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Sviatoslav Igorevitch and his involvement in the affairs on the Lower Danube has generated much interest among academic researchers. Among many issues, scholars analyse the motivation which led the ruler of Kiev to explore the Danube region, the position of the Russian prince on Bulgarian land and the effects of his actions connected with the fiasco of the Dorostolon war campaigns.Sviatoslav Igorevitch and his involvement in the affairs on the Lower Danube has generated much interest among academic researchers. Among many issues, scholars analyse the motivation which led the ruler of Kiev to explore the Danube region, the position of the Russian prince on Bulgarian land and the effects of his actions connected with the fiasco of the Dorostolon war campaigns. An important area of the above-mentioned research is the campaign of 971, unanimously considered victorious for John Tzimisces. However, the truce conditions mentioned in the resources do not show Sviatoslav as an entirely defeated person, but rather as a commander who was forced by circumstances to negotiate the end of a war conflict.
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In 2017, we celebrated the 800th anniversary of the first historical mention referring to the city of Piotrkow – listing the name in a document for the Cistercian monastery from nearby Sulejów. The article analyzes all the oldest historical records referring to Piotrkow and attempted to answer the question when it was possible to find the location of Piotrków on German law. In addition, an analysis was made of the king Władysław Jagiełło from 1404, in which he renewed the location privilege after the great fire that destroyed Piotrkow. This privilege allowed the reconstruction of the city.
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The paper focuses on the problems involved in the organization of Polish-Lithuanian conventions and parliamentary assemblies between 1496 and 1569, concerning the matters of the union and its borders. The problems were related to both logistic and political issues.
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The subject of the publication is the inventory of Piotrkow Castle of 1869 compiled by Leon Rzeczniowski. The document is an important resource on the history of one of the most precious historic monuments of 16th century Polish architecture. Soon after the inventory was completed, the castle was thoroughly rebuilt in compliance with the orders of the Russian authorities.
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From the beginnings of the functioning of organized societies, the broadly understood production and trade were developed. Thanks to caravans wandering on the numerous trails, craftsmen sold their products and the merchants supplied the goods ordered. Merchants were also a carrier of information, which was then disseminated from monarchy mansions, and in urban markets ending. The evidence of merchants’ organizations activities are the archival materials, which are collected and preserved in state archives. Among many extremely interesting documents kept in the resources of the State Archive in Piotrków Trybunalski, there is an archival fund of Merchants Guild of the years [1487] 1532-1917, which collects sources related to trade. It is precisely Piotrków, for a very good geographical location, for several hundred years, was an important administrative and judicial center of the First Republic. All of this had an undoubted influence on the development of crafts and trade in Piotrków. This material is intended to provide an overview of the content of this archival fund as well as the presentation of these interesting documents. They are extremely interesting research material, but unfortunately rarely used.
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The purpose of the paper is to familiarize the reader with the archives related to the foreign policy effected by Russia in the years 1907-1914. The content is based on a selection of materials available from Archiw Wnieszniej Politiki Rossijskoj Impierii (Archives of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire) and Gosudarstwienny Archiw Rossijskoj Fiederacji (State Archives of the Russian Federation) based in Moscow. The materials allow us to get insight into activities undertaken by Russian diplomacy at the time, as well as to assess how these activities were perceived by some of the political parties in those years. They also enable us to establish how the foreign policy of the Russian state was perceived by foreign diplomats.
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The application of the land reform of 1864, which brought about the apportionment of 42,218 hectares to 14,594 inhabitants, reduced the ownership of the landed gentry who still possessed between 50 and 5,000 ha, without resolving the lack of land and tools with most of the inhabitants of the Romanian villages. As a result of the faulty application of this reform, the world of Romanian village experienced new uprisings which culminated in the Revolt of 1907.
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In our endeavour, we have tried to shed a new light on the history of commerce from Drăgăşani, accentuating the activity of “the foreign entrepreneurs”, who functioned in the locality. The information gathered until the present moment, indicates the living within the community, besides the Romanians of majority, of some families of Jews, Italians, Serbians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Germans, not very numerous, but well-organised, who enjoyed financial stability, and who became renowned as a significant presence in the economic dynamic of the locality. The reconstruction of the most important moments was realised owing to the documents kept in the archives, and few written confessions, and we have the firm conviction that the lists that we have drawn-up can be made complete in the future, with relevant names and facts, in certain periods of time.
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Doiran region was inhabited by settlers as well as with the natives between the two world wars. The settlers were Serbs coming from poor passive regions of the new state. Serbian settlers lived in the four settlements inhabited exclusively by Serb population. They had established said settlements and they also lived in another three settlements jointly with the natives. The settlers were Serbs coming from poor passive regions: Herzegovina, Bosnia, Lika, kordun, Dalmatia, Montenegro and Slavonia.They had left their hometowns to find a place with better living and surviving conditions. Most settlers had been warriors in the liberation wars led to free Serbian countries, commencing with Balkan wars to the completion of the Great War for Serbia. Many of the settlers were Serbs who applied, at the invitiation of Serbian government, to be volunteers in America and they participated as well in the Macedonian front, fought against Bulgarians and Germans, participated in the front breakthrough and persecuted their enemies as far as to Austria, Hungary and Italy. Numerous Serbs, Austro-Hungarian soldiers massively surrendered to Russians, organized themselves into voluntary missions, warred in Dobruja against Bulgarians and afterwards over Siberia, the ocean, the Suez canal and the Mediterranean sea reached the Macedonian front, participated in the front breakthrough and in the chase of their enemies. It turned out the settlers were good hosts, they adopted modern methods on how to cultivate land and they also helped the natives to improve land cultivation by using modern equipment and adequate methods related to land cultivation. Macedonian village Nikolić is placed between Dorian Lake and mountain Belasica. None of the inhabitants of this village know show the village acquired its name, which is quite far away from Serbia. I spoke to many Macedonians coming from all parts of Macedonia, but no one knew the exact answer. The name of the village was Nikolić even during the reign of Ottoman Empire. I asked some acquaintances, Serbs and the natives to endeavour to find out from some officials since when the village has carried this name. I hope this endeavour will be fruitful. The war that commenced in April 1941 buried all the hopes settlers had previously had. The war lasted briefly; Bulgarians came as occupants and persecuted Serbs back to Serbia. By expelling Serbs from South Serbia, Bulgarians provoked the rising in 1941. All Serbs coming from South Serbia were disembarked from trains in the town of Leskovac. The Commissariat for Refugees sent them to Jablanica promptly. There, they were accepted with open arms by partisan leaders, who were providing for them accommodation in the villages and were recruiting them into partisan squads. Those refugees from South Serbia were the ones responsible for having Jablanica free during the war. Destiny of houses that had once belonged to settlers before their persecution to Serbia is also worth mentioning. All the empty houses previously belonging to the settlers were battered down. In the village of Dušanovac, which had 49 new houses belonging to Serbs at the beginning of war, it cannot be by any means concluded that there was once a settlement inhabited by people. Wilderness, dense underbrush and blackberries occupy the area where once was the rural settlement. There are not any traces to countryside houses having been built from solid material, largely from stone. Not a trace to the church, not one stone, even though we know well that churches are built from massive and good-quality material, brick and stone. What was so powerful to reduce the whole village to rubble leaving no trace at all of a once existing settlement with around 50 new houses? Hamlet Raskrsnica, at the very border with Greece, was also destroyed.
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Reportaż E. Mołostwowej ze wsi Dołgaja Polana (powiat tietiuski, gubernia kazańska), „Pomoszcz” nr 3 z 29 sierpnia 1921.
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Dziennik Janiny z Fuldów Konarskiej (1880-1948) został udostępniony Ośrodkowi KARTA wraz ze spuścizną Teresy z Bzowskich Konarskiej (zob. str. 22-23), która całość przepisała z rękopisu, a także opatrzyła zdjęciami. Janina i Wanda Bzowska (z domu Poklewska-Koziełł), matka Teresy, były blisko zaprzyjaźnione — stąd późniejszy stały kontakt tych rodów ziemiańskich, żyjących w granicach zaboru rosyjskiego.
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Ilja Boksztejn nie miał nic wspólnego ani z grupą izmajłowską, ani z jakimikolwiek terrorystami. Uwięziono go za Słowo — odważne i bezkompromisowe, znacznie wyprzedzające swój czas. Po blisko 35-letniej przerwie spotkałam Ilję w Jafie, arabskiej dzielnicy Tel Awiwu. Jeden rzut oka na jego mieszkanie upewnił mnie, że nie pomyliłam adresu... Trudno to było nazwać mieszkaniem, raczej — składem książek, celą albo norą. Poza książkami we wszelkich językach nie ma tam niczego. Proza, poezja, albumy z dziedziny architektury, katalogi chyba wszystkich muzeów świata... Ale i książki wiodą tu żywot iście spartański: na podłodze, na parapecie, w otwartej na oścież lodówce, zajęły też jedyny fotel w domu, usuwając zeń gospodarza (tylko dokąd?). Zapewne czasem spadają mu na głowę, ale ten, kto pochłonięty jest dążeniem ku Boskiej Harmonii, porządek ziemski ma za nic, a ciosów Ilja się nie lęka.
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This article is an excerpt of biographical research carried out among elderly people living in rural areas of Beskid Sądecki. The research addressed the memory of the war and post-war times. The memory of this period is an important component of the respondents’ lives, through which their experience, both personal and collective, is constituted.
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The article provides an account of the history of a family of noble background (bearing the Mogiła coat-of-arms), who had lived in Soviet Latvia for a number of generations. The family was put to test on numerous occasions by various governments. In the Soviet times its members, despite the risk of being considered “enemies of the nation”, kept their personal documents, family photograph albums, letters from Siberia and documents concerning their personal assets. It is the Soviet period that the most painful memories are connected with. The grandparents were considered “kulaks”. The family su´ered from imprisonment, exile to Siberia and continuous persecution, enforced collectivization and abolition of private economy. Like other national minorities and Latvians themselves, Poles living in Latvia experienced the process of russification and sovietization. Âe parents made every e´ort to adapt to the realities of contemporary life. Because they adhered to their Catholic faith, their Polish culture, their native language and parental love they retained their national identity and the sense of connection with their homeland, in which they lived. In 1991, after Latvian independence was proclaimed, the Stankiewicz family – as Poles living in Latvia for generations – did not find it difficult to adapt to the new situation and receive citizenship.
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