforward activities to get students to speak/ talk during an ESP lecture. We will also see how working in these ways can help us resolve some of the problems we face when assessing speaking. Apart from highlighting the importance of synchronous computer mediated communication and of using digital public speaking as a newly-emerging phenomenon, this paper thereupon advances the hypothesis that teaching speaking skills to ESP students should embrace a mingled environment, based on traditional, face-to-face classroom interaction and online technology.

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Romanian for Specific Purposes. Innovative Review and Assessment Methods

Author(s): Marinela Doina Nistea,Oana Luiza Barbu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Romanian language; Romanian as a foreign language; specialized language; evaluation; assessment;

The teaching of Romanian as a foreign language follows current pedagogical trends, undergoing a paradigm shift from a teacher-centred to a learner/student-centred approach. In the present case, this shift is even more visible in specialised language courses, where mastery of the target language vocabulary isa direct indicator of learners’ linguistic competence (Nyikos, Fan 2007). The pandemic context and the dynamics of the labour market have led to a shift away from the traditional role of the te’cher, who has also become a creator and provider of teaching materials, as well as a facilitator of their use when talking about digital teaching resources (Hall 2013). The present paper aims to discuss a number of innovative methods of review and assessment that could be used in the specialised languages course of the Preparatory Year of Romanian for Foreign Citizens.

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Teaching Academic Vocabulary to Doctoral Students

Author(s): Carmen Opriţ-Maftei / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: doctoral students; academic vocabulary; academic writing; psychological dimension;

The majority of non-native English doctoral students enrolled in the PhD programs provided today by “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati master general English grammar and vocabulary and are familiar with the technical and highly technical vocabulary of their specialized professional area as most of them have professional experience in their field of study. At this point, they might be interested in developing their scientific knowledge and in acquiring or consolidating the vocabulary which is used in academic contexts to present arguments, define, make comparisons, state contrasts and so on. In addition, they need to develop their research skills and fully understand the intricacies of academic writing in an attempt to produce valuable scientific papers (planning, ordering the information, referencing, drawing conclusions). Moreover, they need to improve their communication skills and learn how to present effectively the findings of their research (assess and interpret results, describe data using key quantifying expressions, reporting, explain, emphasize, inform and engage the audience), in an attempt to develop interpersonal communication. However, it is of the utmost importance at this stage to learn how to overcome anxiety or fear of public speaking in order to be able to share their ideas and opinions. The present paper is part of a larger study and outlines the importance of providing doctoral students with all the information they might need in order to make original and correctly formulated contributions to their research field and to help them cope with the new harsh reality. Furthermore, it emphasizes the complex role of the ESP teacher, who may have a great impact not only on student learning but also on student academic wellbeing.

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From Western colonizations to remigration in the (post)imperial Banat

Des colonisations occidentales à la remigration dans le Banat (post)imperial

Author(s): Silvia AULAGNON / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Banat; colonisation; migration; (post) empire; Habsburg;

This article aims to retrace a brief sociolinguistic panorama of the Austrian colonization in the Banat in the Enlightenment, proposing a light on its origins, and especially on the territorial peculiarities, socio-professional and motivational of Alsatian/Lorraine emigration. Highlighting the multilingual character of its representatives, the characteristics of their original languages or linguistic varieties, their linguistic repertoire and a first synoptic table of the languages potentially practiced in colonial Banat will retrace the contours of the ethno-sociolinguistic landscape of the Austrian province.

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