Keywords: artist; phenomenology; quotidianity; history.
The paper seeks to delineate and analyze the alleged differences between the artist and the common man, by means of a phenomenological perspective on history, which is imbedded in the structures of the everyday life.
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Keywords: Latin Palaeography; Codicology; Manuscript Studies; Dating of Manuscripts
Assigning a date to handwritten texts of the Middle Ages is one of the essential yet most arduous tasks of manuscript studies. The present study surveys criteria and methods that must be considered in dating medieval manuscripts kept in Romanian libraries. A distinction is made between biographical and text-critical elements, non-graphical (i.e. codicological and historical) details and graphical (palaeographical and decorative) elements.
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The energetic sector is one of the most important sectors in any industrialized country. This sector represents the base, the foundation for any industry. As any other sector of an industry it requires a special type of resources. Traditionally, the resources were oil, coal and natural gasses. All those resources are by nature limited, all being fossil fuels. While the modern world was created using those “building blocks”, the new geopolitical stage as well as the limited natural resources that exists will have a major impact all over the globe, reaching developed countries like USA and countries that are developing like Romania, alike. Oil, one of the most important natural resources, is concentrated in just a few places like Middle East, Russia, or Mexico.
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Keywords: culture of memory; Germany; East-German uprising; the civil rights movements; exhibition
There is no doubt about the particular importance of the revolution of 1989 in the present German memory culture. The historical research is reaching an agreement on the question concerning the various factors bringing birth to the East-German uprising 20 years after this incident: the economical crisis, the mass emigration, the civil right movement, the mass protest movement, the reform movement in the grass roots of the SED and the strict refusal of any reforms in the SED leadership. But there are still controversial debates about the historical evaluation of the separate factors. Especially the actual role of the civil rights movement is considered an open-ended question. In this context former civil rights activists are arguing against its marginalisation and the national narrative of “1989”, which is dominated by the German unification. The article will focus on the present themes and forms of memory of the East- German revolution of 1989.
More...Keywords: Leibniz; Electress Sophie of Hanover; pure love controversy; Fénelon; Bossuet; love; hope; charity
The topic of disinterested love became fashionable in 1697 due to the famous amour pur dispute between Fénelon (1651-1715) and Bossuet (1627-1704). It soon attracted the attention of Electress Sophie of Hanover (1630-1714) and she asked for an opinion about the dispute from her trusted friend and correspondent, the Hanoverian councilor Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Th is gave Leibniz an opportunity to present his views on the matter, which he had developed earlier in his career (for example, in Elementa juris naturalis of 1671 and Codex iuris gentium of 1693). In his 1697 letter to Sophie he did not explicitly take sides in the dispute, but formulated his own views on the topic in a theological manner, aiming to provide an account of disinterested love which would surpass the doctrines of both French theologians. In addition to presenting Leibniz’ early views on disinterested love and examining this alternative formulation of his views on love, I will show that after the letter Leibniz gave this alternative perspective up and returned to his earlier, more philosophical views on the topic, which suggests that he regarded them to be superior to the theological version, where the virtue of charity was related to the virtue of hope.
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This paper analyses the conditions of the importation and fabrication of the work of Max Weber in French sociology after the Second World War. Given the central place of „Weber“ in US sociology and the force of attraction exercised by US sociology upon French sociologists in the 1950s, one could expect that the German author would almost naturally have become the most legitimate reference in French sociology. However, the actual reasons why Weber quickly achieved the status of sociologist par excellence are to be found rather in the specific social, political and intellectual conditions in the context of the institutionalization of French sociology around 1960. The sociological sanctification of „Weber“ became possible especially due to the positions, dispositions and the specific history of Raymond Aron, the agent of the importation of Weber’s work, and to Éric de Dampierre; since 1952 they strove to introduce „anticommunist“ references into the French social sciences. Moreover, a closer look at the different uses of „Weber“ in the Revue française de sociologie in the 1960s seems to show that the attraction for referring to the German author diminished progressively with the growing prevalence of quantifying empiricism in sociology. Hence, the case of „Weber“ in France demonstrates that the „theoretical use“ of an author might be a symbolically efficient instrument, but it is only through an „empirical use“ of the work, a use that aims to mobilize it for a more complete explanation of social phenomenon, that the relevance of sociological production vis-à-vis other forms of cultural production can be proved and its autonomy effectively claimed.
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Keywords: education; employee education; outdoor training; adventure education; evaluation
The article presents an attempt to describe outdoor training as a certain tradition in adventure education. As in the case of every HR intervention, outdoor training also has to respect the systematic model of training: the three step model of creating, delivering and evaluation of educational activity in the employee education. The text characterizes this model and describes the specifics of outdoor training as an activity created to improve participants’ soft skills by engaging them in simulation being an outdoor experience and in facilitated discussion about these experiences. The differences between outdoor training and adventure education activities concerning goals, role of instructor, education stimulus, and scope of evaluation are described. Additionally, the text compares the standards of Polish adventure education activities and the standards presented in two samples of articles from the Journal of Experiential Education.
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Keywords: Crimea;myth;sacral spaces;collective identities;
The Crimean peninsula plays a decisive role as a mythical place both in literature(e.g. by Goethe, Pushkin, Mickiewicz) and in many (pre-)national contexts and narratives: in the early modern period, for instance, the Polish nobility had developed the idea of its Sarmatian ancestry, an ethnos which in antiquity settled in the Black Sea area and the peninsula. German-speaking intellectuals in the 19th century developed an “enthusiasm for the Crimean Goths”.They believed that they had discovered their ancestors in the Gothic Crimean inhabitants, who had been extinct since early modern times. But above all the National Socialists attempted to legitimize their political claims to the peninsula. The mythical and legendary narrations associated with the Crimea in Russian culture, however, were particularly effective: The alleged baptism of Grand Duke Vladimir in Chersones in 988, which is said to have brought Christianity to the Kievan Ruś, plays a central role here, as do the numerous writers who drew inspiration from the Crimea. These narratives were used also by Russian political agents to legitimize the annexation of the Crimea in 2014.
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Keywords: Federal Court of Justice; appellate courts; ordinary appeal; appeal on points of law; Federalny Trybunał Sprawiedliwości; sądownictwo apelacyjne; apelacja zwykła; apelacja co do prawa
The text explains the role of the Supreme Court in the civil justice system in Germany with reference to a major reform of civil procedure that was enacted in 2001. The reform of access to the Federal Court of Justice aimed at striking a balance between individual justice and public interest. The author discusses the requirements of admissibility of ordinary appeal and appeal on points of law, which may be filed to the Federal Court of Justice. The German legislator has notably renounced the ratione valoris criterion (monetary threshold) and adopted the requirement of the leave to appeal. The power to restrict access to the Supreme Court was conferred on appellate courts. As a consequence, an appeal on points of law may be lodged only if it is admitted by judex a quo. Although the denial of admission is subject to appeal, the text argues that the reasons for admittance ensure that the public interest in uniform adjudication and clarification of law will be duly served. KEYWORDS
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Keywords: lifestyles; modern society; prosperity; contemporary literature; female characters
For some time, the concept ‘lifestyle’ has become the object of intensified scientific research. Starting from the 80s and 90s of the previous century, the research has placed emphasis on the deconstruction of the traditional class and gender role assignments in regard to individualistic and pluralist lifestyles and life situations. Considering the above ideas, attempt is made to trace and analyse these processes in literary forms. The question arises, whether and how these social changes are expressed in the literary narrative forms. This is specified on the example of a contemporary German writer Silke Scheuermann. As Scheuermann involves her female characters in the context of rich modern societies and thus aims at reality effects, her stories make it possible to follow the time spirit. It is to show, whether the post-modern worlds contribute to a new ‘orientation’ of the literary figures, i.e. whether their lifestyles and systems of values are the outcomes of an autonomous development or result from a variety of possibilities.
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Keywords: primary infertility;social expectations;motherhood
The aim of this article is to overview women’s experiences in view of social expectations about having children. Such expectations are frequently implied in questions about procreation plans. Since the procreative experience was considered by the author as a process, it was possible to reconstruct changes in the meaning that the researched women ascribed to such questions at different stages of this experience, i.e. from the period prior to trying for a child, through the initial stage of trying to conceive, to the diagnostic stage until being given a diagnosis of infertility. At the stage prior to trying for a child, standing in front of the mirror of social expectations, the women saw themselves in the role of future mothers. At the initial stage of trying to conceive, seeing themselves in the mirror, the interviewed women saw themselves as pregnant women in near future. At the diagnostic stage until being given a diagnosis of infertility, the women saw only their uncertain future, i.e. themselves who wanted to have children very much, but were no longer certain whether they would become mothers.
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Keywords: Avant-Garde; Geocriticism; Immersive Creative Environments; Romanian Transgressive Literature; Surrealism; Poetic Space; Space; Viractualism; Transgressiveness;
This paper aims at both “mapping” the profile of a groundbreaking poetic discourse in contemporary Romania and correlating it to “planetary” trends. Furthermore, it argues that these artistic discourses reshape the status of poetry in general, by creating permeable, transgressive, and porous structures which conduct to new approaches of space – in its imaginary, poetic or planetary aspects – that we call noopoetic interspace or surspace. By getting closer to rather new theoretical and/or artistic approaches like geocriticism (B.Westphal), viractualism and immersive creative environments (J. Nechvatal) or experimental artistic installation based on artificial intelligence (R. Anadol), the works we discuss take an important step forward towards a connective world which strives to rediscover its humanity.
More...Keywords: EU Directives; floods risk management; flood hazard maps; flood risk maps; spatial planning; real estate
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy and Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks are basic regulations in the field of flood protection at the EU level. Serbia is currently in the process of harmonization of legal regulations in this field. The paper analyzes three phases of flood management envisaged in the Floods Directive, as well as their application in some European countries and Serbia. The problems that have arisen in the implementation process are considered, with special emphasis on the issues related to the development and implementation of flood hazard maps and flood risk maps as well as the practices of different countries regarding their use, particularly in the field of spatial and urban planning and insurance. The implications of applying these maps in Serbia are currently uncertain. The question is to what extent and in which areas they will be used. The analysis of their usage in individual countries, provided in this paper, can be a starting point when considering different solutions and possibilities for their integration into the domestic system. In addition to national flood risk mitigation measures, international cooperation in this area is also very significant. For this reason, one part of the paper focuses on international agreements on water management, which are important for Serbia and contain provisions on flood-related issues.
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Keywords: fake news; political epistemology; post-truth; praxeology of truth; social disintegration
Our truth culture has changed. Yet we are not living in a post-truth era but in a truth era – an observation of the ongoing debates shows a proliferation of invocations of truth. This paper argues that in order to grasp this transition, we should not refer to classical truth theories or common oppositions such as knowledge and belief, objectivity and subjectivity. Instead, we should focus on concrete practices in concrete situations: on “doing truth.” This paper introduces the concept of a “praxeology of truth,” which sets out to analyse truth by means of two parameters: “truth scenes” and “truth figures.” In suggesting that to ask about truth is to pose the question of power, it follows Michel Foucault, but it regards the invocation of truth as a technique of identity politics and truth as a social operator.
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Keywords: Harun Farocki; Vietnam War; Einfühlung; The Inextinguishable Fire; brechtian cinema; visuality of terrorism; satire; capitalist realism; Karl Kraus; negative dialectic
Beginning with a close reading of Harun Farocki's Einfühlung, the author analyzes the formation of this tradition of empathy and the critical attitude towards it, with particular emphasis on the sense of failure and the retrospectiveness of the postulate of regaining the Einfühlung by the critical tradition. The author looks at the role of photographs of suffering bodies in the process of shaping the German public sphere during the Vietnam War. He tries to show the complexity of strategies critical of the mass media by reconstructing Farocki's polemics with terrorist movements. He analyses parodying the use of television aesthetics in Inextinguishable Fire (1969) and includes it into the tradition of fighting the tabloid media. He is interested in the reevaluation of the relation between the body and image, which enables reaching beyond the pattern of empathy by means of identification and the idea of “Einfühlung, which has caused the alienation effect.”
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Keywords: Trajan Decius; Roman provincial coins; barbarians
During Trajan Decius’s reign (249–251) in a number of provincial mints – Alexandria, Caesarea Maritima, Magnesia ad Sipylum and Nicomedia – coins were issued featuring the theme of the barbarian (an enemy or a captive) in reverse iconography. In this article, I discuss these coins, considering them in the context of the iconographic tradition and the activity of the particular mints during Decius’s reign, and also in relation to the ideology of victory and the dynastic ideology. They are interesting especially because the theme of the barbarian was not utilised in the parallel imperial coinage. Nevertheless, its presence in provincial coinage is also of a marginal nature. Moreover, the end of Decius’s reign also coincided with a time-related hiatus in the use of the theme in provincial coinage.
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Keywords: humour; online; sharing; family; Belarus;
This paper offers a folkloristic perspective on the features and dynamics of sharing humorous content digitally within a family in the context of daily communication. The data, collected from 60 Belarusian families via oral interviews and an online survey (175 respondents), were subjected to quantitative and qualitative content and context analysis. The results suggest that sharing humour digitally within a family can take various forms, some of which parallel oral face-to-face interactions, while others complement them. The most preferable ways of sharing are those that ensure the privacy of conversation, thus providing family members with an opportunity to follow the customary patterns of communication while adapting them to the new spatiotemporal circumstances. Even though the process of selecting humorous content to share with one’s family does not necessarily involve conscious reflection on the sharer’s part, some tendencies clearly transpire from the data. For example, visual and generic forms of humour are more popular than textual and personal ones. Sharing such humour presupposes certain considerations about its recipients, thus making the fact that one’s audience is their family an important consideration in the practice of digital sharing.
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Keywords: Emotion Regulation Skill; Personality Traits; Basic Psychological Needs;
The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between personality and emotion regulation. The sample of the study consists of 714 participants (469 females, 245 males) aged 14-65 years living in Istanbul. As data collection tools; Five Factor Personality Scale, Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire and Basic Psychological Needs Scale were used. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation, analysis of variance and multiple regression. According to the results of the analysis, there is a partial mediation of basic psychological needs between extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, neuroticism and emotion regulation. It was seen that basic psychological needs fully mediated between the agreeableness and emotion regulation. This findings reveals the importance of basic psychological needs in the effect of personality on emotion regulation. In addition, emotion regulation skills were controlled by gender and age, and differentiation was observed in emotional skills according to age.
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Keywords: Leibniz;memory;monadology;reminiscence;virtual;knowledge;Aristotle;
This paper seeks to examine Leibniz's concept of virtual memory, and to determine its role within the monadological conception of the world. Leibniz's notion of memory is certainly ambiguous, which will be seen in the paper, through the explication of places in Leibniz's texts, in which memory is differently defined. More precisely, we will see that Leibniz distinguishes different functions within the notion of memory, and accordingly names them differently, yet they are all encompassed within virtual memory, which forms both the ontological and epistemological basis of the Leibniz universe. In the first part of the paper we will outline the principled monadological settings and the reasons why virtual memory has a large share in them. In the second part, we will examine the places in which Leibniz writes about memory, seeking to unify them within our understanding of virtual memory, in addition to the differences that exist between these definitions. For us to be able to adequately emphasize importance of Leibniz approach to concept of memory, it will be necessary to confront his understanding with that of the tradition, especially focusing on Aristotle. Finally, we will see why such a Leibniz memory setting, we suppose, is necessary to increase knowledge in any way.
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Keywords: Young media users in Germany; Gaining knowledge from Youtube; TikTok; impart knowledge; interest-based learning;
The participatory use of moving images on the Internet, e.g. on YouTube (Fuchs 2014; McMullan 2020), is one of the major trends in recent media history. YouTube is the undisputed leader of the distribution channels and in the top range of social media, although TikTok is becoming increasingly popular (MPFS 2020a, 2020b). In addition to explicitly entertainment-oriented music, comedy and how-to videos, young people use videos that impart knowledge or deal with political topics. It has already been proven that knowledge can be conveyed via YouTube and users are motivated by interest-based learning. There are also numerous offerings that are primarily geared towards entertainment, but nonetheless motivate users in a casual, rather emotional and sometimes unintentional manner to further explore certain topics. This article offers a specific example of the effects this process can have on young people watching YouTube Videos that seem primarily focused on entertainment. The presented study is based on data collected in 2019 and explains which participatory strategies for imparting knowledge via entertaining YouTube formats can be effective. The findings of this study are of fundamental importance, especially considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote interaction, communication, and learning have resulted in a more solitary media usage that raised new questions regarding participatory culture and learning.
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