Keywords: religious politics; Oliver Cromwell; monarchy; Commonwealth; radical movement; leveller; diggers; England; Scotland
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Common-wealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army, which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, con-quered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament before being made Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 16 December 1653 until his death. When the Royalists returned to power in 1660, his corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Cromwell has been a very controversial figure in the history of Britain and Ireland – a regicidal dictator to some historians and a hero of liberty to others.
More...During the Communist rule, the resistance against Communism, at the beginning of the 50ies, was a taboo subject. After the revolution from 1989, many researchers took up studies regarding the resistance against Communism in Romania. It was a big surprise when the archives of the Security revealed the existence of many resistance groups in the whole country. These groups were constituted by former members of the historical parties or of the Legionary Movement. Without any support from the West, without resources and with a small number of men standing against the forces of the security, these groups didn’t have much chance to succeed in their struggle. Almost every member of the resistance movements was either put in jail either executed. The fight also incurred losses to the Security or Militia forces. At that time, the dead from the side of the Security or Militia were considered as heroes, while the members of the resistance groups passed as hooligans or terrorists. This perspective has been seriously challenged after 1989 and today the task of Romanian historiography is to depict the situations of those days in an objective way. Another disputed subject of the Romanian historiography is the national character of the resistance groups. Most of the groups were constituted of Romanian ethnics who fought against Communism not prompted by any foreign factor, but as a result of their displeasures regarding the economic and political situation, of the anti-Soviet feelings which were prevalent in the Romanian villages. Some of these groups had some hopes regarding an American intervention, nevertheless, the fighters were moved only by their own displeasures with the newly installed system. For the national character of the resistance also pleads the diffusion of the resistance groups all over the country and the fact that most of their leaders were Romanian intellectuals. The opponents of the national character of the resistance bring two major arguments in support of their position: the resistance lacking a national unitary character and a nationally acknowledged leader. The disputes on this theme are still open and only some further thorough documentary researches may lead to a properly established conclusion.
More...Keywords: student interaction; topic; attitude; communication
By his approach the educational workshop is how the student, in our case, from medicine comes in contact with a source of information by which relations that are established receive a special connotation. Otherwise by the theme and horizon of knowledge the student acquires new information designed to meet the needs of personal and social identity Focused solely on psychotherapy and knowledge and personal development, this paper presents the educational strategies and results ultimately lead to student-trainer relationship to acquire other assets.
More...Keywords: Rebellion; Iron Guard; German Consulate; Iaşi; 1941.
The disagreements between General Ion Antonescu and the Legionnaires’ Movement, that had appeared in short time after the forming of the National-Legionnaire Government, had been affirmed on the grounds of diametrically opposed conceptions of internal policy, economic structuring and the reforming of Romanian society as well as of the rhythm in which these reforms had to be enacted. As a consequence of the abuses committed and the emphasizing of the radicalism represented by the Iron Guard, the relations between the two centers of power had been negatively affected at such a scale during November and December 1940 that a rupture became inevitable. Through the putsch of January 21-23rd, 1941 the Legionnaires’ Movement tried to obtain total control over the state power, but with the help given by Germany, general Ion Antonescu had defeated the rebellion. In this way, the faith of the Legionnaires was actually sealed, most of them were arrested, or forced to seek refuge in Germany. The document which we publish as an annex is kept in the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin. The document, a report made by the German Consulate in Iaşi, signed by the German Consul Fritz Gebhard Schellhorn, presents the events that took place in Iaşi between January 19th and 25th, 1941.
More...Keywords: General Inspector; Romanian Aeronautics; Romanian army; Vasile Rudenco
The officer Vasile Rudeanu was a military man with high education, a special technician, a skillfully negotiator, experienced in many foreign languages, with contracts and relations in various military and industrial circles. In November 1914 he is sent by the Romanian Prime Minister, Ion I. C. Brătianu, in Occident (Rome, Paris, London) with the goal of material preparation of the completion with ammunition and weapons of an army respectively. After the end at the First World War, general Vasile Rudeanu, successfully performed other functions, the general inspector of the Romanian Aeronautics being the most important.
More...Keywords: modernity; multi-dimensional character; comprehensiveness; complexity; complex security aspects; paradigm
European Security in the first two decades of this century has known a lot of internal and external determining changes. The effect was a re-shaping of European security between concrete limits – from modernity to a new paradigm.
More...Keywords: Nicolae Iorga; Serbs, writings; support; World War I;
Nicolae Iorga was not only a great historian, but also a leader of public life in Romania, who pronounced himself in his many writings and actions on very diverse issues. In the years before World War I he began to defend the national aspirations of the Serbian people, which were prevented by Austro-Hungary. After the outbreak of the Great War, Iorga published numerous articles and held several conferences in which he praised the Serbian people’s heroism and condemned the brutal behavior to Serbs of the Central Powers occupation authorities in Serbia. Immediately after the war, Iorga noted in his daily notes also the abusive behavior of the Serbian occupation authorities in Banat. However, during the interwar period, Iorga was one of the supporters of maintaining good relations between Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), which he visited several times.
More...Keywords: Operation 1111 B; evacuation plan of Bukovina; Romanian administration; instructions for evacuation;
The German offensive outbreak on the Eastern front in the summer of 1941 meant for Romania not only regaining the lost provinces on July 26, but also the end of its neutrality period. Thus, Marshal Antonescu’s decision to continue with the military campaigns beyond the Nistru river, along Germany’s side, led to major material and human loses for the country. Defeated at Stalingrad by the Soviets, Germany’s invincibility myth was demolished and for the first time the war was getting closer to the Romanian borders. As a result, Marshal Antonescu ordered the evacuation of Transnistria in July 1943. The further development of the war determined Antonescu, in November 1943, to include in the evacuation plan Bessarabia, Bukovina and northern Moldova. Coded under the name “Operation 1111” (1111 B for Bukovina), col. V. Mosiu was appointed with organising, coordinating and overseeing the preparations and execution of the evacuation plans. Given the decision to organise an evacuation for the targeted Romanian provinces, the present study aims to present the context that led to this order, different measures and instructions taken for operation 1111 B by “Mosiu’s group”.
More...Keywords: AUREL PENTELESCU; IONUŢ-CONSTANTIN PETCU; Episcopii Armatei Române; Biografii; Documente; 1921-1948; Adrian Pandea; Editura Militară; Bucureşti;
Review of AUREL PENTELESCU, IONUŢ-CONSTANTIN PETCU, Episcopii Armatei Române. Biografii. Documente (1921-1948), Către cititor de Adrian Pandea, Editura Militară, Bucureşti, 2016, 292 p.
More...Keywords: Bologna Declaration;finances for education; public and private education; quality of education;
This article studies the effects of the Bologna Declaration upon the academic learning in the Romanian universities, showing the weak points of the Romanian educational system.
More...Keywords: The Great War; army; epidemics; alcoholism; sanitary service;
Războiul a amplificat toate nenorocirile sociale, a dezorganizat activitățile cotidiene și a bulversat moravurile. Drama umană, provocată de Marele Război, a cunoscut fațete de o intensitate fără precedent, printre care și flagelul epidemiilor și al alcoolismului, fiecare cu consecințe dezastruoase. Marile lipsuri în aprovizionarea cu hrană, îmbrăcăminte și încălțăminte au produs ravagii în rândul combatanților. Mobilizarea unui număr mare de recruți, proveniți din toate mediile sociale, unele precare, a creat o predispoziție pentru contagiuni de tot felul: de la boli devastatoare la dezechilibre psihice și vicii. Maladiile infecțioase ca tifosul, holera, tuberculoza, dizenteria, variola, antraxul, rabia, dizenteria, gripa spaniolă au izbucnit încă din primele luni de război și s-au amplificat în condițiile acestuia. Măsurile luate de comandanții unor regimente au fost dezinfecția riguroasă, dar aceste măsuri nu au avut decât rezultate locale. Dispunerea teritorială extinsă a trupelor a îngreunat serviciul sanitar.
More...Keywords: "For ours and your freedom"; In memory of General Władysław Anders (1892-1970); Polish hero of Europe;
La sua “Piccola Polonia” in divisa kaki, trapiantata in terra italiana, era il sogno vivente e il segno sofferente della lontana “Grande Polonia”, smembrata ma non doma.
More...Keywords: First World War; Bolshevik Revolution; Hungarian Republic of Councils; Bolshevism; Romanian Army;
The study proposes, in the first part, to make a review of the most important events that the former Austro-Hungarian and Tsarist empires faced after the end of the First World War, so that in the second part to analyse the causes and conditions that led to the collapse of the institutional system in Hungary, the takeover of power by Béla Kun, the political, ideological and military implications of that event, the situation of Romania in the same historical period, the fears, problems and objectives of the Romanian state. Finally, in the last part, the analysis shows the consequences that the Romanian army intervention had to eliminate the Bolshevik regime in Hungary.
More...Keywords: border; Bolsheviks; bands; military convention; councils; alignment;
The end of the First World War did not mean the total cessation of military operations for defending the Greater Romania. The opposition to the unification with Bassarabia Bukovina and Transylvania disturbed the neighbours from the East and West, including Hungary, which lost one of the most important provinces, Transylvania. Soviet Russia had begun to take action against Romania using Ukrainian Bolsheviks who made a plan to annihilate the Romanian army. In order to carry out the plans for the dismemberment of Greater Romania, they made connections with the Bolsheviks from the Republic of Hungarian Councils led by Béla Kun, who had taken over the power in Budapest.The adjournments of the Great Powers of establishing a border line between Romania and Hungary, offered the opportunity to be taken actions to repress the Romanians who remained behind the demarcation successive border lines between the two countries. In the spring of 1919 took place the first actions of the Hungarian troops which wanted to recover the lost Transylvania, by their advancing to the last demarcation border line.Together with the Romanian army and even within it, also operated a part of the groups of Romanian volunteers which operated on the fronts of the First World War. In Zarand, the “Horia” Regiment (Fig. 4-5, 7) was organized, composed of inhabitants from the Land of Zarand and the Apuseni Mountains was covered themselves with glory in the summer campaign of 1919, together with the brave Romanian Army. By occupying Budapest, on 4th of August 1919, were stopped for the moment the aggressive tendencies of Hungary and the instauration of the Bolsheviks in central and south-east Europe.
More...Keywords: protection; official; Romania; France; territory; comparison; institutions;
Taking into account the words of President Barack Obama, who said that “we live in a world where the most valuable skill one can promote is knowledge”, this paper aims to analyze the limits od special powers during diplomatic missions, in terms of security and protection of officials in Romania, compared with the French system. Sustainable development and geopolitical, strategis, terrorism vulnerabilities – identified as imminent risks to public order and national security in the context of deteriorating international relations between states governed vy international treaties and conventions are priorities of scientific research. In the current context, respect for fundamental human rights and implementing strategies of risk management can be achieved only by ensuring maximum competitiveness, performance and quality par excellence in all structures involved in the protection measures and security as priority in maintaining good international relations between states, hovering sustainable development as a priority in scientific argumentation.
More...Keywords: Royal resident; ambassador; communist regime; Dănilă Papp;
Dănilă Papp was a senior Romanian officer who climbed all the ranks of the militaryhierarchy of the Austro-Hungarian imperial army. From 1 June 1948, the former senior officer,general, royal resident, ambassador was removed from the pension registers on the grounds that he hadlost that right, the communist regime in Romania installed with Soviet political and military support,not only turned its back on this high-ranking Romanian officer and ambassador, a county commissionbeing the one who took this deviation.
More...Keywords: Convention of Brăila; Russia; Central Powers; Major Alexandru Dumitrescu;
The Convention of Brăila was an extension of the Armistice of Focșani (November 26 / December 9, 1917), concluded by the Romanian army with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey) in the wake of the unilateral decision of the Bolshevik government in Russia to cease all hostilities, thus exposing the entire eastern front. The four Russian armies in Romania complied with the order, requesting an armistice and preparing to return home. After about one month, the representatives of the two combatant forces met in Brăila in order to discuss the prolonging of the period of calm and other technical matters.
More...Keywords: 1877-1878;foreign diplomatic archives;independance War; information;
En se fondant sur les témoignages des archives diplomatiques étrangères, l'exposé essaye de mettre en valeur le rôle joué par la Roumanie dans la lutte engagée par les peuples de la Péninsule Balkanique pour s'affranchir de leurs liens de vassalité envers la Porte Ottomane. A partir des conditions intérieures et extérieures favorables à l'entrée de la Roumanie dans la lutte pour la conquête de son indépendance absolue, l'exposé tend à souligner la fermeté des Roumains dans l'affirmation de leur cause, de la justesse de cette cause et de l'opportunité de l'intérventlon armée de la Roumanie pour le dénouement de la guerre anti-ottomane. A l'appui des idées exposées, l'auteur fait usage de diverses sources documentaires, telles que les archives américaines, belges, britanniques, françaises et allemandes. L'exposé présente les rapports des agents diplomatiques ainsi que les considérations personnelles des ministres des affaires étrangères des divers pays : l'Angleterre, la Belgique, la France, l'Allemagne et les Etats Unis concernant la convention conclue entre la Roumanie et la Russie en 4/16 avril 1877, les préparations militaires de la Roumanie et la coopération de l'armée roumaine aux opérations de la guerre. Différents comme source, mais concordants en opinions, concernant le rôle joué sur le champ de bataille par l'armée roumaine pour la prise de Plevna, les récits mettent en évidence tant l'héroïsme et les sacrifices de l'armée roumaine, que le concours nécessaire et efficace que les troupes roumaines ont apporté à la victoire décisive. En conclusion, l'auteur souligne le fait, qui résulte aussi des documents cités dans l'exposé, que la Roumanie a lutté en 1877 pour acquérir son indépendance d'État, mais qu'elle a également contribué énergiquement et bravement à la libération des autres peuples balkaniques de la domination ottomane.
More...Keywords: Romania; army; politics; Tudor Vladimirescu division;
Legal documents and administrative decisions on the establishment of the "Tudor Vladimirescu" division are presented. The division is seen as instrumental in the ideological pressure exerted over the Romanian Army. The documents are obtained from the archives of the Ministry of National Defense or reproduced from the publications of the time.
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