Keywords: theologist; translations; comments; thinking; biography
In modern Romanian theology, Father Dumitru Stăniloae is the first theologist who started capitalizing, by their precious translations and comments, for almost half a century, on a part of the theological and spiritual works of the great Byzantine and erudite monk of the 7th century in the person of Saint Maxim the Confessor, thus ranging under the neopatristic trend, dedicated to the „maximology” commenced during the first half of the 20th century. Within the four tomes of maximian works, the Romanian theologist casts some light on the sizes and profound significances of the confessor monk Maxim’s thinking in relation to contemporary theology, however, concerning Their life, the scholared Romanian theologist compiles short biographic notes.
More...Keywords: The Higher Missionary Seminary of The Priests of the Sacred Heart in Stadniki;Stadniki;dehonians;Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus;
Autor omawia historię i aktualność Wyższego Seminarium Misyjnego Księży Sercanów w Stadnikach.
More...Keywords: curtea edo; libertate religioasă; sindicat; sindicat - preoţi; biserica ortodoxă română; preot; libertatea sindicală; cedo; curtea edo - sindicatul păstorul cel bun împotriva româniei;
Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului, Marea Cameră, hotărârea din 9 iulie 2013, M. Of. nr. 15 din 10 ianuarie 2014
More...Keywords: Palaeolithic; Mesolithic; armed violence; embedded projectiles
The paper deals with the question of the existence and intensity of armed violence at different stages of the Palaeolithic. The first two sections provide a review and analysis of the osteological and representational evidence relevant to the question. The third section considers the problem of changes in the frequency of violence and how, or whether, it can be assessed. With this purpose in mind, the author compiles data on the age and character of all the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human and animal bones with embedded projectiles, which are available in the literature (tabl. 1 and 2). It turns out that while for the time prior to ~ 15 ka only animal bones with imbedded projectiles are known in the Old World (10 bones of 10 animals from 9 sites in Western and Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Siberia), the subsequent period shows a sharp increase in the number of human bones of the kind, which became nearly as numerous (29 bones of 27 persons from 17 sites) as the animal ones. Given that the quantity of excavated faunal remains is several orders of magnitude greater than the quantity of paleoanthropological finds, the parity in the numbers of projectile-pierced remains may signify some important changes in the dynamics of violence (and social life in general) at the end of the Palaeolithic.
More...Keywords: Spain; Early Middle Age; military organization; Visigoths
The article studies the evolution of the military structure of the Visigothic Kingdom, from the late ancient to proto-feudal (5th — early 8th c.), i. e. from the tribal militia to the magnates.The head of military command was the king, who had military council as well as the pages. The military force of the kingdom consists of king’s guard, garrisons, and army. The Goths, Romans, and later secular clergy were warriors. Battle units had 1000, 500, 100, and 10 warriors. They united into corps of 10000. A large field army would count several tens of thousands.
More...Keywords: Garabet Charles Aslan; pedagogy; ethics
In the present study the author examines the works of Garabet Aslan, philosopher of morality and philosopher of education from the beginning of the 20th century. Aslan speaks of the ideal man in terms of: entrepreneurial, active, disciplined, „minded and reflective”, with initiative, sense of order and sense of solidarity, interested in developing the most necessary skills in life. The ideal moral man is the one who deals with his training only to broaden the horizon of the spirit, to satisfy his thirst for science, to enliven his character and to live in virtue.
More...Keywords: conflit; développement; feu; source; connaissance; vérité;
Toujours, l’homme vit et vivra, probablement, dans un espace conflictuel, le conflit étant, depuis quand on a bâti le monde el l’Univers, ce feu intense et ce source inépuisable d’où on génère sans cesse le mouvement, le développement, la devienne, la vie et même-ci la destruction aussi. Pour l’area de la connaissance, c’est important d’utiliser le conflit comme monade génératrice de développement et de cognition, et la source comme tension renouvellement, comme source de génération du feu de l’étincelle et de l’édifice cognitif de dynamique et de complexité du feu, et non pas pour détruire, en nous ou au-delà de nous, l’autrui. Naturae enim non imperatur, nisi parendo, écrivait Francis Bacon (1561-1626) en Novum Organon. Vraiment, on ne peut pas connaître et modeler la nature qu’on ne se suppose pas aux ses lois. Mais, l’homme, en créant, pour lui-même, sa propre nature, a l’impression et même la conviction que sa nature domine en effet la nature de la planète et de l’Univers, qu’il est devenu, de fait et de droit, le Dieu cognitif et transformationnel du monde. En soit-il, vraiment, comme ça ?!
More...Keywords: wedding; tradition; custom; questionnaire on legal traditions; dowry
The authors present some wedding traditions and customs performed in the Romanian villages during 1850-1950, on the basis of less known information included in the answers sent from four localities of Bacău county to the Chestionarul Obiceiele juridice ale poporului român (Questionnaire Romanian People’s Legal Traditions) of B. P. Hasdeu (1877) and from six localities from counties Arad, Bacău, Baia and Mehedinţi to the Chestionarul XII. Obiceiuri juridice (Questionnaire 12. Legal Traditions) of Ion Muşlea (1938). In elaborating this work, they have also used information related to wedding included in the answers given to the following questionnaires: Programa pentru adunarea datelor privitoare la limba română (Syllabus for Collecting Data on Romanian Language) (1884; elaborated also by B. P. Hasdeu), Casa (The House) (1926; Romanian Language Museum of Cluj), as well as data from the papers presented at the Ethnography and Folklore Seminar of Cluj University during 1932-1948. Having as a starting point the distinction operated by Ernest Bernea between tradition (seen as a compulsory fact, inherited from previous generations) and custom (seen as a recurrent act establishing the traditional norm in terms of how to behave in different occasions), the authors present the religious criteria that had to be met so that the union between a man and a woman could be recognized by the Holy Mystery of Marriage. Afterwards, taking into account the information comprised by the documentary sources consulted, the authors point out how the Christian tradition of wedding was complied with in the wedding customs in the Romanian village of the period 1850-1950. Then the authors review the most important moments of the wedding traditions practiced until the World War I that had to be fulfilled in the union between a man and a woman so that this union could be considered marriage: the religious marriage ceremony was mandatory (those who lived together without having been religiously wedded were considered “lawless”); parents had to consent to the marriage (those who married without having their parents’ consent were disinherited); as a general rule, the ones to be married had to be descendants of families of similar social status; marriage usually united young persons of the same village (otherwise, both communities would be reticent to the marriage); blood-related persons, those related by adoption or those who were baptized together were not allowed to marry each other; children were to be married in the order in which they were given birth, etc. The newly formed family represented a social unit which identified itself by the name of the husband and by the economic independence and moral values of the wedded. The paper ends with a list of the main movable and immovable material assets obtained by the wedded by endowment or inheritance, providing economic independence to the new family, and with a comparison between the periods before and after World War I.
More...Keywords: World War I; German Propaganda in Neutral Countries; German and Romanian Social Democracy; Albert Südekum; Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea;
The letters published in this volume, currently held at the State Archive of the Federal Republic of Germany in Koblenz, represent a fragment of Albert Südekum’s written correspondence with the leaders of the Romanian Social-Democratic Party during the early stages of World War I. These documents reveal certain pieces of information that are especially important for examining the history of the European left-wing movement, the German propaganda in neutral countries, as well as the relations between the German Social Democratic leaders and their Romanian counterparts.
More...Keywords: temei; întemeiate; centru; periferie; presocratici;
Cercetare mea are drept obiect o problemă „clasicăŗ în istoria filosofiei europene şi anume relaţia temei-întemeiate. Această conexiune va fi analizată din perspectiva relaţiei centru-periferie. Temeiul va fi asimilat centrului, iar întemeiatele vor juca rolul periferiei. Mă voi referi la prima etapă în istoria filosofiei europene, şi anume la perioada presocraticilor. Este perioada din istoria filosofiei europene ce deschide direcţiile, orizonturile pentru marile sisteme ce se vor articula ulterior. Întreaga problematică a temeiului va fi gîndită în orizontul ontologiei, în timp ce relaţia, medierea de la temei către întemeiate va fi obiectul metafizicii. Trei direcţii principale pot fi articulate în ceea ce priveşte dialectica centru-periferie: a) medierea fizicală; b) medierea non-fizicală; şi c) non-medierea. Din prima categorie mă voi referi la: Thales, Anaximenes, Heraclit şi Empedocle, în timp ce medierea non-fizicală va fi ipostaziată de: Pitagora, Anaxagora şi atomiştii. Non-medierea va fi exemplificată prin: Parmenide şi Anaximandru.
More...Keywords: Zacharia Boiu; Traian Dragos; Aurel Holircă; Mihail Pintea;
We are trying to present a first "documentary" - extremely incomplete for the time being, but we hope to be able to cover it in a future issue - about the entrance of Tîrgu Mureş in Romanian literature.
More...Keywords: translation; Chanson de Roland; epic; totalitarianism;
Translating a medieval literary text from French into Romanian can be a very challenging experience under a totalitarian régime. Our case study concerns the Romanian verse and prose versions of the Chanson de Roland, and endeavors to illustrate the ideological constraints emerging from the fascist and communist horizons of expectations, as reflected by the prefaces, introductions, dedications and by the epic texts as such. Our traductological perspective embraces the Moldavian space as well, thanks to a verse translation of the Roland mediated by a Russian version, whose comparative analysis may nuance the idea of a cultural continuum of the Eastern Block.
More...Keywords: Austrian Consulate; Iaşi; fires; urbanism;
This research represents a reconstruction of the urban evolution of a portion of the historical center of the city of Iasi, two lots located near the church known as the “White Church” (Biserica Albă), from the Fânăriei mahale. The first documents regarding these lots date from the middle of the 18th century. The analysis of the sources reveals that in the second half of the 18th century there were some wooden houses built on stone foundation, with basements underneath, destroyed by at least two devastating fires. After 1798 a house made of durable materials, stone and brick was built. That proved to be the place where, with some transformations and renovations, the Austrian Consulate in Iasi resides, from 1813 to 1833, then from 1846 to 1896. The interruption between 1833 and 1846 was due to a serious damage to the construction by another devastating fire, this time from 1833.We managed to capture the existence of its building and its dependencies both in documents and in the plans of the town of Iasi drawn in the second half of the 18th century and in the following century. The building where the Austrian Consulate in Iasi worked was demolished in 1989, following the implementation of a plan for the systematization of the central area of Iasi.
More...Keywords: traductions; Louis d’Ussieux/Dussieux; Pietro Metastasio; Gli scherzi geniali; Moldavie; boyards lettrés; Constantin Vârnav; Gheorghe Vârnav; T(h)eodor Gorovei;
Un manuscrit daté au début du XIXe siècle, conservé par la Bibliothèque de l’Académie Roumaine (ms. roum. 445), contient les traductions roumaines de deux œuvres de la littérature occidentale: un récit (Raymond et Marianne. Nouvelle portugaise) recueilli dans Le Décaméron français de Louis d’Ussieux/Dussieux (1744–1805) et un drame (Artaserse) de l’abbé Pietro Metastasio (1698–1782), dont le traducteur reste inconnu. Par contre, on connaît le traducteur de la „nouvelle portugaise” – l’écrivain Alexandru Beldiman (1760–1826) – et le copiste du manuscrit, identifié par les auteurs du premier tome du Catalogue des manuscrits roumains (I. Bianu et R. Caracaş) d’après sa signature datée au 1er mars 1822, qui se trouve sur trois pages (une fois en clair et deux fois en monogrammes): le serdar Ioan Gorovei. Adoptée par N. Iorga dans son Histoire de la littérature roumaine (1901), cette identification fut par la suite acceptée sans conteste par tous les spécialistes du domaine.Pour Arthur Gorovei (1864–1951), le généalogiste et l’historiographe de sa famille, le nom du copiste fut une véritable surprise: c’était le nom de son grand-père, qui, à la même époque, avait rempli la même charge ! Mais parmi les papiers hérités de son antécesseur il n’y avait aucune trace d’activité littéraire. Les informations recueillies au fil des années allaient lui permettre, finalement, de trouver pour ce personnage une autre place dans l’arbre généalogique et de définir ainsi la branche de Iucşeşti (Roman): il identifia ce „Ioan” Gorovei comme beau-fils du boyard Nicolae Vârnav de Iucşeşti. En réalité, le mari de Ilinca (Hélène) Vârnav s’appelait Constantin Gorovei: leur fils, Toader/Toderaşco (Théodore), né vers 1780-1785, fut lui aussi serdar et căminar et trépassa en 1827.L’examen plus attentif des documents, de l’écriture et des signatures, ont conduit l’auteur à la conclusion que le copiste du manuscrit 445 c’est T(h)eodor (et pas l’inexistant Ioan) Gorovei; il est aussi, peut-être, le traducteur (du grec) du drame de Metastasio. Cette rectification permet de placer le copiste dans le contexte culturel de sa famille, car ses deux oncles du côté maternel sont connus eux aussi pour leurs préoccupations littéraires: Constantin Vârnav – pour lequel l’auteur présente quelques détails biographiques – a traduit (toujours par un intermédiaire grec) vers 1782-1784 une partie des Gli scherzi geniali de Giovan Francesco Loredan(o), tandis que son frère Gheorghe Vârnav s’est appliqué à copier la traduction roumaine des Pensées du comte d’Oxenstiern. Ce petit „cercle littéraire” qui travaillait dans le cadre familial des boyards Vârnav doit son apparition et son développement à l’influence exercée par Leon Gheuca (évêque de Roman en 1769–1786, avant de devenir métropolite de Moldavie), patron d’amples programmes culturels et promoteur des idées illuministes.
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