Сердоликовая крабица московских князей XIV–XVI вв. как царская инсигния

Author(s): A. V. Sirenov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The paper is devoted to the royal insignia mentioned in the Russian literary texts and folklore of 16–17th centuries – the cornelian box («serdolikovaja krabitsa»). According to the legend, it belonged to the Roman Emperor Octavius Augustus and, together with other imperial insignia was ceremonially presented to the Kiev Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh in 12th century by the Byzantine Emperor. The cornelian box («serdolikovaja krabitsa») has not reached the present time. The research literature contains a disagreement on the characteristics of this object. Some researchers regard the box as a jewel box, others – as a bowl. The paper offers arguments in faviour of the first suggestion. The history gives facts about the «serdolikova krabitsa» or a box (in this way it was called in early sources), from the moment of its arrival to the treasury of Ivan Kalita at the beginning of 14th century to the act of its presentation in 1498 to Dmitri-the grandson by Ivan III and further loss of it. «Krabitsa» was included into the category of imperial insignia in the Epistle by the Lithuanian Metropolitan Spiridon Savva. It was presupposed that the Epistle was written in late XV or early XVI century, but was widespread after editorial refinement in the 1520s. The history of the Epistle text is connected with the biography of an outstanding public and clerical figure of the first half of 16th century Vassian Patrikeev. It can be concluded that by the time of spreading of the Epistle and compilation of other literary texts on its basis in the 1520s the real «krabitsa» had already been lost, thus, its mentioning only in the literary text opened great opportunities for interpretation.

Королевские вещи: репрезентация власти в придворной материальной культуре

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

Preface

Казус шлема Ивана Грозного: к постановке проблемы

Author(s): Yuliya Fedorovna Igina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article is devoted to the helmet of Ivan the Terrible, one of the most well-known piece of armour, which has survived to our days since the time of the Rurik dynasty. The article deals with a number of issues of source criticism and methodology regarding the study of the possessory and pseudo Arabic inscriptions on the helmet, as well as the particularities of its decorative design and physical characteristics (size, weight). On the basis of the analysis of the key features for the attribution of the helmet and the existing concepts concerning its dating, provenance and the intended purpose, the author points out the inconsistency and the lack of scientific data on the monument, which makes it impossible to attribute it correctly at present. The author hypothesizes that the helmet of Ivan the Terrible was redecorated, and that its gilded decoration dates back to a later period than the helmet itself. The author suggests that the traditional scholarly views on the helmet of Ivan the Terrible should be reconsidered.

Принадлежал ли Ивану Грозному «шлем Ивана Грозного»?

Author(s): Aleksandr Vladimirovich Lavrentyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article put arguments in favor to new attribution and dating of well-known «Ivan the Terrible’s helmet» (Royal Armory, Stokholm). Helmet have belonged to «the grand duke of Moscow» Vasilii Ivanovich. Elder son of grand duke Ivan III during lifetime of his father, between 1502–1505, had became a real co-ruler of the Muscovy State. So, the unique political situation of the beginning of 16th century had no precedents therefore. It is impossible to consider «Ivan the Terrible’s helmet» in connection with certain steady insigniyas of grand duke’s successors, the more so, that fact of it’s existence can’t be taken for granted.

The Poles in the Academic Corporation of St. Petersburg Imperial University (the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century)

Author(s): Evgeny Rostovtsev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The purpose of this article is to formulate the principles for the future «collective biography» of the Poles in the academic corporation (lecturers) of St. Petersburg University from 1819 to 1917 (including the development of the selection criteria and methodology). The article examines the problems of the number of the Poles in the academic corporation, of the Polish identity and the criteria of its assessment, of the distribution of the Polish scholars across the University departments and fields of knowledge, and also the types of academic and life strategies of Polish lecturers. The article analyzes 3 strategies — the strategy of opposition, the strategy of loyalty and the strategy of integration. The author concludes that is possible to identify two groups of scholars of Polish origin, although the line between them is thin. The first group comprises those Poles who placed an emphasis or, at least, were conscious of their Polish identity. The scholars in the second group remembered about their Polish roots, but perceived themselves rather as Russian scholars (as a rule, they came from the families where several generations had lived in the Russian environment). The article shows that the revolutionary events of 1917 raised the issue of ethnic identity most acutely, the author supposes that a choice of «staying» in a new political environment in Russia for Polish scholars meant, among other things, a choice of assimilation; at least it was what it led to in reality.

Шлем Ивана Грозного в контексте придворной культуры

Author(s): Sergey Nikolaevich Bogatyrev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

Created in 1530–1533, the helmet of Ivan the Terrible from the Royal Armoury (Livrustkammaren) in Stockholm is one of the earliest surviving regalia of the Muscovite dynasty. This paper examines the helmet from different perspectives: its provenance, epigraphic programme, decor and functions. On the basis of the registries of the museum collection as well as Swedish and Russian studies of the object the paper revisits various theories about how the helmet appeared in the Livrustkammaren. At this stage of research no direct evidence supporting any of the theories has been detected. However, circumstantial evidence corroborates Karl Erik Steneberg’s idea that the helmet was taken as war booty during one of numerous military conflicts between Russia and Sweden. The helmet features a Cyrillic inscription and a pseudographic ideogram imitating Islamic calligraphy. This combination of symbols confirms the view of those Swedish scholars who have argued that the helmet was made in Moscow. The text and the ideogram on the helmet constitute, following Simon Franklin’s taxonomy, secondary writing that is integral to the object, but is not the main purpose of it. The helmet’s decor indicates that the primary function of the headgear was symbolic. The textual and graphical design of the helmet is consistent with other objects of court culture typical of the nascent stage of Muscovite autocracy during the reigns of Ivan III and Vasilii III. Claims that the helmet is a later forgery are therefore groundless. The Cyrillic inscription on the helmet confirms the traditional attribution of the helmet to the minor Ivan the Terrible. Like some coins minted under Ivan III and Vasilii III, the helmet proclaims the continuity of power in the Muscovite dynasty by representing the heir as a would-be warrior through a combination of elements of Islamic art and declarative Cyrillic inscriptions.

GEOGRAFIJA I EKONOMIJA: MEĐUZAVISNOST I AUTARHIJA

Author(s): Boris Tihi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

Linking geography and the economy by means of regional market integration brings with it many advantages by enhancing the interdependence between smaller regions and reducing their tendencies to autarchy. The idea of economic integration in South-Eastern Europe is thus wholly justifiable, but achieving it will be impeded by the complex political climate and significant differences in the level of development reached by the various countries. The basic economic indicators for Bosnia and Herzegovina, such as per capital GDP, the unemployment rate, the structure of the economy, the import-export ratio and so on, are much worse than those of most transition countries, despite the considerable international aid the country has received. This is a direct result of the political partition of the country into two entities and the disintegration of the four former macro-regions. Average GDP per sq.km. is five times higher in the European Union countries than in those of the Stability Pact, which in turn is four times that of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This poses a real threat to our chances of soon becoming part of this integrative process. As a result, both assistance from the international community and also increased competitiveness on the part of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s commercial enterprises are required. Economic integration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the former Yugoslavia and in the South-Eastern European region as a whole can take place in parallel, even though the natural step to take is from smaller to larger regions. It is in the interest of all the new, independent states that emerged from the dissolution of Yugoslavia for the region to become more rapidly integrated economically, given their complementary resources and traditions and the absence of any language barriers.

JUNAK KAO OUTSIDER

Author(s): Reginald John Hollingdale / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

The legend of Nietzsche is a modern legend of an isolated, conflict-ridden individual: the hero as outsider. He thinks more, knows more and suffers more than other people, and is consequently superior to them. Whatever is of value in himself, he has created from himself, for there is nothing external to him but the “compact majority” which is always in the wrong. When he speaks, he is usually misunderstood, and in any event, he can only be understood by isolated, conflict-ridden individuals like himself. Finally, he retreats to a safe distance where he and the compact majority become invisible to one another, but his image is preserved in his icon: the man who represents himself.

ETIKA ODGOVORNOSTI U KRIZI SVIJETA: ZNANSTVENO-TEHNIČKE CIVILIZACIJE

Author(s): Abdulah Šarčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

What does an ethics of responsibility imply? How can it be possible? Is it necessary? Hans Jonas contemplates an entirely new situation for humanity, created by the scientific and technological civilization. A new ethics is needed, a post-conventional ethics of mutual responsibility for the “collective, technological and scientific activities of humanity” (K. O. Apel, DuV, 170). The question this ethics poses itself is a crucial one: under what circumstances do we best succeed as human beings? With our dignity and freedom, with our attitude to nature both inner and outward, accessible and inaccessible, with an awareness of limits and human nature and of the human history of nature, of the ways in which horrific consequences and major disasters associated with the exploitation of nature and the mythical forces of scientific and technological advances can be avoided, in our way of life, in production, medicine, biology, psychology and more. The way in which Hans Jonas explores the ethics of responsibility, with the principle of preservation and its tendency to turn into an exclusive principle, owes its significance and its advantages over other attempts to its philosophical insight into human history and the situation of modernity. It boldly sets out a new moral experience: that things could, after all, be different, meaning better. He considers the technological spectrum of human activities, of the kind of collective threat that arises as soon as technology makes the human individual the direct subject of its attentions, reducing us to our instrumental and technical knowledge. The point of Jonas’ work – in particularly his Principle of Responsibility – can be seen as the exposition of “wholly new problems of an inter-individual and, what is more, international organization of mutual responsibility.” It can also, though wrongly, be understood as a utopian expectation directed at private morality, at mere human subjectivity. In counterdistinction to this point of view is the one long since expressed by Arnold Oehlen: that all of us operate within the framework of an institutionalized calling, and thus bear responsibility within the context of our institutionally-defined jurisdiction. Odo Marquand would add to that: and above all within the context, and only within the context of the “customary,” the usual. Hence his “defence of the usual,” a hypoleptic ethics of usualism. It is perfectly clear that this means that “every attempt these days to organize the necessary collective responsibility of humanity for our collective activity is not only hopeless but, at the level of ethical justification, pointless” (K. O. Apel, ibid, 171). But while this is one of the consequences of the hypoleptic ethics of usualism, the recognition of the framework of responsibilities and traditional life options that is effectively valid, Jonas’ philosophy is closer to the Aristotelian position. It seems perfectly capable of bringing to mind the “anachronism now so b

ENERGIJA – ZNAČAJ I GLOBALIZACIJA

Author(s): Željka Lekić,Alija Lekić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

Energy is of particular importance for a whole range of human activities, and has a direct impact on the material situation of the population. Energy consumption is rising steadily, for the most part involving fossil fuels, of which the reserves are not unlimited. The distribution of fossil fuel reserves does not match consumption, and the interdependence between the major energy-consuming countries and those where the greatest reserves are located is becoming more and more significant. The impact of energy on the environment is no longer a problem only for the countries where environmental pollution arises. All this contributes to the global nature of energy and to the globalization of the energy industry.

ZNANJE I GLOBALIZACIJA

Author(s): Ljubomir Berberović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

Real basis of all forms of globalisation (economic globalisation being the most prominent) consists of the contituouos, ever more rapid progress of the sciences, and of the consequent growth of knowledge, which gives rise to the expansion of the new technologies in the processes of production and communication. The science is also the system uncovering the critical data about the state and problems of the world. No one can renounce the results of the scientific progress, eventhough many of its consequences put grave difficulties and dilemmas especially before the less developed parts of the humanity. Part of the undesirable consequences of the growth of science and technology is due to the markedly uneven distribution of their goods and can be controlled and modified by political means in the international community. It is essential therefore to distinguish between primary and secondary effects of the globalisation, between objective and subjective aspects of its flow, between inescapable and facultative directions of the development.

ČOVJEKOV POVRATAK U BUDUĆNOST

Author(s): Željko Škuljević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

U RALJAMA NEOBUZDANE GLOBALIZACIJE

Author(s): Ivan Supek / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

In this essay the author provides an overview of the evolution of industrialization and of scientific and technological progress, which together have led to globalization as we see it today. The underlying factor is the development of capitalism, which now dominates by means of multi-national companies, financial capital and the global free market. In the maw of unrestrained globalization, under-developed and transition countries (such as Croatia, for example) are reduced to a colonial position. Neo-liberalism is the ideology that is used to justify unrestrained globalization as the new order, lacking social justice and independent of the United Nations, the body that should govern international relations. For this reason the consistent application of the Charter of the United Nations and the protection of human rights must be advocated.

SOPSTVO SVIJETA

Author(s): Ugo Vlaisavljević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

The way of thinking of the world that could be the name most proper to Nancy’s philosophy sees the metaphysical heritage in a different light from even those thinkers who are closest to him. The metaphysical becomes the hallmark of a way of thought that sets another world in opposition to this one, seeing this one as devoid of meaning and the other world as the true world, the meaning and/or the creator of this world. Metaphysics invariably occupies, or is inclined to occupy, the standpoint of cosmotheoros: of an observer who reflects on this world as if external to it. The acknowledgement of the Christian heritage at key points in Heidegger’s interpretation (of the world) serves Nancy as a reliable indicator of the shortcomings of his “critique of metaphysics.” Heidegger’s early concessions to what he himself defined as modern metaphysical subjectivity are none other than approaches to assuming the Christian heritage. In becoming the hallmark of what is most metaphysical in metaphysics, of what eludes even the most persistent attempts to “transcend” it, Christianity cannot be regarded as a mere obstacle to thinking that embarks on such endeavours but, rather, as its moving force or principal inspiration. Christianity becomes enigmatic the moment it becomes involved in the enigma of the world, or indeed equated with it, thanks to the venture of globalization. It is the current globalization of the world that the critique of metaphysics recognizes as an attempt to de-Christianize the world. It is as though every Alterity of Christianity is disappearing in western culture – which is becoming the global culture in the wake of globalization; as though the centuries’ long process of deconstruction of Christianity invariably results in its reconstruction.

JUGOISTOČNA EVROPA

Author(s): Nerzuk Ćurak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

In his quest for ever more highly-developed futurological studies based on solid scientific, professional, geopolitical and geophilosophical analyses, the author considers why the principal factors of power in the modern world, even now after the wars in the Western Balkans have been brought to an end, are still studying and observing the most unstable part of the Old World. What prompts old and new geostrategical players to seek the policies best equipped to anticipate future trends in the first decade of the twenty-first century and, in line with their own interests, to find solutions for the post-conflict region of South-Eastern Europe? The very affirmation of this geographical entity at the semantic and political level is a clear attempt on the part of the global western political structure to construct a new regional identity that, with its insufficiently thought-through and narrowly conceived positivist approach, will ostensibly transcend the historical confines of the geopolitical notion of the Balkans. This leads to the conclusion that, for reasons best known to themselves, various national and supra-national states and post-state structures are interested in the region and that the very “subject of geopolitical lust” once again regards itself in a wholly impotent, politically slipshod, fatalistic manner, revelling in the role of geopolitical object. These reasons prompted the author to study the methods, goals and techniques of interpolation and intervention by Europe and the United States of America in the Western Balkans and thus, by using the categorical apparatus of various interlocking sciences, to offer an authentic local (regional) perspective, a local academic interest in the world we live in; a world that, largely without reference to us, is generated for us by unilateral and multilateral power centres. The author is, nonetheless, of the view that the key players on this small “(ir)relevant” chessboard known as South-Eastern Europe must be the countries of the region itself, with interest-based and symbolic commitment to the “inner circle” of countries, among which Slovenia occupies an important place. However, for South-Eastern Europe to start to work as “geography in movement” and as a fixed geopolitical monad, what is needed is a geopolitical sea-change grounded in deconstruction, as the “finally discovered form” of the establishment of geopolitics as a geopolitics of peace.

NAD STRANICAMA PRIJEVODA KUR’ANA ESADA DURAKOVIĆA

Author(s): Marina Katnić-Bakaršić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

GLOBALIZACIJA I GLOBALNA ETIKA

Author(s): Arif Tanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03/2004

The author proposes the hypothesis that the immanent natural and historical laws of the human race lead it to aspire simultaneously to unification and the preservation of differences. It is along these lines that both creative and destructive processes, both peace and war, both good and evil occur. The world in which we live is very different from what it was in times past. Epochal changes rest on a foundation of the scientific mind, scientific advances and their application to technology. The phenomenon of growing globalization is plain to see in every significant area: production, the market, politics and culture. Globalization appears to be inevitable, but none of its trajectories or forms can be justified if they are not guided by the humane goals of well being. Unbridled globalization, led primarily by the interests of profit, political power and state domination, is a threat to world peace, liberty and democracy. Humanists highlight the principles of an ethics of responsibility for everyone, everywhere.

Cît de relativă este cunoaşterea istorică?

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Platon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 131-132/2005

Neagu Djuvara, Există istorie adevărată?. Despre „relativitatea generală” a istoriei. Eseu de epistemologie, Bucureşti, Humanitas, 2004.

Rezistenţa la cultură

Author(s): Vitalie Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 131-132/2005

Discursurile promit, reforma decide

Author(s): Traian Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 131-132/2005