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This article deals with aspects of the history of social welfare in the European rural countryside, a topic which has received little attention by historians. It explores child and early youth care, as well as elderly care strategies and practices in Austrian peasant societies during the first decades of the twentieth century, pointing out that official as well as public interest in social welfare prioritized children and early youth over old age, and urban areas over rural ones. The paper argues that in the regions under examination child- and elderly care systems operated “beyond the welfare state” system, as the title goes, while also existing parallel to its early manifestations, and sometimes (as far as laws are concerned) in a relationship with it. Foster care was the primary mechanism for taking care of out-of-wedlock children, who constituted valuable labor force for peasant households. Provision of food and shelter to the elderly (usually former rural servants), by rotating peasant households, remained a fundamental mechanism for taking care of the aged poor well into the twentieth century. In contrast to the welfare provided by the mature twentieth century welfare state, these forms of social welfare were largely associated with social discrimination and feelings of shame, during a period of apparent transition to a new era of social welfare.
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This article deals with the possibilities and limits of rooting foster care in interwar Yugoslavia, which was primarily presented through a local project in Savska Banov-ina and reflected in a health film produced by the School of Public Health. The vicissi-tudes of foster care in Yugoslavia are set in the global and Balkan contexts, and in relation to interstate settings for child protection and its initial institutionalization as a strategy for legitimizing the new supra-national institutions of social work and post-1918 nations. The public representation of foster care to the international community and wider audiences in Yugoslavia is explored by examining the reports of Mica Trbo-jević, one of the main proponents of foster care, prepared for the First Balkan Con-gress on Child Protection (1936), and the film Spas male Zorice (1931 by Mladen Širola). Discursive practices aimed at promoting foster care are discussed in compari-son to mainstream visions of families, children and rural communities, disseminated among Yugoslav and international experts.
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This article explores the enduring influence of eugenic ideas on British psychiatry and social policy in the aftermath of the Second World War, with a specific focus on the establishment of children reception centres. It provides a detailed case study of the Caldecott Community in Kent, and its involvement in the creation of an experimental reception centre, alongside members of the British Eugenics Society, notably the psy-chiatrists Hilda Lewis and Carlos Blacker. It demonstrates how these psychiatrists attempted to forge a link between childhood behavioural development and adult neu-roses based upon environmental influences, such as adverse home conditions, coupled with assumptions about the hereditary susceptibility of behaviours and abilities linked to the causes of poverty. It explores how eugenic ideas influenced the categorisation of ‘problem families’ during the experiment, the collection of family and social back-ground history on the children sent to the reception centre, and how hereditarian ideas influenced the eventual separation of children from their parents. The article demonstrates how eugenics, via a pathologisation of childhood and family life, was able to integrate into the policy debates on child welfare within early post-war Brit-ain.
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In the Bulgarian context of child healthcare and socialist health policy, this study focuses on the Children’s Sanatorium in Momin Prohod, which was dedicated to the rehabilitation of children with long-term disabilities resulting from poliomyelitis epi-demics. Established in the early 1950s, it was the only specialized healthcare facility of its kind in Bulgaria, combining both therapeutic-rehabilitative and educational work. The sanatorium gained international recognition and even treated patients from abroad, including from countries on the other side of the ‘Iron Curtain’. Institutional-ly-focused in nature, this research is situated within the dominant medical model of the time. Chronologically, it spans the 1950s and 1960s, and is based on official doc-uments from state archives.
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Caring for children in need is a global issue and cause. Every country seeks effective models to implement and adapt in its social environment. An example of such an effort in Bulgaria is the creation and implementation of Family Children's Homes. This was a social experiment aimed at placing children in need within a family environment. The first of these homes was established in 1987 in Pernik, followed by additional homes in Sofia and Pleven. Inspired by foreign practices, the experiment began with the preparation and placement of children in "Family Children's Homes". Before in-troducing this alternative to institutional care in Bulgaria, the traditions of family orphanages in Czechoslovakia and Poland were studied. The concept of the experi-ment is closely resembling modern social service and protective measures such as fos-ter care. The paper examines the emergence of family orphanages in the twentieth century as an alternative form of institutional care. It focuses on the experiment’s development, set against the background of the general concept and organization of institutional care in Bulgaria. The research is grounded in fieldwork in the city of Pernik and the diary book "Hungry for Love" by Tsvetana Doneva, the director of the "First Family Children's Home" in Bulgaria.
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: The scientific communication presents the results of a study of the collection of pistols and revolvers from the National Museum of History of Moldova, numbering about forty specimens of firearms of historical, technical and artistic significance. We propose to pay attention to the historical value of these weapons, presenting their description and evolution from pistols with the wheel lock mechanism to the flint lock and cap lock mechanism or percussion lock system. The article is a continuation of a series of publications on firearms from the previous issues of Tiragetia journal. The Western and Eastern samples of weapons examined here entered the museum collection as a result of donations and purchases, or were transferred from other institutions. The chronological framework of the collection covers the period from the Middle Ages (16th century) to the outbreak of World War II. Designers-gunsmiths are indicated separately or by country, some terminological aspects are specified regarding the etymology of the words “pistol” and “revolver”. The scientifically systematized material presented in the article can be useful for specialists, historians and museologists, and at the same time will be interesting and informative for a wide range of readers.
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Neophyte Rilski is one of the brightest personalities that Bansko gave to Bulgaria. His work occupies a significant place in the history of Bulgarian education. His educational activity is related to an important stage in the development of the new Bulgarian culture – the movement for a new Bulgarian school, literature, and language. Recognition for the great work of Neophyte Rilski and the enormous services to the Fatherland, the people and the church, for school education and education was given by the entire Bulgarian cultural community in connection with the celebration of his 230th anniversary. The report draws attention to publications about Neophyte Rilski by his contemporaries, biographers, historians, educators, philologists, ethnologists, ethnographers, writers, poets. A number of interesting facts have been preserved in folk memory, published in ethnographic collections and publications of local legends from Bansko.
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This article analyzes the perception of time in monastic culture and in the context of an Orthodox parish. It decides that the measure of the perception of time in Orthodox monastic culture is the divine eternity; the measure of parish perception of time is the rhythmicity of earthly human life.
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The researcher compares the two works by Simeon of Thessaloniki with their shorter versions, which appeared in the Balkans “Ἑρμηνεία περὶ τοῦ θείου ναοῦ” (“Explanatio de divino templo”) the former on the basis of its 15th-century Southern Slavonic epitome, entitled Протлⷦь луⷮргїи, и црк҃ви, и чи́нꙋ сщ҃енⸯничьскомꙋ (according to the copy in the RGADA 88 manuscript 16th century, and the latter “Περὶ τῆς ἱερᾶς λειτουργίας” (“De sacra liturgia”) on the basis of its partial Church Slavonic translation according to the hagiography of Spiridon of Gabrovo of the early 19th century (No. 1322 at the National Library St. Cyril and Methodius). These texts are compared as regards the interpretation given in them of holy time in the Eucharistic service. The information about every single item in the liturgy in the sources compared is presented with a view to its external (ritual) aspect and its inner meaning (symbolism). As a result, the Southern Slavonic reception of the Greek mystagogic knowledge of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance is reflected in the overall context of the liturgical exegesis of one of the most distinguished late Byzantine mystagogues, seen in his individual intellectual development.
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The text examines the results of a study on the audiences of the museum in Rousse, Bulgaria. The research helps to understand their attitudes and reactions during their actual stay in a museum environment. The information collected will be used to shape the repertoire policies of the cultural institute and to establish lasting relationships with visitors. During the museum events in 2023, the attitude of the museum audiences to the proposed initiatives was observed – exhibitions, concerts, public lectures and presentations, scientific forums, events with free entry, nights at the museum. Surveys were used to gather user opinion. They aim to define the approaches to interacting with audiences and the activities to be planned in the future to best meet people’s expectations. The current research was undertaken to identify changes in the postcovid situation and to derive workable models to benefit the museum in its future event planning activities. To a large extent, the proposed conclusions are valid for most of the Bulgarian museums, as well as the proposed work models, which include the participation of audiences in the activities of the museums.
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Throughout its existence, the church in the capital’s Knyazhevo district has been a focal point for the people living there. Witness to events, it remains a guardian of history through military memorials built during the Third Bulgarian Kingdom, although not all artifacts have survived. Thus, the memorial of those fallen in the Balkan Wars compels us to search for what’s lost before it’s irrevocably forgotten.
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The report presents a Thracian ceramic altar of natural healing power, unique in its form. An initial description of the shape and dimensions of the altar is given. A restoration methodology is proposed. Analogous scenes have been found in ancient stone votive tablets and in wall paintings dedicated to healing deities. It is recommended to prepare and implement a project for the restoration and appropriate museum display of the Thracian healing altar in the History museum in the city of Belovo.
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The town Bargala is located in the Eastern part of R. N. Macedonia, about 17 km from Štip, in the foothills of the mountain Plackovica. It is in the area of the village Goren Kozjak, on the right bank of the Kozjacka River.With the excavations in Tower 7, between 2009–2011, we increase knowledge about the economic aspects of the sector Episcopium. Inside the tower, was discovered a workshop and a furnace for glass production. Workshop’s dimensions are 12.6 x 6.3 meters, with several rooms. The built furnace, is positioned inside Tower 7, is 3,90 m long and 3,20 m wide. The furnace was based on top of a layer of fractured architectural ceramics. In a vertical section, the glass furnace can be divided in two parts. The lower part served as a furnus. The upper section has a circular base with 1,25 m diameter, gradually decreasing towards the top. In the southern part, near the surface of ceramic slabs, in a layer of loose soil and ash were discovered 5 ceramic pipes with various dimensions (7–14 cm). Next to the southwestern wall, two metal blowing tubes were discovered, one preserved to 0,40 m, and the other 0,23 m. For the furnace and the glass workshop are indications that it had a regional significance, supplying the regional population with glass products and half-products. The workshop probably existed during the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century AD. Confirmations of dating are the discovered coins, spanning from Justinian I (527–565) to Mauritius Tiberius (582–602).
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The archeological site ,,Mal Kayasi“ is located in the area of the village Bansko. It is a Late Antique fortification that was also operational during the Middle Ages. The fortress is located on one of the protruding hills on Mount Belasica, about 0,7 km southwest of the Roman Thermal spa. Some authors, here locates the Termica fortress (Θερμιτζα), which is mentioned in the chronicles of John Skylitzes, as one of the most important fortresses used by Tsar Samuel in the Strumica area. The first archaeological excavations were conducted during 2017, and then during 2019. A small part of the northwestern side of the acropolis was uncovered, where the late Antique fortress is located, as well as a single-nave church, which is located about 70 meters south of the fortress. According to the primary knowledge, this sacral building was built in the 12th–13th century and existed, probably until the Ottoman conquests of this area. It is built of slabs of stone, and lime mortar is used as a binder. The church was covered with frescoes. Two layers of frescoes have been found. A small single-nave church was built for the spiritual needs of the crew in the medieval fortress, or it was part of a small monastery complex.
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The text examines the camps in Bulgaria during World War II when the country was an ally of Nazi Germany. The main focus is on two of those places – „Gonda Voda“ and „Saint Nikola“ near Asenovgrad. Many communist activists and other oppositionists were interned there. The conditions in those places weren’t as harsh as concentration camps in Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union for example. All those places were closed after 09.09.1944 – the communist coup in Bulgaria. The subject isn’t very well researched in Bulgarian historiography. The study is based not only on archive documents about those places but on writings of historians like Vera Mutafchieva, Angel Krastev and etc. Interviews with people who were in those camps done in 2012 are very important for the text.
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The main aim of the present paper is to clarify the nature and specifics of the formation of refugee settlements in Bulgaria in the period 1913-1925, both in the form of independent settlements and as smaller settlement configurations. The study traces the development of state, normatively grounded, theoretical formulations related to the structure and organization of refugee settlements. The analysis of the available source material makes it possible to draw conclusions about the development of the government's ideas on this issue and the increase in detail in the pre-planning, over time, in relation to its resolution.
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The Macedonian National Honor Act is an extraordinary piece of legislation that operated on the territory of today‘s Republic of North Macedonia in the first half of 1945. Its anti-Bulgarian orientation often became the occasion for discussions that were more intense in the Republic of Bulgaria. For an adequate assessment of this law and the consequences of its implementation, it is necessary to make a complex analysis – of the historical context and of its legal structure.
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