Professor Edward Tryjarski (1923‒2021)
Life and work of an Polish Turcologist Edward Tryjarski
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Life and work of an Polish Turcologist Edward Tryjarski
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Review of: Jérôme Pace, Mythopoeïa, ou l’art de forger les «mythes» dans l’«aire culturelle» syro-mésopotamienne, méditerranéenne et indo-européenne, Paris 2018.
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The semiotic reality of medical discourse is linguistically organised into figures arranged in the grammar of the clause. Each clause is comprised of entities and processes in various relationships to each other. The writers of medical texts represent and bestow meaning on their experience of the world by choosing from among a selection of different types of figures: of happening, sensing, doing, being, having, and saying. Processes play a central role in figures since they provide their own models for construing the experiential content and organising the information flow of medical texts. The rich architecture of Systemic Functional Linguistics can provide the theoretical background and analytical tools for a thorough investigation of the linguistic selections made by medical writers to convey clinical knowledge. Considering this key role, the present paper aims at investigating the most frequent verbs used as processes in a corpus of medical research articles. The study reveals that the most recurrent verbs used as processes in this type of textual configuration share semantic features. This makes it possible to propose a taxonomic approach to processes with a view to studying their grammatical configuration and the discourse functions they serve.
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The 15th century was a turning point for the Church after a period of decline that threatened its spiritual foundations and social credibility. Translation played a decisive role at the time, making reality the spirit of reform in the religious institution. Translation was the medium in which the Church relied to introduce new ideas based on humanism, promote theology, and serve as a bridge in the evangelical mission, within and outside the borders of the kingdom. Its practice reached great goals among the religious and made it possible to publicize fundamental texts of the Bible, theology, philosophy, literature, and science of renowned European authors.
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This paper presents the particularities of translations of Czech literature into Spanish published in Mexico and focuses on the role of the translator in the translation-publishing process and on the genesis of a translation. The first aim is to discuss the particularities of literary translation from Czech into Spanish in relation to the book market in Spanish-speaking countries and to draw attention to the role of Spain and the different contexts of translation production outside this country. The second objective of this paper is to give voice to the five interviewed translators and, with the help of the obtained material and their statements, to interpret the relevant particularities of translation-publishing process on the axis author – original – translator – publisher – translation – reader. The main part of the paper consists of individual testimonies of contemporary translators whose Spanish translations of one or more Czech literary titles were published in Mexico. The testimonies, obtained by the method of interview, brought a new insight into the topic of Mexican translations of Czech literature and valuable information on the circumstances of a particular translation work’s genesis. The source of the presented results and the quoted translators’ statements is the research by Strnadová (2021) presented in the rigorosum thesis Translations of Czech Literature in Mexico, taking into account the Czech translations of Mexican literature.
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The aim of this paper is to present how the online interpreter training was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Institute of Translation Studies (Charles University, Faculty of Arts) in the last three semesters (during the academic years 2019/2020 and 2020/2021). In this paper, we try to describe the advantages and disadvantages of distance interpreter training (DIT) both from the point of view of teachers and students, we explain how the online lectures of simultaneous and consecutive interpreting were organized and we also discuss the differences of the platforms that we used. The students were administered a questionnaire to explore the learners’ attitudes and feelings regarding remote interpreting in interpreter training with a view to identifying the possibilities and limits of this type of learning experience compared with conventional forms of instruction. The latter part of the paper will comment on the most interesting student responses.
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The current emergency caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated distance interpreting training. This paper presents data collected from two online questionnaires distributed among students of translation and interpreting at the Department of English and American Studies, Faculty of Arts at Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia. The first online questionnaire (May–June 2020) was filled in by 26 respondents who completed 10 weeks of distance interpreting training in the summer semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. The second, identically structured, online questionnaire (December 2020–January 2021) was filled in by 36 respondents who completed distance interpreting training (10 weeks) at the same department in the winter semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. The paper also presents data on three interpreting teachers, which come from an e-mail survey and map the level of their ability to work with technology, their time availability, experience with online interpreting, or changes in approach and methods during distance interpreting training. The paper focuses on several aspects of distance interpreting training from students’ point of view, such as the form of interpreting training; frequency and regularity of tasks; time preparation; form, frequency, and contribution of the feedback; ideal training model; pros and cons of distance vs. traditional training; recommendations for its improvement. It tries to determine whether distance interpreting training can compete with traditional training from students’ point of view. Based on the questionnaire findings, recommendations for streamlining such training in the future are presented.
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The paper analyses the chosen protestant songs from Samuel Ludwik Zasadius’ collection Mleczna Potráwa Duchowna Szącym Jániątkom Páná Jezusá Krystusá which was printed in Brzeg by J.E. Tramp. The analysis concentrates on the language of those texts that contain the elements of the language of mystique. The ten protestant songs are compared with the ten catholic, Carmelite songs containing similar descriptions of mystical experiences. Such a juxtaposition enables to indicate the most significant determinants of the language of mystique. Additionally, the origins and main assumptions of the protestant mystique and devotion are outlined. The paper also provides linguistic examination that concerns dialogism, categories of a sender and a receiver and numerous descriptions of Christ as a Bridegroom, with intertextual elements as well as rife poetic devices and rhetorical figures being indicated. What is more, apostrophes, rhetorical questions, metaphors and hyperboles are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the vocabulary of the songs – characteristic for the language of mystique – which can be divided into evident semantic fields: earthly life, love, suffering, death, eternal life and joy. Additionally, it examines love vocabulary used to describe the feelings the speakers has for the Bridegroom. The genre of a pious love poem is discussed on the basis of the chosen songs, which also involves sexuality that unveils on the linguistic level. The ten discussed songs form Mleczna Potráwa Duchowna… inscribe themselves in the mainstream of protestant mystique, and as such represent the linguistic dimension of spiritual needs characteristic for people of that time.
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Braciaca, on an altar to Mars at Haddon Hall (near Bakewell, in the north Midlands of England), has been related to Welsh brag 'malt' and explained as 'he of (divine) intoxication'. Yet this is hard to see, and a new explanation from Welsh bragad 'army, host; battle' seems preferable. It fits the God of War better than 'malt' does (a product more apt for Bacchus than Mars). If so, Braciaca 'of the hosts' will be one of many terms from Roman Britain that Welsh (and related languages) can explain. To show this, we first consider Celtic attitudes to Mars, and then go on to brag and its cognates.
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The study attempts to explore word formation processes in English such as coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation. The outbreak of Covid-19 from a linguistic point of view is strictly connected with the emergence of Covid-19’s coinages establishing a trending base of global neologisms. The present study focuses on the investigation of English word formation processes and the nature of the new English words and expressions emerging in the wake of Covid-19 crisis.
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This study attempts to examine the following phenomena: translator's experience and linguistic competence (their hierarchy) in the process of translating specialistic texts in the field of tariff law as well as the equivalence of translations in the above-mentioned subject matter. It was examined whether translators unfamiliar with the terminology of tariff law (without experience) make the right choice of equivalents used in both languages, and whether the increase in language competences of students of English philology with the specialization in applied translation affects the quality of translation of specialistic texts and compensates for the lack of the above-mentioned experience. As expected, the terminology of the tariff law is a challenge for the translator. Only thanks to the combination of excellent knowledge of the specialized language with excellent knowledge of the source and target language, it was possible to achieve a high degree of equivalence of specialistic texts in the field of tariff law. Finally, the increase in the language competence of students to some extent compensated for the lack of experience in tariff law.
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Vladimir Nabokov rosyjski i amerykański pisarz jest autorem dwóch powieściowych antyutopii: Zaproszenie na egzekucję i Nieprawe godło, w których dał wyraz swym politycznym poglądom, mimo iż deklarował się zwykle jako pisarz apolityczny. W obu utworach autor obnaża mechanizmy działania komunizmu i faszyzmu niemieckiego, ostrzega czytelników przed zniewoleniem ideologii totalitarnej, przed biernością wobec przemocy i manipulacji. Kategoryczne polityczne poglądy Nabokova wynikają z faktu, iż doświadczył konsekwencji rewolucji rosyjskiej 1917 roku oraz II wojny światowej, w wyniku których musiał uciekać najpierw z rodzinnej Rosji, a później z ogarniętej wojną Europy. Powieść Nieprawe godło pozwala na bezpośrednie skojarzenia świata przedstawionego z rzeczywistością prześladowań i represji hitleryzmu, z wypaczonym moralnie systemem państwa policyjnego. Nabokov sprzeciwia się złu, potępia go we wszelkiej postaci, opowiada się za dobrem, którego nie można dostrzec w przedstawionej przez pisarza rzeczywistości politycznej, w powieściowym świecie totalitarnym. Krytyka i dyskredytacja zbrodniczych politycznych ideologii należy do obowiązków pisarza, Nabokov w ten sposób podkreśla znaczenie dobra i moralności w życiu człowieka.
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The present article draws primarily on a text-based approach while aiming attention at researching one genre of EU legal language - the judgement in its English language version by employing quantitative and qualitative research methods and serves as a pilot analysis. The analysis is focused on the occurrence of textual Themes used for signalling organization of information and their functioning in the selected text of CJEU judgement based on the Halliday's (1985) theory of information distribution in a text and the system of logico-semantic relations between clauses later adapted by Trklja (2017). On the basis of the data obtained, it follows that the textual Themes denoting different logico-semantic relation types are distributed in the analysed text of EU Judgement unevenly, whereas the most frequent and prevailing type of relation between clauses is represented by lexical items of enhancement denoting causal-conditional relations. The article also provides an overview of previous research of contemporary scholars regarding various aspects of institutional-legal discourse.
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Stereotyp może funkcjonować jako powtarzalny wzorzec i schemat obrazowania. Taki rodzaj stereotypu jako pewnej kliszy uwidacznia się w poezji twórców pogranicza polsko-ukraińskiego, których wspólnoty etniczne i rodzinne zostały głęboko doświadczone przez wydarzenia historyczne związane z II wojną światową. W swoich tekstach twórcy ci snują opowieść o utracie małej ojczyzny i rodzinnej ekumeny. Opowieść ta ma charakter uniwersalny, przejawiający się właśnie w powtarzalności stosowanych wzorców i obrazów, niezależnie od ich narodowej przynależności.
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It is undoubtable that the immigration to the US is largely due to the steady flow of fresh minds and a new spirit that influences the development of the American society. These new forces help protect the American society from the stagnation experienced in the Old World. The importance of immigrant experiences puts the United States on the brink of a very difficult, but often successful combination of the new and the old. Beyond question, this is true, especially regarding twentieth-century emigrants such as Eva Hoffman or the family of Alfred Kazin. Although Vladimir Nabokov having been himself an exception, not easy to categorize as writer, in his life as an émigré in the USA, he could also prove that the absorption of the American culture and language to a large extent took place, and was fruitful. For much of the twentieth century, the immigrant osmosis of the New World was associated with assimilation to the highly desirable, largely monolithic, English culture of the East Coast.
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The article offers an insight into the importance of frames and their features to convey the meaning of Japanese onomatopoeia in the translation process. Based on the present scientific and practical research of the novel by Haruki Murakami “Wind-up Bird Chronicles” and its translation by Jay Rubin, there have been counted frequencies of use along with clarification of the semantic and stylistic peculiarities of onomatopoeia. Frame analysis, which is used to convey the meaning of Japanese onomatopoeia in the context of the English translation, enables to identify the main characteristics of Japanese syntax, especially the use of particles. Since there is no grammar case in Japanese, onomatopoeic verbs are determined by particles, and predicate plays the main role in the sentence structure. In this case, particles may form additional grammar cases. To visualize his inner world, Haruki Murakami uses onomatopoeias that convey emotions and feelings of the protagonist, as well as the descriptions of peculiar features and sounds of nature. It is the presence of mimetics that enables Murakami to create a complex frame net that intertwines the main storylines through the permanent repeating of some onomatopoeia.
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The article aims to show analogies between three literary works: Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville, My Year of Rest and Relaxation by Ottessa Mosfegh and The New Me by Halle Butler. I will focus on the following points of convergence in these texts: surveillance, the nature of work and the effectiveness of the protagonists’ coping strategies. I will draw on some of the existing literature on Bartleby, the works of Francesco Berardi and David Graeber on work, Barbara L. Fredrikson and Tomi-Ann Roberts’ paper on the objectification of female body as well as Michel Foucault’s study of surveillance and Jonathan Crary’s book on sleep.
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The main point of view demonstrated in the present paper is to express criticism to those program of foreign language studies which still rely on the traditional approach to language education and favor the development of linguistic competence in students. Harmonious functioning of the contemporary world depends, to much extent, on human coexistence and communication both on the micro and macro scale. In the case of the macro scale contacts, the English language has been sanctioned an international means of communication. The examination of the Internet resources with reference to higher education language programs of studies as well as programs offered by some language schools, shows that the teaching/learning process is mainly concentrated on developing students’ linguistic competence. The Polish reality of practical English application in a variety of situations shows that the language user’s knowledge, when limited to the linguistic sphere only, is not sufficient. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to turn the reader’s attention to the need of verification of educational policy, adopted by many higher education institutions, and expand the offered programs of studies by courses directing the teaching/learning process at the functional approach. Hence, the suggested in the present discussion approach would rely on giving priority to the development of communicative competence, instead of linguistic. Therefore, in the course of the discussion there appears a suggestion of designing an optimal program of studies in the form of “trivium” based on three pillars: comparative studies, discourse analysis, and translation studies.
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