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CANABISUL PE PIAȚA DE DROGURI A UNIUNII EUROPENE PÂNĂ ÎN ANUL 2020

Author(s): Gabriel Călin NISTOR,Sergiu Adrian Vasile / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Cannabis is the main drug market in the European Union and an important source of income for organized crime groups. Young people start using from a very young age, it estimates that one in seven young people between the ages of 15 and 34 has used cannabis in the last year. Europe is a major producer of cannabis, it is estimated that more than 20000 cannabis plots are discovered every year. The cannabis market is becoming more and more complex, although still the main products are marijuana and cannabis resin, cannabis oils with a high level of THC, synthetic cannabinoids, or other low-thc products are starting to appear on the market sold in different forms. In this article we will analyze the consequences of the drug markets (consequences for society, the environment, etc.), the factors that lead to the development of these markets, such as the globalization and the development of the technology, after which we will present the cannabis market in Europe, with the following subdivisions: production of marijuana and cannabis resin within and outside EU states, trafficking of marijuana and cannabis resin within and outside EU states, the situation of cannabis in Romania, to conclude with a series of conclusions regarding this market and measures for European states.

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PIAȚA INTERNAȚIONALĂ A COCAINEI

Author(s): Gabriel Călin NISTOR,Sergiu Adrian Vasile / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Organized crime groups are in full expansion and development, with ever-increasing revenues obtained from illicit activities. Drug trafficking represents an important source for these groups, constituting a permanent threat to the security of states. In smaller or larger proportions, each state is faced with this problem born from drug consumption and trafficking. The period 2010-2020 was a flourishing decade for the cocaine market, setting new records in terms of production, and a permanent increase in consumption among the population (the global area of coca leaf cultivation – 234,000 cultivated hectares, 1982 tons of cocaine pure produced – up by 11% compared to the previous year, 1424 tons of different purity confiscated by the authorities – up by 4.5%, the total number of consumers – 21 million.). The western and central European area represents the second market after North America (in Europe the cocaine market is the second largest after the cannabis market, only at the level of the European Union, in 2021 the number of consumers aged between 15 and 64 was 3.5 million (young consumers between the ages of 15 and 35 – 2.2 million), and the number of people who have consumed cocaine at least once in their life amounts to 14.4 million.). In the next article we will take a look at the global cocaine market; we will analyze the main producing countries: Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, we will also analyze the main traffic routes and methods, the key moments of the last years of the market, the European cocaine market and we will conclude with a series of conclusions.

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BUSOLA STRATEGICĂ – NOUL INSTRUMENT COMUN DE SECURITATE EUROPEANĂ

Author(s): Gabriel Pereş / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The European Strategic Compass is a comprehensive approach developed by the European Union (EU) to guide the development and implementation of its defense and security policies. The Project was launched in 2020 as part of the EU efforts to enhance its military and civilian capabilities in order to face current and future security challenges. The Strategic Compass is designed to provide a strategic direction for the EU defense and security policies, taking into account the changing security environment, technological developments, and the need for collective action. It covers a wide range of issues, including military operations, crisis management, counterterrorism, cyber security, defense industry, and research and development. Europe is preparing to have a guided strategy that assesses risks and finds useful and timely solutions in such a way that the degree of security remains at high standards.

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Provocări în gestionarea migrației– Pactul UE privind migrația și azilul

Author(s): Bianca-Ioana Petcu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Migration has been a feature of human existence for centuries. People have always migrated in groups or individually to seek freedom, to escape poverty, to find new economic opportunities, to flee religious intolerance or political repression and this process is impacting both countries of origin and countries of destination. The issue of migration is complex. Through a well-managed system, migration can contribute to growth, innovation and social dynamism. Both the safety of people seeking international protection or seeking a better life must be taken into account, as well as the concerns of destination countries who fear that migration pressures will exceed their capacities. Following the Refugee Crisis of 2015-2016 and the different way in which Member States were impacted, it was identified the need to build a system to manage and normalize migration in the long term and which is fully based on European values and the international law. In this sense, the steps for the action of the Pact on Migration and Asylum have been initiated, which specifies that no Member State should assume a disproportionate responsibility and that all Member States should constantly contribute to solidarity, aiming a solid and balanced management of migration flows that are looking for a better life on the territory of the European Union. This new common framework will set out the principles and structures needed for an integrated approach over the migration and asylum policy, in order to ensures a fair share of responsibility and effective management of mixed arrivals: both persons in need of international protection and persons that do not need such protection.

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IMPACTUL PROFILULUI ETNIC DISCRIMINATORIU ÎN ACTIVITATEA POLIȚIEI

Author(s): Ciprian Eugeniu Constantin,Beatrice-Geanina Romanescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The creation of this profile will be considered discriminatory when the police will exercise its autority upon people, having principal reason or exclusively the race, the ethnicity or the religion of the persons concerned. The creation of ethnic profiles present a number of limits and, even if they can be considered an efficient instrument of crime's detection, in the short term, the profiles are predictable and avoidable. In police activity specific measure is applied, which diminishes or even eliminate the risk of creating a discriminatory ethnic profile. These measures will be adopted in both organizational and operational terms.

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Oszustwa związane z VAT z udziałem platform cyfrowych

Author(s): Jan Sarnowski,Paweł Selera / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to outline the specifics of VAT taxation in the e-commerce sector and to present the legislative measures implemented by both Poland and the EU in order to reduce the tax gap in this area. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the recent changes in the field of EU and national law aimed at counteracting VAT fraud in the area of new distributions channels of goods and services. The authors present new legal solutions, especially those addressed to online platforms, and examine their impact on the e-commerce market. The effectiveness of legal solutions is illustrated by data and statistics provided by the National Revenue Administration. Findings: Statistical data prove the effectiveness of the adopted legislative changes. Not with standing above the EU Commission’s new legislative proposals are presented and aimed at more effective transparence and compliance in this sector.

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Privire de ansamblu asupra monitorizării progresului dezvoltării durabile

Author(s): Simona-Rodica Şoldan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

From the emergence of the concept of sustainable development to the present day, this model of development has been a global policy with economic, social and environmental implications, of major importance for our common good. Achieving sustainable development goals requires a holistic, long-term approach. The realization of the sustainable development vision and the monitoring of progress are based on indicators of achievement that need to be linked to specific actions over a time horizon. Identifying the right indicators and interpreting them is crucial. This paper provides an overview of the challenge of measuring indicators for monitoring progress on sustainable development and is a starting point for future in-depth analysis of the indicators associated with the 17 SDGs and the criteria for their selection.

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Съвременната инфлация и новата концепция за икономическа сигурност

Author(s): Tatiana Hubenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the specifics of modern inflation in the context of the paradigm shift for economic growth. The characteristics of modern inflation after the pandemic crisis and its factor conditioning in the conditions of revival of economic activity, increased aggregate demand and increase in international commodity market prices in connection with market segmentation and difficulties in global value chains are formulated. The analysis reveals the essence and characteristics of modern inflation as a multifactorial phenomenon that determines the choice of policies and the difficulties in achieving synergy between them. The typology of the types of inflation is substantiated, and their specifics are considered sequentially. There is a focus on green inflation and wage gap inflation, the rise of which is debated as to the effect on inflation. Conclusions are systematized about the relationship between modern inflation and economic security as a factor determining the sustainability of inflation, and problems and perspectives in the European context are outlined.

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Сравнителен анализ на публичните разходи за предучилищно и начално училищно образование в страните от Европейския съюз

Author(s): Velichka Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Investing in education by the government can be seen as a key factor in the prosperity of both the individual and society as a whole. In this regard, in the process of gaining knowledge, it is essential to lay the foundations, which is achieved through education in the early childhood. To this end, the present report focuses on public expenditure on pre-primary and primary education which has been compared across the European Union member states.

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Парична политика в страните от ЕС – генератор на инфлация и/или растеж?

Author(s): Milena Kovachevich / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Over the past almost two decades, expansionary monetary policy has been increasingly used both during and after the onset of crises of various natures. Although, according to the theory, in the long term the use of monetary policy instruments does not lead to stimulating the economy and increasing growth, the countries in the EU, and more specifically in the Euro area, have systematically implemented a growth-stimulating monetary policy after 2008. Through the prism of cointegration analysis, the study reveals whether there is a long-run relationship between economic growth and money supply and/or whether such a relationship exists between money supply and inflation.

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Устойчиво финансиране чрез "зелени" облигации: фактори за успех, ползи и предизвикателства

Author(s): Katerina Vojcheska-Nikodinoska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Sustainable finance as a key area continues to gain momentum as governments and corporate issuers pay increasing attention to environmental, social and governance factors, and investors, regulators and other stakeholders encourage more robust ESG practices. Interest in sustainable finance accelerated in 2020, with the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting the need for funds to help economies, businesses and people recover in a responsible way that addresses environmental and social challenges. The report is structured in three parts: a literature review exploring the success factors, benefits and challenges of issuing green bonds as identified by researchers in different countries; then we use the methodological potential of the analyzed area to formulate expert research; and we summarize the results of the study and suggestions for its further development. The results show that the issuer’s reputation, good credit rating and environmental, social and governance performance are key considerations for the success of issuing green bonds. The main benefits of green bonds are that they carry low investment risk with the ability to raise large investment amounts while providing quantifiable visible benefits. While the challenges related to the issuance of green bonds include greenwashing, the questionable role of the green bond market in environmental protection, and insufficient financial and economic benefits of issuance.

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Public Investment in the Field of Higher Education in Bulgaria. Optimization of the Financial Policies Concerning the Education System in the Country

Author(s): Darina Neycheva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Education is believed to be the most important factor for achieving sustainable economic development, which underlines the significance of market mechanisms fundamental for financing higher education. The subsidy of the higher education in state universities in Bulgaria is provided as a compensation given by the society in advance for the future benefits expected by the students. However, the current model of financing has resulted in a surplus of specialists in some areas and shortage of such in others. It is also crucial to consider the inefficiency arising from the fact the majority of people who benefit from the subsidies, and who after graduation decide to leave the country, or to work something completely different from the field of the specialty acquired. There are, of course, some measures taken by the state, as well as other approaches yet to be considered. For instance, optimization of subsidization models, as well as involving the business deeper in the higher education system, which will attract more funds, career opportunities, orientation towards the needs of the job market, and it will also guarantee practicality. Withal, the tuition fees and financial policies should be optimized to foster our economic growth, our social progress and competitiveness, as well.

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Жизненият стандарт като критерий за провеждането на успешна икономическа политика в България

Author(s): Yana Stoencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Thе present report has a goal to reveal the territorial differences in the living standards of the population in the districts of the country. To achieve this goal, various indicators are used that reflect the material well-being of the population. The results of the study show that the country has a sustainable economic policy leading to an increase in living standards.

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"Сребърната икономика" в Европа и ролята на социалните иновации за подобряване качеството на живот на потребителите на социални услуги

Author(s): Tanya Vazova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The growing trend of an aging population in Europe highlights the challenges, innovations and new policies needed to improve the lives of older people. The development and use of the available labour potential of all people of working age is an important task to address demographic challenges. We need to prepare and adapt to reality by accepting people over 60+, and sometimes over 50+, as a resource important to society, not a burden. In the conditions of the modern changes two tendencies in relation to the aging population stand out: the opportunity to be useful both for themselves and for society in the new realities, taking into account their activity and "common sense"; the development of the "silver economy", which includes all economic activities related to production, health, social, educational and other services designed to meet the needs and improve the quality of life of older people. The impact of population aging is presented in this report; the concept of the "silver economy" is considered, including a wide range of activities that meet the needs of older people as consumers and presents good innovative practices developed and implemented in some EU member states.

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Релевантни аспекти на методологията по вътрешен одит в публичния сектор

Author(s): Slavcho Zlatkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article is devoted to the specifics of internal audit in the public sector and the application of the current methodology, approved by the Minister of Finance. The main challenges in the routine work of internal auditors, directly related to the application of the internal audit methodology in the public sector, are briefly summarized. The need for the development and application of a specific methodology for internal audit is substantiated, while a sample procedure for performing an audit engagement of public enterprises in which the head of a public sector organization exercises the rights of the state over shares or stocks is presented.

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Iran’s Policy in the Caspian-Black Sea Region

Author(s): Zafar Najafov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article explains the essence of Iran’s policy in the Caspian-Black Sea region. In the context of the geopolitical structure of this huge region, the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s foreign policy are examined, the factors threatening its national security and adequate steps against them are characterized. Especially after the Second Karabakh War, Iran’s relations with Azerbaijan and Armenia are subject to deep analysis.

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НАТО и геополитическият възел в Черноморския регион

Author(s): Kalin Karakolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents the results of the analysis of conceptual approaches and ways to achieve dominance in the Black Sea space and establish a sustainable security environment between NATO and Russia. It examines the directions underlying the development of the Western and Eastern model concepts from the years of the Cold War to Russia‘s invasion of Ukraine. An assessment of the geostrategic orientation and geopolitics of the member and partner countries of NATO in the Black Sea Basin is also presented, drawing conclusions regarding the interconnections and interdependencies between them and the peculiarities of the factors shaping the security environment in the region.

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Как руските енергийни ресурси станаха токсични за Европейския съюз – причини и последици

Author(s): Plamen Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article explains why Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has made Russian energy resources toxic to the European Union in terms of security, geopolitics and morale. EU sanctions against coal, oil and oil products from Russia and their outcome are discussed. It is explained why the collapse of gas supplies from "Gazprom" to the EU countries has happened at the initiative of the Kremlin, and not because of sanctions. The consequences of the energy "disconnection" between the EU and Russia have been traced – both on the energy markets in Europe and on the revenues in the Russian state budget. It was concluded that the pushing of Russian oil and gas out of the EU markets is an irreversible process with long-term consequences.

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Новото световно безредие

Author(s): Lyubomir Kyuchukov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The erosion of the post-war world order does not necessarily lead to the establishment of a new one, it rather creates a new world disorder. The existing order is based on international institutions (first and foremost – the UN system) and international law, but no such new ones are set up. However, the war in Ukraine will have a long-term negative effect on world’s developments: whenever and however it takes an end, provided that it does not evolve into a global conflict, we will have to face a deeply divided, confronted and militarised world, dominated by policies, based on the position of force and a fight over spheres of influence, with no mutual confidence and no prospect for political dialogue.

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Tourism Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Bulgaria and the Neighbouring Countries

Author(s): Petya Ivanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main aim of this paper is to analyze some key indicators determining the degree of tourism sustainability. It studies tourism sustainability indicators in Bulgaria compared with its neighbouring countries and uses an established methodological apparatus for studying tourism sustainability, developed by the World Economic Forum. The research places emphasis on an analysis of the balance in the triple bottom line of economic-environmental-social goals determining sustainability. The research methodology includes theoretical-methodological analysis, comparative analysis, empirical analysis, systemic approach. Based on the analysis carried out, the strengths of the offered tourist product in Bulgaria are highlighted, as well as the weaknesses regarding sustainability, which need improvement measures.

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