Egy magyar származású francia diplomata életpályája
Tóth Ferenc: Egy magyar származású francia diplomata életpályája. François de Tott báró (1733–1793) Budapest, MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet,2015, 313p.
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Tóth Ferenc: Egy magyar származású francia diplomata életpályája. François de Tott báró (1733–1793) Budapest, MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet,2015, 313p.
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This study is based on Byzantine, Nordic and Latin sources of 11th and 12th century. The study deals with basic structural questions of Nordic mercenaries who served in Byzantine army during reign of Comnenian Dynasty. First part of study is reconstruction of the presence level of respective Scandinavian ethnic and regional groups in Comnenian army. Second part of study is reconstruction of career and life of several individual mercenaries, known by name in sources. Third part of study is attempt to identify Nordic social classes which took mercenary service in Comnenian Byzantium. Anglosaxon mercenaries are also considered in this study, due to their important role in Nordic mercenary regiment in this period.
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In this article, attempt is made to cover several questions related to mercenary armies in Serbia during the reign of King Stephen Uroš II Milutin (1282–1321): origins of the mercenaries, the events in which they took part, their organization, expenses and finally causes of their frequent and numerous presence. The basic and the most visible trait of these mercenary armies is their heterogeneity. Sources speak of the three ethnically distinct groups of mercenaries: those from surrounding lands, Orientals and Westerners. Bulgarian and Greek mercenaries were used in the campaign against Byzantium in 1284 and in later events during Serb-Byzantine war. They also participated in the struggle for the throne between Milutin’s sons Constantine and Stephen in 1321–1322. The Orientals (Turkopoles, Cumans, Alans and Tatars) are mentioned in sources during the civil war between Milutin and Dragutin in 1310–1311, in which they provided crucial help for Milutin’s side, as well as in several subsequent episodes. Western mercenaries were also present in Serbia at the time, but evidences are scanty; the only confirmed example is the case of Francesco de Salomone оf Treviso, who was knighted by Milutin in 1304. The most important of all these groups in military context were the Orientals. Two thousand Cumans who served as king’s bodyguards and 1.500 Turkopols under the leadership of Constantine Malik were the most numerous mercenary contingents, not only during the reign of Milutin, but in Nemanjić state in general. Hiring of the mercenaries was the task given only to the most confidential people; even Milutin’s designated successor Constantine was directly involved. Hiring was expensive and frequently it put the state in great financial straits. Since funds of the state treasury were not sufficient to cover the costs of the mercenary armies, extraordinarily financial measures were taken. In 1310, Orientals were partly equipped and financed from the treasury of Hilandar monastery, while in 1320, in order to secure funds for hiring Greek mercenaries, special financial contribution was requested from authorities of Republic of Ragusa, Numerous and frequent presence of mercenary armies in Serbia at the end of Thirteenth and at the beginning of the Fourteenth century may be linked to internal difficulties and precarious position of the ruler himself. Therefore, due to the unreliability of domestic army who was recruited from the ranks of frequently unfaithful aristocracy, employment of the mercenaries was the need and the necessity. The way in which Stephen Uroš II Milutin used foreign soldiers is an important indicator of the means and ends of the state policies. It is also a vivid testimony of his statesmanlike abilities and qualities.
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The data from the reports of the Partisan units that took part in the battles against the Četnik forces in May 1945 indicate about 6000 dead, wounded and captured members of the Četnik movement. In addition, some other data from lower military levels reveal actual numbers of those who perished, were captured or wounded. The reports are convincing evidence of ferocity of confrontation in the battles that were still going on in Yugoslavia. The question as to whether the victors could have been restrained may be raised. However, this Yugoslav case is not an exception since the similar events were taking place all over Europe in 1945. Still, it is striking that the Partisan reports often put together the total numbers of the dead and captured members of the Četnik movement, and that captives were shot dead, although this may have not been a general rule. It is also obvious that the role that a specific unit played in crushing the main force under Draža Mihailović’s command was highlighted in the reports, which indicates the motives prevailing among the Partisan units and the revolutionary zeal after the victory and international recognition. The data from the reports of the Partisan units that took part in destroying the Četnik movement in the area between the Drina and the Sutjeska rivers in May 1945 are presented in this paper. Although the presented facts confirm the destruction of the Četnik main forces, they cannot be taken as final figures of the dead and captured among the members of the movement of Draža Mihailović. The data we are presenting in order that the number of victims should not be minimized or exaggerated, are, of course, just another brick in the wall built in pursuit of historical judgment that will bring us closer to the truth about these and other events in the World War II.
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This article discusses four sources of information about the battles fought around Vranje in January 1878, as well as social and demographic conditions created in the first years after liberation and annexation of the area to the Principality of Serbia. All these sources are characterized by literariness and some of them by controversy, as well. They were written and published shortly after the events they narrate. They were written in the picturesque language of undoubted literary values but also the values that help us to learn about the past. Those sources are the war diary of Professor Andre S. Knićanin, polemical response to the diary by Major Radomir Putnik, topographic and geographic and ethnographic records written by lieutenant colonel Radovan Miletić and a „Gothic“ story by Professor Ilija Vukićević.
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U. S. intelligence service OSS (Office of Strategic Services) joined the events in Yugoslavia only two years after the occupation. At the beginning, OSS had problems in its intention to extend the work to the territory of Yugoslavia. Therefore, the author firstly points to the action of major allied missions in Yugoslavia, and then focus on their activities in Slovenia. In Slovenia, the Anglo-American military missions were operating in the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Slovenia, with the Corps Headquarters and Headquarters of operational zones. OSS missions played an important role, because through them the United States and other Western allies received important information on military power and deployment of the Axis powers, status of resistance, weather conditions and political situation in Slovenia and other parts of Yugoslavia. Through communication, which OSS missions maintained together with British missions, the Western allies delivered a lot of material and strategic support to the partisan movement in Slovenia. The first American OSS missions, „Amazon“ and „Alum“, arrived in Slovenia on November 26, 1943. The first mission unfortunately landed in the Domobran garrison and managed to escape to the Slovenian partisans. A day later, the mission „Alum“ came to the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Slovenia, joined by the members of the „Amazon“ mission. In addition to these missions, some other U. S. missions, „Arizona“ and „Arrow” and two Anglo-American missions, „Cuckold“ and „Flotsam“, which were mixed OSS/SOE missions, also operated in Slovenia. In addition to these missions, it is necessary to point out the U. S. missions for infiltration in Austria, whose main task was the organization of the Austrian resistance against Nazism. The main task of the mission „Alum“ was monitoring and reporting on the situation on the railway lines Maribor – Ljubljana – Trieste and Maribor – Zagreb – Belgrade. The commanders of „Alum“, Vučinić and Desić, wrote in the most positive way about the Partisan movement in Slovenia, with the difference that Desić was much more critical than Vučinić, especially at the end of the war, when he left the partisan units.
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Prikaz/The review of: Балкански ратови, Фото-запис Самсона Чернова, прир. М. Перишић, М. Милићевић, Б. Богдановић, Београд, 2010, стр, 61+490
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О Великом рату 1914–1918, који се водио на простору Србије и бројним другим фронтовима изван ње, писало се годинама и деценијама у назад. И поред тога још увек се наилази на многа необјављена документа или на остављена сећања која сведоче о ратовању и свакодневном животу српске војске из времена Првог светског рата. Да би смо изнели аутентичне белешке о том периоду, осврнућемо се укратко на организацију српске војске за одбрану од Аустроугарске монархије неколико година пре почетка ратних сукоба, пошто је од почетка XX века за то постојало много несумњивих индиција. [...]
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Међународна конференција „Първата световна война и събитията на добруджанския фронт“, Тутракан (Бугарска), 8–9 септембар 2011. године / International conference ”First World War and Actions on Dobruja Front”, Tutrakan (Bulgaria) 8 -9 September 2011
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Међународни научни скуп „Први светски рат и балкански чвор“, Београд, 6–7. децембар 2011. године / International conference „First World War and its Balkan Knot“, Belgrade, 6–7. December 2011
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Sreten Vukosavljević, a prominent scientist, the founder of sociology of village in Yugoslavia, university professor, fighter against fascism and activist for building a democratic Yugoslavia, early in his career as a teacher, especially after his return from Timočka Krajina to a primary school in Nova Varoš in 1904, proved himself as a true champion of national liberation of his people from the centurieslong Ottoman rule. In April 1912 he became a member of the organization Unification or Death, and soon its leader in Stara Raška. In his struggle he was not reluctant to apply the most radical measures. In spring 1912 he formed a Komita company and took command of it. He crossed the River Lim with that company on 13th September to pursue a Turkish company across Kamena Gora. He got wounded in that battle, but after a short treatment at Ivanjica hospital, he rejoined the fighting. The First Balkan War had already officially begun and he demonstrated remarkable military skills, intelligence and courage in the war. His action during the seizure of Priboj belongs almost to the domain of fantasy.
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Prikaz/The review of: Теодор Савов Срдановић: Партизански дневник Теја Косорића, Београд, 2012, 239 стр. /Приредили и постхумно објавили Владислава Срдановић и Иван Срдановић/
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Prikaz/The review of: Први светски рат и Балкан 90 година касније, Институт за стратегијска истраживања, Одељење за војну историју, 2011, 292
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The strategic importance of Yugoslavia as a state which occupied the central position on the Danube and borders almost 600 kilometers of the river flow, with both banks in the largest part of that flow, as well as its dominant position on the Danube in terms of number of vessels, made it an inevitable target of the powerful armed forces of the Third Reich. Its ambition to transform the Danube into the inner Reich River and a kind of „backbone“ of the German „living space“ created the need to master the Yugoslav part of the Danube and the Yugoslav fleet. For exactly three and a half years, German flag fluttered in many Yugoslav ports on the Danube, and the Yugoslav boats cruised along the Danube for the needs of German war economy. The collapse of the German armed forces in Europe found the Yugoslav boats across the Danube, from the Black Sea to Regensburg. Then the struggle of the new Yugoslav government for their return began. Most of these vessels came in the Soviet and American hands, so the negotiations with those two powers that won the war became intense in order to put the vessels on the Danube, which „means life“ for Yugoslavia, as the President of the Provisional National Assembly Dr Ivan Ribar put it, into operation for the purpose of renovation and reconstruction of the wartorn country. Alliance with the Soviet Union has led to return of the boats that were in its hands mostly without major difficulties, but the issue of return of the boats that were located in the American occupation zone of Austria and Germany was far more complex and depended on the relations between the United States and Yugoslavia, and even more on the EastWest relations. Complexity of interbloc confrontation fully reflected the issue of return of Yugoslav vessels, which was open for two years.
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First Serbian Volunteer Division, part of 47th Russian Corps, in conjunction with the Romanian Army, has participated in combat operations in Dobrudja against joint armed forces of Germany and Bulgaria from the end of August to early November 1916. On the basis of the firstrate sources it was revealed that the volunteer Division consisted of 19 012 men, and the losses (killed, wounded, missing) were 10 254 (killed 748, wounded 8 300, missing 1206).
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In the Austro-Hungarian Empire Sombor was the centre of the Bačka Bodrog County or the centre of administration, economy and culture of a broader region, whose greater part presently occupies the territory of Western Bačka. The town housed a significant number of Serbian intellectuals gathered around civil publication print and Preparatory School – the Teacher Training School that had already cherished the tradition for more than a century. Bearing this in mind, Hungarian authorities were trying to prevent any form of national emancipation by the means of rigid political and military measures during the war. The last war months were characterized by ebullitions within the corpus of the Serbs and Bunjevci whose motive was deliberation from the power of the Monarchy and unity with the Kingdom of Serbia. In the beginning of November 1918, the National Assembly of the Serbs and Bunjevci was founded. The Assembly welcomed the Serbian army and by their support took over the civil administration over the former county. By doing so they prevented the occurrence of dual rule which could produce national and political complications. Among other citizens of Sombor who deserved credit for this project, Jovan Joca Lalošević and Antun Bošnjak were the most meritorious. Delegated representatives of the town of Sombor gave significant support in the work and organization of the Great Peoples Assembly, which aimed at uniting Vojvodina (Banat, Bačka and Baranja) with the Kingdom of Serbia. Lalošević was heavily engaged in composing of the Assembly resolution that promoted the broadest democratic principles and national differences in order to present the foundation of the new state in the light of a responsible project which would not repeat negative discriminative experience of the multinational AustroHungarian Monarchy. Joca Lalošević was the president of the National Government which carried out the complete Vojvodina administration takeover. The significance of Sombor and its men of national push and go could be seen in the fact that the King Aleksandar Karađorđević paid a visit to the town in order to express his gratitude to Sombor citizens and the role they played in the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
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Међународна конференција „Балкански ратови 1912/1913: нова виђења и тумачења“, Београд, 24–25. Октобар 2012. / International Conference: “The Balkan Wars 1912/1913: New Perspectives and Interpretations“, Belgrade, 24 – 25 October 2012
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Garrison command facility in Užice was built since 1851 to 1859 As some events and lack of funds were often interrupting works. The building contains ground and first floor and is designed according to principles of European architecture of the 19th century. Volume is in the form of regular square with two lateral risalits. The facade is divided horizontally with multilevel and eaves wreath. Vertical division comes out of using angular pilasters. The facade is in equable rhythm window axes – per three on risalits and five on central facade field. The building had a significant role in functioning of town during Ottoman occupation. After the deliberation, it became the center of the square formed in front of the building.
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German occupation regime in Serbia in WWII appointed Captain Hans Weitzer to act as commander of south Serbian town of Prokuplje. His duty was to control work of occupation apparatus of Bulgarian military and police authorities of local Serbian quisling regime led by General Milan Nedić. Weitzer represented supreme authority and he could order or prevent enforcement of any represive measure aimed at local population. He could also order certain persons or groups to be arested. He executed his authorities opposite to his collegues elsewhere in occupied Serbia. He actually tried in every possible way to protect local population from Bulgarian as well quisling represion. After withdrawl of German occupation forces from Serbia he remained to live in Prokuplje for one year as free person. After return to his hometown Vienna he was assassined under misterious circumstances.
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The Austrian victories in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) sparked interest throughout Europe for the regions conquered from the Ottoman Empire. This was manifested in numerous books, brochures and proclamations, that sought to introduce readers to the history and geography of the Danube area, Pannonia and Balkans. This article aims to examine the anonymous soldier’s diary from the campaign of 1688, which ended with capturing of Belgrade, one of the most important fortresses of the Ottoman Empire. This manuscript has until now been unpublished and unknown in Serbian historiography. The diary is partly motivated by the author’s desire to convey image of the areas in which he fought and to preserve its description for the „new generations“. Therefore, this manuscript isn’t only a classical diary; it has features of travelogue or itinerary. The author’s personality remains unknown to us. We can only deduce that he was inhabitant of Franconia, and that he spent two years in the service of count Heinrich Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, before he joined ranks of the army. The author devotes only sporadic attention to purely military matters, but nevertheless the information regarding discipline, marching tempo and customs prevalent in the late 17th century Austrian army can be gauged. However, the manuscript informs us more generously of the living and dietary habits of the local population; furthermore it is an eyewitness testimony of the diversity of vegetation and crops in the Danube and Belgrade area.
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