Keywords: conflictul dintre norme şi legi; filtru grupal; comportament de avertizare;
În textul de faţă ne propunem să clarificăm câteva lucruri privitoare la condiţiile de eficienţă a legilor, relaţia dintre legi şi norme de grup, măsura în care normele de grup se constituie într‑un blocaj al funcţionării legilor, ca şi posibilităţile de influenţare a normelor de grup prin legi. Ideea fundamentală este că legile nu se pot sprijini doar pe măsurile administrative şi pe diversele forme de întărire publică, ci au nevoie, mai cu seamă când se află în confict cu normele de grup, de cooperarea privată şi de comportamente individuale de susţinere, cum este, de exemplu, comportamentul de avertizare. Avertizorul de integritate este o persoană care semnalează autorităţilor o încălcare a legii petrecută în grupul sau organizaţia sa. El se manifestă ca un avocat al legii şi devine activ în situaţiile în care legea intră în conflict cu norma. Noi prezentăm argumente teoretice în sprijinul ideii că demersul de avertizare este descris prin conflictul dintre conformism şi obedienţă şi prin opţiunea individului pentru obedienţa faţă de lege în dauna conformismului la norma de grup. Sugerăm, de asemenea, câteva strategii de stimulare a comportamentului de avertizare.
More...Keywords: contemporary Slovak literature; post-communist literature;modern literary trends;literary life after 1989; Slovak prose;
The socialist system (which lasted in Czecho-Slovakia from 1948 until 1989) saw a variety of periods in culture, especially in literature. More relaxed phases were always followed by a wave of suppressions. The sixties are considered the most liberal and therefore the most productive epoch creatively, but, unfortunately, they were interrupted by the Soviet occupation that took place on 21st August 1968. The so-called normalisation, which followed the occupation, meant a disruption of positive developments and had an enormous negative impact on the whole cultural community. When the velvet revolution overturned the totalitarian regime, restored the democratic mechanisms in society and introduced the market economy, these changes unsettled the cultural life and the lives of writers who had to respond to various challenges and find a new way to approach the audience. The literary situation in Slovakia after 1989 was confused for several years. Within a short time, many opposing elements appeared as the writers and also the readers searched for themselves. Gradually, certain trends started to emerge as themes of the new social and literary situation.
More...Keywords: Securitate; Legionary Movement; Political Trials; Public Agitation; literature on Bessarabia
The article aim is to present the political trial involving an intellectual group gathered around Virginia Munteanu- the sister of the anticommunist writer and journalist, Pamfil Șeicaru-and to outline the political and literary biographies of those writers who were condemned to many years of imprisonment for the crime of public agitation by the Sentence no. 474 from 8 April 1957 of the Bucharest Military Tribunal.
More...Keywords: Plato; education; society; state organization; the Popperian vision;
In Plato’s “Republic”, it is outlined the conception of the ideal human society. The paper examines the meanings of “justice” and “partiality” and their place in the governance of a “city.” Plato establishes a theoretical concept about what education means for both the individual and the state, focusing on the important role of educating the guards of the city. The Greek philosopher claims that the protection of citizens, laws and customs depends on the education of guards. For education to be complete, it must include: literature, music and gymnastics.In the first volume of the Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl Popper challenges the Platonic ideal of state stability with its rigid class divisions. Plato’s education system is attacked because it is designed as a tool to maintain class governance and to ensure that the mass of the people depends entirely on leaders.Popper develops, in his work, a critique of historicism and thus defends the open society and liberal democracy. Plato is considered a sympathizer of totalitarianism. Popper is extremely critical of the idea that the state should have complete authority and control over education, in addition to ensuring that all people have access to education.The purpose of this study was to analyse the concepts of education of Plato and Popper. The study focuses on Plato’s theory of the Republic and Popper’s critique of the education system. The results of the study indicate that education, regardless of its form, mass political project (see Plato) or critical analysis of a community (Karl Popper), is the cornerstone for the healthy and harmonious development of any society.
More...Keywords: nation state; international public law; transnational law; Paris Peace Conference 1919–1920; peace treaties; unitary nation state; Romanian school of international law; national jurispr;
The marking of the hundredth anniversary of the Peace Conference and international treatise of Paris (1919-1920), which ended the first world war and consecrated the new political and strategical, European and international realities, is treated rather indifferently, and when it actually is taken into consideration, critiques to the “Versailles system” are overrated, the injustice brought by it and its dour consequences are highly claimed, its merits and inheritance being highly ignored. Neglected and insufficiently analyzed, its inheritance, in the field of international law and practice, remains highly important. The Peace Treaties and their eventual conventional developments have marked the entrance of international law in its modern phase, have consolidated its criminal norms, and by applying the principle of nationalities, the nation state has become the main subject of international normativity, enriched with new principles and values. Organizing peace by law was to lead, in the following decade, to the prohibition of war, collective security would know important experiences, and by creating the Society of Nations, international relations would become institutionalized. Continuing these foundations will generate, after the second great conflict, first by the U.N. and their Charter (1945), the phase of contemporary international law and the international juridical and institutional civilization still standing as of today. For Romania, the international context created in 1919-1920 has favored the completion of the creation of the unitary nation state and a period of great creative development and international affirmation of its statehood. As a creation of law and of the principles of nationalities, the Great Romania has been so tightly linked to the “Versailles system”, that its broader strokes would last just as long as it did. However, even today’s Romania, despite the territorial readjustments brought on by force starting with 1940, is still a “Romania of the Trianon”, the Treaty signed with Hungary on June 4th, 1920, by which its North-West border was settled, has passed the test of time but has remained a subject of dispute regarding its significance. The permanent revisionism of Budapest, developed under new forms as of today, and replicated in Bucharest by a deafening silence, does not favor the “reconciliation of memory”, but, in lack of actual dialogue, it amplifies suspicion.
More...Keywords: Bistritz; Fundus regius; Königlicher Boden; Konfessionelle Beziehungen; Toleranz; Bittschrift; Rumänisch-siebenbürger-sächsisch gemischte Dörfer; Gubernium; Kircherecht; Kirchenbau; Gleichberechtigung
Der vorliegende Beitrag soll die konfessionellen und nationalen Beziehungen aufGemeindeebene in den gemischten rumänisch-deutschen Dörfern im freien königlichen DistriktBistritz und Hermannstadt ab der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts und der ersten Hälfte des18. Jahrhunderts beschreiben. In den gemischten rumänisch-deutschen Distriktdörfern Petersdorf,Sächsich-Sankt-Georgen, Kleinschogen, Grossendorf, Oberneudorf, Lechnitz und Wermesch sichdrei Aspekte interkommunaler Auseinandersetzungen unterscheiden: das Recht der mitwohnenden unierten Rumänen, eine Kirche auf dem Dorf zu errichten und eine Pfründe zu haben für den griechisch-katholischen unierten Priester im Dorf. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Konfrontation ist die Schafhaltung, die von den sächsischen Mitbewohnern aus Bistritzer Distrikt ausdrücklich nicht zugelassen wird. Das dritte Element der Auseinandersetzung ist das Recht auf lokale Vertretung und rechtliche Gleichberechtigung in den gemischten deutsch-rumänischen Dörfern. Bei solchen gemischten Dörfern Reissdörfchen und Sakadat (Hermannstadt) wird das Prinzip der paritätischen Vertretung vom Stadtrat von Hermannstadt dennoch gesetzlich akzeptiert. Über die ethnischen innergemeindliche Konfrontationen in den rumänisch-deutschen Kreisdörfern entscheidet der Rat von Bistritz durch die Umsiedlung der Sachsen aus den Dörfern, in denen sie die innergemeinschaftliche Mehrheit verlieren.
More...Keywords: Cluj; University of Cluj; infrastructural development; water supply network; public lighting; electricity; multipositional elite; civil initiative;
Cluj was a medium-sized city in the middle of the 19th century, but it was lucky to be chosen the second university centre in Hungary, after Budapest. It is worth mentioning that the railway arrived in Cluj only in 1870, only two years before the re-establishment of the university, and that in 1873 the city was decimated by the cholera epidemic, and then in 1876 it was devastated by a huge fire, and in 1879 by floods. Thus, the infrastructural development of the city began only in the last two decades of the century. This infrastructural development was accelerated by the needs of the university and the intellectual capital imported by this institution into the city. For example, the cityʼs water and sewerage network was due to the fact that the Minister of Education and Cults Treffort Ágoston initiated the construction of a water supply network for research institutes and laboratories of the university, and the City Council took advantage of this initiative and joined the project. Another example is the switching of public lighting from gas to electricity, a project carried out at the long insistence of a civil initiative led by professor Fabinyi Rudolf. In the study I tried to make a complete analysis of the direct and indirect influence of the university on the development of the city.
More...Keywords: history of Polish language; etymology; historical word formation; historical semantics
The article concentrates on the development of the Polish adjective ogromny which, in contemporary Polish, has a parametric meaning only. The research is conducted in a historical frame which means that the starting point were the etymological and historical word formation data. We treat the information referring to the use of this adjective in the old texts and its presence in other Slavonic languages as complementary. Our analyses led, inter alia, to the following conclusions: the parametric value of the adjective ogromny is secondary – it took shape during the history of Polish language; the main mechanism in the development of parametric value of ogromny is lexicalization. Its determinant is, in that case, the semantic fading and blurring of morphological boundaries.
More...Keywords: War for the Vistula mouth; Crown army; Swedish army; Sigismund III; Gustav II Adolf; military reforms;
The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.
More...Keywords: Administrative Framework; Costs; Economy; Geopolitics; Good Governance; Modernisation;
The year 2021 has brought with it several geopolitical challenges, and it seems that the biggest is the Afghanistan one. Some interpretations suggest that the beginning of 2022 is in fact only an US-led coalition troop's withdrawal extension – the archives will show us the truth, but only after 50 years or more. A deeper understanding of the Afghanistan situation seems to be a source for decades to come and in this regard we have sought to design this article's text. We did not use just geopolitical analyse, because some explanations on Afghanistan topic need a larger dimension, reaching some specific economic and governmental characteristics. The small size available for text does not make possible an exhaustive analyse, but maybe in a few months we will try to write a volume dedicated to the whole geopolitical Afghanistan situation.
More...Keywords: extremism; radicalization; deradicalization; disengagement; depuralization;
Pentru combaterea ideologiilor extremiste și a amenințării radicalizării în masă, specialiștii au elaborat o serie de cercetări cu scopul de a identifica și de a înțelege factorii care duc la radicalizarea unui individ, dar și factorii care, având un efect invers, pot duce la deradicalizarea acestuia. Așadar, există tot mai mulți autori care recunosc importanța studierii procesului deradicalizării și a potențialului său pentru societatea actuală. De aceea, lucrarea urmărește atât aprofundarea acestuia prin prezentarea terminologiei specifice, a unor modele de deradicalizare teoretice și practice, cât și semnalarea unor dificultăți și limitări intervenite pe parcursul desfășurării unor programe naționale de dezangajare și deradicalizare, cauzate de lipsa informațiilor practice cu privire la rezultatele acestor inițiative de deradicalizare.
More...Keywords: cross-border organized crime; terrorism; threats; vulnerabilities; human security;
The assessment of the international security environment in a new context related to asymmetric and cross-border risks must focus on both reducing vulnerabilities and preventing or reducing the level of threats and involves consensual work at EU level through the adoption and implementation of new security strategies and standards. The European Union must constantly improve its law enforcement cooperation between Member States and to update the tools at its disposal in the fight against terrorism, without compromising the EU's common values, such as democracy, justice and freedom of expression. The subject of the article considers the importance and extent of organized crime and terrorism in the general environment of the new international security environment, the danger they pose and the response of national and international bodies involved in the prevention and sanctioning of these crimes.
More...Keywords: writing; writing process; writing product; school curriculum; functional illiteracy;
In the Romanian context, writing is in a paradoxical situation: it is claimed to be important though it is one of the skills that is little invested in and moreover it undergoes strong opposition from the parents who would opt for digitalization as a preventive opportunity for their children in the future. Mistreated by both school and society, writing is given meagre chances of proving its determining role in the intellectual formation of the young generation. In this line of thought this paper aims at mapping writing as a school-taught skill by first outlining the Romanian approach to school writing (as product or process) and secondly by carrying out an analysis of the writing tasks regularly assigned, with a view to emphasizing their ups and downs and to suggesting changes that might improve not only the perception on writing in the Romanian curriculum, but also the quality of the educational output. In order to obtain a good representation of how writing is viewed by the Romanian educational system, it is deemed as appropriate to analyse the school curriculum issued and approved by the Ministry of National Education and to evaluate the implementation of the official guidelines into school textbooks. The justification for the interest of the authors in writing is related to the high rates of functional illiteracy, to the preponderant evaluation type of the pupils (a written one) and to the largely acknowledged inability of pupils to successfully manage their written tasks.
More...Keywords: “Prague Spring”; clandestine congress; invasion; Czechoslovakia;
Expected to take place on September 9, 1968, the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party was postponed to August 22, 1968, as a result of the invasion of the country by the troops of the Warsaw Pact (except for Romania).On August 25, 1968, the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union canceled the Czechoslovak Communist Party’s Congress, the delegation headed by Alexandr Dubček being forced to sign an agreement consenting the state of affairs.The invasion of the Czechoslovakia and the cancellation of the congress led to the end of the “Prague Spring” and revisionism.
More...Keywords: coat of arms; heraldry; emblazoned objects; history museum; Romania;
Le Musée d’Histoire de Bacău a été créée en 1957. Depuis de 61 ans, la politique d’acquisition du musée aboutit à la constitution d’un important fonds du patrimoine culturel. Dans le patrimoine du Musée d’Histoire de Bacău sont quelques objets armoriés avec les armoiries de la Grande Roumanie. Dans cet article, nous avons analysé tous ces armoiries.
More...Keywords: Schäßburg; craftsman; journeyman; baker; hike;
In vorliegendem Artikel wird versucht das memorialistische Werk des Schäßburger Bäckermeister Josef Zielinski zu untersuchen. Am 26 November 1855 in Schäßburg geboren, studierte er nach Abschluss der Realschule in dieser Stadt den Handel in Hermannstadt und nach dem Finanzcrash an der Wiener Börse im Jahre 1873, wandte er sich dem Bäckereigewerbe zu. In diesem Sinne, unternimmt er eine Studienreise in den westen des Kontinents welche ihn durch Städte Ungarns, Österreichs, Italiens, der Schweiz, Deutschlands, Hollands und Belgiens führt. Nach 5 Wanderjahren kehrte er 1978 in seine Heimatstadt zurück und gründet hier einen Bäckereibetrieb. Im Jahre 1927 veröffentlichte er unter dem Titel „Wandern und Lernen“ bei der Schäßburger „Markus“ – Druckerei, seine Memoiren. Auf 107 Seiten hinterlässt er der Nachwelt, fließend und voller Humor geschrieben, die Beschreibung seiner ereignisreichen Jugend, jener eines der letzten Siebenbürger Sachsen welche nach Art der Handwerksburschen des Mittelalters zwecks Verbesserung ihrer Berufserfahrung eine Bildungsreise durch Westeuropa unternahmen. Josef Zielinski starb am 18-ten Juli 1943.
More...Keywords: Health Departament of Covurlui; health legislation; activity programs; Ministry of Health and Social Security; epidemics; prophylaxis;
Institution specialized in the medical field, the Healthcare Department enjoyed a well determined in the Romanian society along its existence, by the established regulations. In its entirety, the health legislation addresses the technical-organizational aspects related to the work of this institution. In order to achieve a single program, the ministries to which it was subordinated (formerly the Ministry of Interior, afterwards the Ministry of Health and Social Security that after the fusion with the Ministry of Labour becomes the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Security) establish compulsorily, by agreement with the concerned authorities (prefectures, town halls, police, justice, education, culture, church), activity programs and measures in order to improve the medical network which will be involved in local communities issues.
More...Keywords: Workmanship; chatagraphy; woodworking; clayworking; stoneworking; metalworking;
In this article the author bring forward in the light of the historical documents, the different folk workmanships practised in Bacău area during the XVIII-XX century.
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