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L’étude compare les idéologies autour du français et du roumain, dès lors que ceux-ci deviennent langues nationales et sont investis d’une valeur symbolique. À partir de l’analyse des discours esthétiques, scolaires, législatifs et scientifiques concernant la langue nationale, l’article sépare les contenus des idéologies – essentiellement le purisme prospectif et rétrospectif et le « génie » de la langue – des politiques linguistiques que ces contenus ont pu marquer, et identifie les nombreux points communs entre la situation du français et celle du roumain.
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In the modern doctrine of law are presented several views that refer to the legal personality of the EU. Some researchers consider that the future of the EU is dominated by some supranational tendencies represented by the deeper supranational integration of member-states within the Union and the diminishing of the importance of member-states governments in comparation with the actual situation. Other researchers note the tendency to increase the role of member-states in determining European policy in the most important areas. This scientists note the increase of intergovernmental tendencies in the EU. This article is a study dedicated to determining the legal personality of the EU as an international organization. This research paper highlights the trends that are present in the current construction of the EU. In this context, we have outlined the following objectives: to identify the legal nature of the EU; to determine the essence of supranationalism as a type of multinational political union; to analyse the concept of classical cooperation in the international organizations; to examine the difference and common aspects of this theories; to determine the areas in which the EU has exclusive competence, shared competence with member states, support competence as well as some domains in which the EU coordinates the policy with the state-members. As a result of the research, we aimed to determine the supranational aspects and those of classical cooperation in this international organization. This research paper focuses on the relation between the supranational and intergovernmental tendencies in the actual construction of the EU by analyzing some development trends that would domain in the future development of this organization.
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The interregnum following the death of Louis the Hungarian (1382–1384) saw an unprecedented rise in political life, which was also manifested in forms of parliamentary activity. The author compiles the proto-parliamentary activity of the time, mainly congresses and meetings of various kinds. Based on the sources, it is possible to identify more than twenty such episodes over a period of two years, which creates an extremely dynamic picture of this type of activity during the interregnum. The author analyses the typical features of the assemblies at that time, focusing, among others, on their grass-roots character, as well as the initiators of parliamentary life, its social aspect, as well as the place where the gatherings were held, the problems of representation and possible changes in the political system.
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Moldova’s parliamentary election on 11 July 2021 resulted in a landslide victory for the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) that was founded by now President Maia Sandu. The election was the final breakthrough for Moldova’s reform actors who now control the presidency,the executive branch, and parliament. The article presents the election results and then explains the political circumstance in order to understand what happened in Moldova. It then goes on to discuss whether or not the promises of fundamental reform are likely to be fulfilled. For this, it considers PAS’ and Sandu’s track-record, the hurdles they had to overcome so far, compares these to past “reformist” actors, and finally outlines obstacles which might impede even well-intentioned measures of reform. It seems that despite all uncertainties that persist, the new government might be the best chance the country has ever had to turn things for the better in its three decades of independence.
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Civil society in Hungary went through different stages in the past two decades. In recent years a public debate about foreign funding and influence on NGOs emerged. In 2021, this debate resulted in the collapse of a large funding opportunity by the European Free Trade Association for civil society organizations in Hungary. Further legislation such as the “Stop Soros” regulation in 2018 were adopted which ban foreign organizations from Hungary and criminalize their work. In addition, billboard campaigns and media reports harm NGOs’ reputation. In Hungary there is a divide between so-called national and international non-governmental organizations, which has its roots in the defeat of the Fidesz party in the general elections in 2002. Back then, Orbán encouraged his companions to form new movements to bring Fidesz back to office. Subsequently, the so-called “civic circles”emerged. Narratives such as the nation, enemies, religion, and family moved to the centre of attention and determined government policy after Fidesz returned to power in 2010.
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Přáním každého autora je najít recenzenta, který je vnímavý k záměru tvůrce a erudovaný v příslušné problematice. V tomto případě i velmi ostrá výměna názorů je potěšením pro autora a obohacením pro obor. Tuto možnost naplnila recenze Ondřeje Slačálka (2021), abych užil jeho oblíbeného slova, „jen částečně“. Více vzájemného respektu umožňujícího vstřícnější přístup k diskusi by neuškodilo. Spoluautoři monografi e (Rataj – Dlouhý – Háka 2020) se rozhodli na recenzi nereagovat s tím, že odpovědí pověřili mě jako autora projektu. Následující řádky budou proto vyjadřovat především mé stanovisko.
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This paper contains a book review: Kissinger, Henry – Lord, Winston: Kissinger podle Kissingera: úvahy o diplomacii, strategickém výhledu a umění vést Brno: Books & Pipes, 2021. 239 s. ISBN 978-80-7485-210-7
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This article offers a reinterpretation of Herman Melville’s famous short story “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street”, which has been interpreter countless times. Jerzy Franczak describes the operations of “Bartleby’s factory” and polemically refers to all the readings that attribute a subversive and community-forming potential to the idiosyncratic formula of resistance repeated by the protagonist. The trope of the wall is central to Franczak’s line of interpretation. He understands it as the protagonist’s projection of external necessities: unchanging rules that govern the social world. By supplementing Marxist approaches (especially that of Leo Marx) with concepts taken from Jacques Ranciere’s writings, Franczak is able to develop a perspective which weakens the deterministic vision of an individual oppressed by the socioeconomic destiny. In Franczak’s interpretation, Bartleby is a victim of his own fatalism, while the lawyer-narrator, commonly portrayed as an embodiment of the system of power, is a political entity whose project of building a shared platform for understanding and acting falls through.
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The book review: Bartosz Kuźniarz. 2020. Król Liczb. Szkice z metafizyki kapitalizmu. Warszawa: Fundacja Augusta Hrabiego Cieszkowskiego.
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Author’s response to the polemical review of the book Król liczb. Szkice z metafizyki kapitalizmu, by prof. Andrzej Leder and published in this issue of Praktyka Teoretyczna, 189–196.
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I intercepted the personality of the philosopher and sociologist Petre Andrei during my student years, by printing, under the auspices of the Romanian Academy, under the coordination of Mircea Mâciu, Petre Andrei. Sociological Works, 1983, but, especially through documents, texts, writings of Petre Andrei, which, in a thoughtful order, before '89, uncle Pichi, son Petru P. Andrei presented to us for study and research. This is how the Petre Andrei project began, to which the son of the scientist, the historian Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu and other colleagues attracted us under his coordination.Initially, this project aimed at editing and re-editing "without corsets" the communist censorship of the life and work of Petre Andrei, the activity carried out in intellectual circles and circles, in political, governmental, parliamentary activity.This is how I initiated the Petre Andrei series, The Man and the Opera, in which I edited his Omnia opera, in different editions, bilingual, Romanian, and English.Subsequently, in 1991, I founded the Petre Andrei Academic Foundation, within which the UPA was established, Petru Andrei being the President and, respectively, their Founding Rector.In 1991 Petre Andrei has received post-mortem member of the Romanian Academy, and in 2001 the same high academic forum awarded Professor Petru Andrei and me the IoanPetrovici Prize, for the editorial activity submitted in promoting the work of the scientist.
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Review of Petre Andrei, Sociologia revoluției. Studii de sociologie politică, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 1998
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Review of Lavinia Betea, Ceaușescu și epoca sa, Editura Corint, București, 2021
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Celem opracowania jest przegląd źródeł w obszarze zjawiska znikania zawodów. Sformułowano hipotezę wyjściową, zgodnie z którą przyczyną wypierania zawodów są nowe technologie oraz zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji. Wykazanie tej tezy czyni zasadnym sformułowanie hipotezy o możliwości identyfikacji konsekwencji i zagrożeń zjawiska ginących zawodów na polskim rynku pracy. Zastosowano metodę krytycznej analizy literatury, której wnioski pozwoliły na wykazanie obu hipotez.
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The challenges of the contemporary world impose new economic logic and visions, such as the growing need for circular business models, instead of linear ones, which promote the concept of services instead of resources. The world is changing dynamically, but it seems that the national states’ models for resolving crises are relatively outdated. Nowadays, nation states control their economies relatively symbolically. They are dependent on global agreements, transnational capital, foreign investors, etc. The implementation of active policy in times of crisis implies an emphasis on the control, provision and management of strategic resources by the countries, modelling the main global processes. The article discusses specific forms and methods of global rivalry.
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The progressive development of societies and economies is marked increasingly by the growing role of digital knowledge and information technologies. With the creation of a global information space, the digitization of society and the wider use of internet technologies through traditional and electronic media, the development of e-Government is becoming increasingly popular and functional. Nowadays, the organization of public administration on the basis of electronic means of processing, transmitting and disseminating information, providing services to public authorities, businesses and citizens electronically, the information interaction of public authorities and society using information telecommunications technologies, and ensuring free access for citizens to the relevant state information, are the main components of a comprehensive transformation of governance into the e-government format.
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The paper seeks to develop and explain the concept of small state foreign policy specialization, using the example of the Republic of Latvia and its engagement with the Central Asian countries. Latvia’s foreign policy development for the past few years demonstrates an increasing self-assertiveness of the small Baltic state. Since leaving the Soviet Union, Latvia has been seeking to consolidate its position in the Western community of countries, demonstrating that it is a trustworthy partner. Most recent developments in Latvia’s foreign policy demonstrate the country’s willingness to share the responsibilities within the international system, support its EU and NATO partners, as well as advance its own diplomatic goals. The analysis demonstrates that the European Union is interested in economic, security and political collaboration with the five Central Asian countries, and Latvia has natural advantages in its expertise, know-how and historical positioning towards the region. Unlike larger EU member states, Latvia can be viewed as more understandable and an equal partner in bilateral relations. Latvia has chosen its engagement and support for the Central Asian countries at the EU level because of both a fair solidarity and the efficient use of the limited financial and diplomatic resources that the small country has in its arsenal.
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