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The article considers the practices of tolerance and coexistence of different religious and ethnic communities of Vilnius in the 17th century. In early modern period Vilnius had a very heterogeneous population: Lutherans, Calvinists, Catholics, Uniates, Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The author raises the question how a relatively peaceful coexistence of diverse religious communities was maintained in the era of conflicts and wars. Through the analysis of certain social practices (marriage, settlement, baptism, etc.), and comparison with other European cities (the German imperial cities, Lviv), the author maps the place of Vilnius on the scale of tolerance of European cities of early modern era.
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Albert Krantz was a clergyman from Lubeck, a German humanist and author of several works on the history of the peoples of “Germaniae magnae” - in his opinion, an existing ethnoterritorial community of Germans and Slavs. The object of the study is his work Wandalia. Wandalia is permeated by the spirit of pre-Reformation German humanism and displays the classic for the late Middle Ages idea of the “own” antiquity. The author thinks that consideration of Russian subjects of Vandalia is particularly important, because this work was published even before the “Notes on Muscovy” of Sigismund von Herberstein and to this day remains almost unknown within the Russian-speaking readership.
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The article presents a gender analysis of Belarusian textbooks on history of Belarus. The study shows that modern Belarusian textbooks continue to reproduce the traditional view on history as mostly male/public and on the position of women in society. The official textbooks do not include the contribution of women to the development of society. They represent mainly the military, economic, and political history, ignoring the history of everyday life, which leads to the exclusion of women's contribution from the picture of the past. Their activity is perceived as personal, family, private, and therefore insignificant. Textbooks represent the world where men are more active than women. Men more often have power and access to all resources. The number of male personalities is much higher than that of female.
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The author tries to study the scantily explored phenomenon of Belarusian religious-patriotic movement as well as the history of its organ - “Bielarus” newspaper. In particular, the author tries to determine preconditions for emergence of the edition; he reviews language policy of the Roman-Catholic Church in Belarus and the history of development of the religious- patriotic movement. The author examines some aspects of history and structure of the newspaper, including the biographies of its creators, and analyses newspaper audience on the basis of readers' letters. He also analyses reaction to the emergence of “Bielarus” newspaper on the pages of other Viînia editions.
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Celem artykułu jest analiza narracji historycznej w kategoriach idealizacyjnej teorii nauki. Autor rekonstruuje dotychczasowe koncepcje narracji historycznej, formułowane w ramach idealizacyjnego podejścia do nauki oraz przedstawia własne rozwinięcie idealizacyjnej koncepcji narracji historycznej o wymiar perswazyjny i aksjologiczny.
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History education, which has an important place in throwing solid bridges from the past to the future, helps us first to understand what an individual is or is not. Individuals, then societies, will suffer if they are not taught and liked by the generations of the technology, equipped with the virtual world and forgetting about themselves. Knowing the history of their ancestors and knowing how they struggle for the sake of their homeland will understand the importance of values that the child has. Children’s books dissolve the knowledge they want to give to children in the world of fiction, shape them by being faithful to them and transform them into works of art by feeding them with aesthetic elements. The child learns uncomfortably on this. Children’s books on history are also important at this point. A Dream prepared for children how do the books in the Ottoman series tell about Osmanlı? Are these books boring or teaching the child at a level and funny style? Within the scope of the research, a Dream written by Doğan Yıldız and published by Model Çocuk Publications Ten books in Bir Rüya Bir Osmanlı series were searched for the answers to the above questions, the results were found, and suggestions were made in the direction of the obtained results.
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The civil revolt started in 25 January 2011 in Egypt and continued 3 weeks caused to resignation of the president Husnu Mubarak in 11 February. Soon after, the candidate of Muslim Brothers Mohammad Morsi won officially the presidential elections that done in 23-24 May in 2012, but one year later he was overthrown by military in 03 July in 2013. The similar coup attempt against the President-elected was in Turkey in 15 July 2016, but unlike in Egypt could not succeeded in Turkey. In this article we will examine the articles and news in European and Middle Eastern newspapers and web sites that compared the both military coups in Egypt and Turkey in order to uncover the orient of community’s superior mind in that countries against the concept of military coups and to bring the light over those countries’ democratic attitude. By presenting Middle East and West countries’ comparison the aim is to contribute and serve to the target and expectations of Turkish foreign and national policy.
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This study was carried out in order to determine the phases that the profession of midwifery, which is as old as the history of mankind, had passed through throughout the history; its role in social life and the focus and effects of the profession of midwifery leading to the development of (YUT-IVF), which is a new area of modern medicine. This study was conducted by examining documents from the Ottoman Archive and other related sources and by using the data obtained from the interviews and correspondences done with uncertified midwives in the past and interviews made with certified and uncertified midwives of today. It was determined that midwifery, which is one of the most important actors of traditional- ancient medicine, has evolved from the uncertified midwife to the certified midwife. Additionally, it was determined that the historical role, which the midwives took in the diagnosis and the treatment of infertility; has been reflected on the IVF studies of today. In our study, by highlighting two examples of midwives, who are uncertified / certified midwife Nefise (1842) and the midwife Adalet (2018), and by using documents from the Ottoman Archives, we determined the problems, changes and differentiations that the profession of midwifery faced within a period of 176 years. Besides, while determining the contributions and advices of Ottoman midwives in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility, within the frame of traditional- ancient methods of medicine, we also found that this accumulation of knowledge constituted the background for the professional historical development of embryologists in the modern Turkish medical community.
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Manisa Plain is the agricultural heartland of Manisa and Saruhanlı District occupies a large part of the Plain. In its history, Saruhanlı has not been an intense urban settlement. The earliest records of Saruhanlı as a village are no earlier than the 17th century. Saruhanlı and other small surrounding settlements has grown rapidly in terms of population towards the late 18th century. Agricultural production gained momentum with the arrival of Karaosmanoğulları and this had a huge influence on this growth. The increase of the non-Muslim population in the region also corresponds to this period. In the second half of the 19th century, Muslim refugees who were partly Caucasian, mainly with Balkan origin were re-settled in the plains. This settlement in the region has increased the number of settlements, has grown some old villages and turned some of the farms into villages. Between 1919-1922 the region was exposed to the invasion of the Greek army. After the occupation came to en end, the region began to change in terms of the structure of the population. Rums has left the region with the Greek army. Immigrants from the Turkish-Greek Public Exchange were settled here in the early years of the Republic. Until recently, immigrants from the Balkans were settled in the region. Saruhanlı in 1959 has been converted into a district of Manisa. Recently came into force with the Metropolitan Law, villages were attributed with a district status. Villages connected to Saruhanlı have also turned into the quarters of the district. Today there are 8 centeral quarters and 42 peripheral quarters of Saruhan district. Each of these 42 quarters, which used to be the old villages of the district, now have the quality of a small town. Saruhanlı is one of the smallest districts of Manisa today. But it has an utmost agricultural importance for both Manisa and Turkey.
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Manisa has become demographically homogeneous in the duration following the Turkish conquest. However, we have seen that Greek, Armenian and Jewish population are also concentrated in the region besides Turks in the following centuries. Within this scope, Manisa was one of the settlements in this area where the Greek population in Anatolia was settled intensively especially in the late 19th century. This population, which was very poor when they came to Manisa and its villages, has firstly lived on by working in large agricultural fields in the region. In the following years, they have started to increase their wealth and have begun to purchase the fields where they have worked for paid employment in time. Thus, Manisa has become a very attractive place for the Greek immigrants. It is known that this Greek population, which has grown in terms of population and has become stronger economically, is very active in the field of education. By 19th century, they have founded schools and have continued their intellectual development not only in the center of Manisa but also in the nearby villages where the Greek population was located. Our study provides information on population and education in Manisa and its nearby villages depending on a source from this period.
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In the years of establishment of the republic a population census that allows to evaluate aspects of qualifications and quantity of community living in Anatolia, detailed records and data were not available. Ensuring the foundation of the nation-state for the newly established Republic of Turkey, determining the population in Anatolia through modern methods and population census in order to use the country's economic resources efficiently was very important. Therefore, Statistics Department was established in 1926 to designate qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the population of Turkey and determine the values related to population. The first general population census was carried out on October 28, 1927, after the census law was enacted on 2 June 1926. This census population includes social and economic data such as the marital status of the population, literacy status, disabilities and economic activities and this increases the importance of the 1927 General Population Census. The fact that the first population census realized by the Republican administration was carried out in accordance with the standards of the Western countries, is also important. In this study, the issues of the population of Aksaray province according to the results of 1927 General Population Census were evaluated. In the research, it was aimed to reveal the social, cultural and economic characteristics of the province of Aksaray in 1927, such as the male-female, literate, religious structure, used native language and profession of the population. About the research topic Prime Ministry Statistics General Directorate 1927 Public Census and various analytical texts published on population were examined and the demographic characteristics of Aksaray province were tried to be detailed within the information obtained.
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Social politics of Principality and Kingdom of Serbia was not organized on a state level, as there was no ministry nor even a department which would systematically tackle any social issues. The care for the poor, the sick and the abandoned was reduced to single acts of mercy, however the municipalities were obliged to take care of abandoned children. The founding of the Maternity Society on the 4th December 1904 marked a beginning of organized care for young, abandoned children. The purpose of this society was to establish a hygienic home for infants and children up to the age of 7 where they could bring up those deprived of parental care. The participation of almost all of Belgrade’s women doctors – dr Draga Ljočić, dr Marija Zibold, dr Ljubica Gođevac, dr Marija Vučetić, dr Marija Savić, provided necessary healthcare to these children. With the significant engagement of Maternity Society’s members and collection of financial resources, they managed to establish the first Home for Foundlings in 1905/06 and maintain it for many years with great help from state authorities. The purpose-built Home for Infants, populated in 1925, was well equipped and fulfilled the hygienic and medical regulations. In the beginning, the medical staff consisted of volunteer doctors with constant help from trained Society’s members, although later it also included permanently employed doctors and nurses. The Home turned into a modern, functional institution where they brought many foreign state, diplomatic and professional delegations in order to present this form of social help in the best light. Other significant aspects of the Maternity Society were raising social awareness on women’s position in Serbian society. Breaking social stereotypes, they bravely fought for changing certain acts of the Civil law. Special attention was given to the most neglected social groups – the poor and single mothers, cast out from their families and the entire society. Society’s members helped them in hardest times – after they’ve given birth, often hiring them in the Home as wet nurses or helping them find jobs and accommodation. Although the work of these societies was limited to Belgrade territory, by taking care of abandoned and cast out children, their members did the greatest act of kindness – saving innocent lives.
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The author makes an attempt to trace the dialectics of violence in the context of the so-called War on Terror. The text starts with a critical analysis of the “Clash of Civilizations” idea in order to draw a more complex image of the historical and political tendencies that determine the conditions of the contemporary problems in the area called the Middle East. Critical insight into the Western media narrative portraying the “War on Terror” as a direct reaction to the violence originating in Islam suggests a need to focus on the idea of the clash between the civilized and barbaric world. The opposition between civilization and barbarism is not only inscribed in the dominant narratives on the War on Terror but is also one of the main historical narratives applied by the West to its relation with the non-West.
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This microhistorical case-study of the role of the Antifascist Front of Women of Yugoslavia in popularising New Year celebrations in the Serbian municipality of Čačak aims to examine the internalisation of the communist discourse through ritual practices serving to infiltrate the private life of the local community and to expand the Party’s support basis. In the first post-war years, the new authorities not only tolerated, but tacitly approved and aided celebrations of Christian holidays. Yet this policy changed radically in 1948, when local mass organisations were instructed to replace winter holidays with New Year festivities, based on the Soviet model. These events bore an observably ideologised character, since New Year’s Day was not only supposed to mark the calendar year’s end, but also to symbolise the new beginning as a ubiquitous simulacrum for a new socialist society. The primary agents of this novel collective identity practice were women, champions of the socialist emancipation project, whereas the main channel for dissemination were children, which embedded this measure within the farsighted project of tempering a “new man.”
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Around 2,500 cases of naming (both the anthroponyms of different people and various versions of their personal name forms) were collected for the analysis from 24 Kėdainiai registry books of the 17–18th century, Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1624 and 1666, Kėdainiai rectory land rent inventory of 1622 and other old city manuscripts. Their analysis led to the distinction of the major tendencies in the formation and spelling of surnames designating Kėdainiai residents (Lithuanians, Poles) in the 17th–18th century. In fact, in the second half of the 17th century all residents of Kėdainiai belonging to the abovementioned ethnic groups had surnames. It only took longer for the surnames of lower social classes (servants, etc.) to originate. The forms of their surnames finally settled in the 18th century. The conclusions are compared with the findings of the research on residents in larger Lithuanian cities (16th–18th century Kaunas, 16th–17th century Vilnius).
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Ebussuud Efendi, lived in the sixteenth century, has shown the way to solve in a discussion on issues such as money foundation, gedik, land. Here we examine a his risale on money foundation.
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The passing century of Poland’s independence reflects its strong correlation with a diversity of international factors. This correlation is incomparably stronger than in most European countries. Taking advantage of favourable international situation Poland manged to regain its independence (with a proportionally small contribution of its own), whereas its one time collapse, despite Poland’s strong resistance, proved effectively instrumental in its loss. In the second phase of that century, i.e. period of Cold War, Poland was officially an independent state in terms of formal constraints of international law, although its sovereignty was strongly curtailed, while initially – close to none whatsoever. At the same time, however, unlike in the interwar period, i.e. the times of the Second Republic, post-war Poland, i.e. People’s Republic of Poland, a country fenced off by the Iron Curtain, was guaranteed its international security by the Soviet Union, the hegemon of the communist system, in which Poland was, to all intents and purposes, a hostage to international peace. It was commonly acknowledged at the time that eventual all-out war might bring an unimaginable destruction to the country. Poland gained threat-free independence and true sovereignty only after the fall of the Communist Bloc, and subsequent division of Europe. This took place during the birth and short-term expansion of the liberal international order, in the concluding, third phase of that century. Poland became a part of the West in terms of its political, geopolitical, and institutional structure. Within the period spanning 1990 – 2015, the country boasted an impressive boom in all areas of life, although, as seems inevitable in the phase of post-transformation growth, the country’s booming development was spread out rather unevenly. Overall, however, it was by far one of the best quarters of a century in Poland’s history since 966 (in line with the criteria of peaceful relations with the neighbours, social cohesion, economic, and civilisational growth, e.g. life expectancy, acquired education level, etc.). The experience of this century offers some clear-cut pointers to be embraced by Polish political class with regard to pursuing the country’s foreign policy.
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The paper deals with tracing the role and respective significance of two multilateral mechanisms of building the state security, i.e. collective defence (military alliances) and collective security systems, in Polish security policy within the period spanning the regaining of its independence and modern times. The Authors pursue their assessment in chronological order, discussing the significance of the concepts of collective security and collective defence in Polish security policy in the three respective development phases of Poland’s modern statehood since 1918, i.e. the interwar period (the so called Second Polish Republic), the times of PRL (People’s Republic of Poland) spanning 1944–1989, and finally, in modern times, after 1989. Each time they discuss attendant determinants of Polish security policywithin a specific period, indicate the role and significance attributed to collective defence and collective security in terms of enhancing Poland’s own security, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, as well as try to demonstrate how those concepts had actually underpinned the manner of implementing the country’s policy in practical terms, within the fold of such organisations as the League of Nations, UN, OSCE, Warsaw Pact, NATO, as well as in the course of other political endeavours of bilateral or multilateral scope. The Authors also set out to assess overall effectiveness of Polish security policy within the respective periods, as well as determine how the concepts of collective security and collective defence actually contributed to it, including the extent of coordination in specifically targeted political endeavours pursued by Polish government.
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Every celebration of Poland’s regained independence offers a perfect opportunity to recall the times of the Second Polish Republic, now resplendent in its attire of historical sentimentalism. Often enough, it is set as a model state, while the references to it abound in the context of present-day challenges. The article aims to address the following question: in which period, i.e. 1918–1939 or after 1989, did Poland achieve more substantial success in terms of key economic indicators? A comprehensive outline of methodological and historical factors, combined with a comparison of economic indicators of the Second and the Third Polish Republic is deemed a prudent starting point for addressing the above-referenced question. With a view to precluding any confounding factors directly resulting from a long historical gap between the two, Poland’s economic indicators were juxtaposed against those of other European countries within the respective periods of time.
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